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 B.A (Geo,), B.Ed, M.Ed,
Ph.D (Pedagogy)
University of Tsukuba, Japan

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 txl; cGifhjyKcsuf

þjrefrmbmomjyefpmwrf;tm; rl&if;rysuf rnfolrqdk?

rnfonfhtoif;tzGJYrqdk? rnfonfh vlrsKd;rqdk?

rnfonfhbmom0ifrqdk? rnfonfhEdkifiHurqdk vGwfvyfpGmjzifh

ykHESdyfxkwfa0a&mif;cscGifhay;ygonf/

bmomjyefqdkol? wnf;jzwfol? xkwfa0olrsm;xHrS

cGifhjyKcsuf awmif;cH&efrvdkyg/

pm½Iolrsm;tm; tpOfav;pm;vQuf

a'gufwm,mprD;efAif;efaohtAÁ'kv’m[f

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þpmtkyfjzifh &&SdrnfhtusKd;p0g;Afukokdvfaumif;rIrsm;udk

tv’m[ft&SifjrwftrdefYawmfcH,loGm;&SmNyDjzpfaom

zcifBuD; tAÁ'kv’m[f? rdcifBuD;&mbD,mESifh

tm&f0gtaygif;tay: tdqGmavp0g;Af ydkYoyg\/

a'gufwm,mprD;ef Aif;efaoh tAÁ'kv’m[f

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 rmwdum

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 jrefrmbmomjyefqo
dk l\trSmpm

tvGefw&moem;Muifem n§mwmawmfrlaom? teEÅ*½kPm&Sifjzpfawmfrlaom? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\

emrawmfjzifh tpjyKyg\/

cspfvSpGmaom pm½Iol ---------

jrefrmrGwfpvifrfavmuwGif?acwfESifhtnDpmayrsm;xGufay:vmaeonfhtwGufaumif;aomtvm;t
vm jzpfygonf/ þacwf? þavmuBuD;udk vlwdkYrS IT acwf? Knolwledge Age acwfponfjzifh
trnfrsm;wwfí trsKd;rsKd;ac:a0:Muaomfvnf;? rajymif;vJaomtajccHoabmt&ajym&rnfqdkvQif
þacwfudk pumwifacwf (Screening Age)[kac:oifhygonf/ rnfonfht&mudk pumwif
ygoenf;/ ar;p&mar;cGef;jzpfygonf/ rnfonfht&mudk pumwifoenf;qdkvQif vlom;onf
vlom;yDoyg\avm[laom vlom;\t&nftaoG;rsm;teufrS vlom;yDojcif;(Humanity)[laom
t&nftaoG;udk pumwifMunfhaomacwf[k ac:oifhygonf/

pm½Ioltm;vkH;odxm;NyD;onhftwdkif;? urÇmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;touudk taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh ajcqefY

oGm;vmMuonfh a½Tjrefrmrsm;tm;vkH;owdjyKrdMuonfhtcsufrSm ,aeYwdk;wufxGef;um;vSygonf[l
aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif ½kyf0wÅKypönf;rsm;xl;jcm;qef;jym;vmrI? vlrIpD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm; wdk;wuf
zGYHNzdK;rIrsm;\ taMumif;t&if;cHrSm todynmzGYHNzdK;vmjcif;aMumifh[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ rSefygonf/
tjrifhydkif;rSvlrsm;(Highly Educated) ajymqdkaeMuonfrSm todynmESifhqdkifaom zGYHNzdK;wdk;wufrI
qdkif&mpHEIef;wpfckrSm Culture [laom ,Ofaus;rIyif jzpfygonf/ bmomjyefqdkoltaeESifh
EdkifiH&yfjcm;a'owpfcsKdUwGifaexdkifbl;jcif;aMumifh owdjyKvmrdaomtcsufrSm ,aeYtcsdefwGif
wdk;wufcsrf;omaomEdkifiHol? EdkifiHom;rsm;\,Ofaus;rIonf jrifhrm;oa,mifjzpfoGm;jcif; jzpf
ygonf/ þurÇmajrwGif rajymif;vJaomtajccHoabmw&m;BuD;wpf&yfrSm aiGaMu;&wwf csrf;om
aomoludk vl,Ofaus;tjzpfcH,lusifhokH;Mujcif;jzpfygonf/ tvG,fqkH;Oyrmav;wpf&yfay;ygu
urÇmhukvor*¾BuD;udk pDrHcs,fvS,faeonfh vkHNcKHa&;aumifpD(Security Council)wGif pDrH
jc,fvS,faeonfh tNrJwrf;tzGJY0if[kac:qdkaeMuaom BuD;ig;BuD;[lonfhEdkifiHrsm;rSm aiGaMu;csrf;om
aom? tiftm;tzufzufrS awmifhwif;aomEdkifiHBuD;rsm;jzpfNyD;? 4if;EdkifiHrsm;\MoZmtmPmtwdkif;
vdkufemaqmif½GufaeMu&ayonf/ jyefícsKyf&rnfqdkaomf ,aeYvltzGJUtpnf;wpfckcsif;wGifomru
EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifrqdk urÇmBuD;wpfckvkH;udk todynmtm;jzifh a½SUwef;a&mufaom? Opöm"e<u,f0
csrf;omaom? tzufzufrS tiftm;awmifhwif;aom vlwpfpkrSu BudK;udkif cs,fvS,faeMujcif;om
jzpfygonf/

xdktcgwGif trSefwu,f todynmacwfa&mufaeygNyD? tdkifwDacwfa&mufaeygNyD[k ajymEdkifyg

onf/ txufyg vlwpfpkwGif tdkifwDESifh ynm½SdMuygonf/ odkYaomfjim;vnf; xdkuJhodkY ynm
jynfhpkHolrsm;? tvGef ,Ofaus;ygonfqdkaomvlrsm;uyif urÇmha'otoD;oD;wGif pdk;rdk;tEdkifusifh
AdkvfusrIrsm;udk OD;aqmifaecJhMuygonf/ Oyrm- tar&duef-tD&wfppfyGJ? tar&duef-tmz*ef

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epöwefppfyGJ? ½k½S-a*smf*sD,mppfyGJ? tpöa&;-ygvpöwdkif;ppfyGJrsm;wGif awGY½SdEkdifygonf/ urÇmh
ukvor*¾BuD;rSvnf; emrnfomusefawmhNyD;? bmrS pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmhacs/

xdkYaMumifh ynmwwf,Ofaus;Muygonfqdkaomvlrsm;uyif vlrqefaom? t½kdif;qefaom? t½kdif;

0g'(barbarism)tm; usifhokH;aeMuonfudk awGYjrifMu&ygonf/ vlYobm0t& rdrdu vl½kdif;jzpf
onfudk tajzaumif;ay;&ef OmPfeD? OmPfeufokH;MuonfrSm obm0yif jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdk
vl½kdif;BuD;rsm;uyif tjcm;aomvlrsm;udk vl½dkif;emrnfwwfí vufn§dK;xdk;wwfMuonfrSm "r®wm
yif/ vl½kdif;rsm;u tkyfpkzGJYMuonf/ ulnDMuonf/ ½kdif;yif;Muonf/ pnf;vkH;Muonf/ nDnmMu
onf/ igESifhrwl igh&efolvkyfwwfvmMuonfponfhjyoemrsm;\tusKd;qufwpfckrSm tjypfrJholrsm;
tm; trnftrsKd;rsKd;ay;? acgif;pOftrsKd;rsKd;wwfí tEdkifusifh pdk;rdk;Adkvfusjcif;omjzpfonf/

urÇmESifht0Srf; xdkuJhodkY tEdkifhusifh pdk;rdk;AdkvfusrIrsm;udk ykHo@meftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;wGif

awGYEdkifygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm EdkifiHa&;t& ppfyGJqifETJjcif;? pD;yGm;a&;qufEG,frI jzwfawmufjcif;?
vlrIa&;t& ypfy,fjcif;--- ponfhponfh ykHo@mefrsKd;pkH½Sdygonf/ 4if;wdkY\ &vm'fwpfckrSmum;
vlYtcGifhta&;ac: vlYtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ urÇmhukvor*¾\
vlYtcGifhta&;aMujimpmwrf; (Universal Human Rights) wGif trsm;ESifhqdkifaom vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;
udk pdefpDaompum;&yfrsm;ESifh urÇmodatmifaMujimxm;aomfvnf; trSefwu,f vlYtcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufcHae&onfhudp&ö yfrsm;udkrl tqdkyg,Ofaus;odrfarGY ynmwwfvSygonfqdkaom? wuúEdkvdk*sD
enf;ynm&yfrsm;zGHYNzdK;ygonfqdkaomvlrsKd;BuD;rsm;u ESmap;aeMuygonf/ rsufpdrIefaeMuygonf/
em;yif;aeMuygonf/

tqdk;0g;qkH;jypfrSwfrSmum; uREkfyfwdkY\ cspfvSpGmaomtjypfrJhrGwfpvifrfrsm;om jzpfMuygonf/

taemufwdkif;rD'D,mrsm;\ xdk;ESufcsufwpfckrSm tpövmrftm; vlYtcGifhta&;csKd;azmufaombmom?
rGwfpvifrfrsm;tm; vlYtcGifhta&;uif;rJhaeaom? qkH;½IH;aeaomvlom;rsm;[k ykHazmfaeMujcif;yif
jzpfonf/ þonfrSm tvGef 0rf;enf; aMuuGJzG,f&maumif;aom? &ifemp&maumif;aomjzpf&yfrsm;
yif jzpfonf/ vludk vlvkd rjrifwwfMuaomolrsm;u vlom;tqefqkH;? vludkvlvdkjrifaom?
vlYtcGifhta&; tjynfht0ay;aom tpövmrfESifh vlYtcGifhta&; tjynfht0&½Sdaeaom rGwfpvifrfrsm;
udk udk,fxdvufa&mufESdyfpufolu ESdyfpuf? wzef tdkif'D,mtm;jzifh wdkufcdkufMuollrsm;u wdkufckduf
jyKvkyfae Muygonf/

þpmwrf;udk a&;om;xkwfa0aom 'gtf0[ftu,f'rD (ygupöwefEdkifiH)\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm

rGwfpvifrfrsm;twGufomru? rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaom tjcm;bmom0ifnDaemifrsm;twGufyg
&nfpl;í tpövmrfomoemESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ckdifrmaom taxmuf
txm;rsm;jzifh t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif;? trSefudk trSeftwkdif; wifjyxm;aompmwrf;wpfapmif jzpfyg
onf/ tvf-[rf;'kvdv’m[f? csD;rGrf;jcif; axmyem[l[lorQonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwftzdkYom
jzpfawmfrlonf/ þodkY &nf½G,fcsufaumif;xm;&Sdaom 'gtf0[ftu,f'rDonf t"GefY&Snf
wnfNrJygapaomf0f/ 4if;\vkyfief;rsm;tay: t&Sifjrwf\ tvkdwlrI&Sdygapaomf/

uREkfyf\ tawGYtBuKHt& vlom;wdkYbmombm0t& vlom;onf ta0;&Sd tjcm;vlom;rsm;\ pm;?

0wf? aerI "avhp½kdufrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;Mu? pyfpkwwfMuaomfvnf;? twlwuG aexdkifMuol
tcsif;csif;? Oyrm- rdrd rdwfaqG\,kHMunfrI? ,Ofaus;rIESifh vlrIa&;ausmaxmufaemufcH
tajctaet&yf&yfudk avhvm oif,l&ef tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;rIr½Sd? pdwf0ifpm;rIr&SdMuacs/ wenf;tm;
jzifhqdk&aomf twlwuG ,SOfwGJaexdkif Muolrsm;tcsif;csif; wpfOD;taMumif;udk wpfOD;wpfOD;od&ef
BudK;pm;rIr&Sd/ em;vnf&efBudK;pm;rI uif;rJhjcif;rsm;aMumifh em;vnfrIvGJrSm;jcif;? 'Gd[oHo,rsm;
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rMumcPjzpfay:avh&SdNyD;? ,if;tao;trTm; 'dG[oHo, rsm;rS vlrsKd;a&;y#dyu© (Racial Conflicts)
txdBuD;xGm;NyD;? rsKd;wkef;owfjzwfjcif;? jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;jcif;ponfhtajctaetxd BuD;xGm;
us,fjyefY vmwwfMuonfrSm urÇmwvTm;wGif Oyrmtajrmuftrsm; &Sdaeygonf/

þtrSmpm\tpwGifqdkcJhaom pumwifacwf (Screening Age)qdkonfrSm vlESifh vlYwd&dpämefudk

pumwifppf aeaomumv[k qdkvdkcsifygonf/ wenf;qdk&aomf urÇmhaemufqkH;
w&m;pD&ifrnfhaeYwGif tNyHK;ESifh &Sifjyef xajrmuf&rnfh vlqefaomvlESifh xdkaeYwGif nK§d;csKH;NyD;
pdwftm;i,fpGmxajrmuf&rnfh vlrqefaomvludk pumwifppfaeaomumvvnf;jzpfygonf/

uREkfyfwdkY rGwfpvifrfrsm;onf tpövmrfhenf;usb0wnfaqmufa&;wGif tcsif;csif; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;

taqGcifyGef;rsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; az;rulnD oGefoifvrf;nTefMu&ayrnf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm

rGwfpvifrfrsm;ESifh rGwfpvifrfr[kwfolrsm;twGuf 'gtf0[ftu,f'rDrS xkwfa0onfh

]]tpövmrfhabmifwGif;rSvlYtcGifhta&;}}[laom (Human Rights in Islam)[laompmwrf;udk
bmomjyefqdk jrefrmrIjyK a&;om;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ þpmwrf;udk zwf½Iavhvm okH;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh
jynfh0 pkHvifvSaom tpövmrfomoem\tvSw&m;udk av;pm;tyfaomzwf½Ioludk,fwdkif em;vnf
cHpm;EdkifNyD;? tjcm;aomrdwfaqGrsm;udk 'gtf0[fjyK&mwGifvnf; tvGefyif tokH;0ifayvdrfhrnf/
pumwifppfaq;aomumvwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ pdppfvdkufaom pumxJwGif nyfusef?
wifusefvdkygu vlyDoaom? rGwfpvifrfyDoaomoljzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuygpdkY/

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rSwfcsuf/ / þpmwrf;yg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk rlvpmwrf;&Sif\ a&;om;wifjyrIrsm;twdkif;
tpövmrf\ vlYtcGifhta&;udk wduspGmbmomjyefqdk jrefrmrIjyKjcif;rSty rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf?
rnfonfh tzGJYtpnf;wpfckudkrQ &nf½G,fíapmif;ajrmif; jypfwif? a0zef½IHUcsxm;jcif; r&SdygaMumif;
0efcHtyfygonf/

pm½Iolrsm;tm; tpOfxm0&av;pm;vQuf

a'gufwm,mprD;ef Aif;efaoh tAÁ'kv’m[f

27 - 12 - 2007

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 jrefrmbmomjyefqdkrItm;
wnf;jzwfol \ trSmpm

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ u½kPmawmfrS ESifxkwfjcif;cHcJh&aom ½IdifoGmefrm&fewf\aESmuf,Suf zsufpD;

jcif;[lorQrS uif;vGwfyg&ef tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\xHawmfyg;ü cdkvIHyg\/

tvGefw&moem;Muifemn§mwmawmfrlaom? txl;oem;awmfrlaomtv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\emrawmf
jzifh tpjyKyg\/

cspfcifav;pm;&wJhpm½Iol

,ckrdwfaqGvufxJwGif a&muf&SdaompmtkyfrSm ygupöwefEdkifiHrS ygupöwefEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m tpövmrfh

tzGJYcsKyftm; pwifwnfaxmifol? xdktzGJUcsKyf\ yxrOD;qkH;trD;&fOuúXBuD;jzpfcJhol armfvmem
tAlttfvmarmf'l'DocifjyKpkcJhonfh ]Human Rights in Islam} qdkonfhusrf;i,ftm; jrefrm
rGwfpvifrftrsKd;orD; ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfaom q&mrBuD;a'gufwm,mprD;ef Aifefaoh tAÁ'kv’m[frS
jrefrmrIjyKxm;onfh ]tpövmrfhabmifwGif;rS vlYtcGifhta&;}[lonfh usrf;i,fav;yif jzpfygonf/
rl&if;jyKpkol pma&;q&mBuD;onf jrefrmjynf&Sd rGwfpvifrfavmuwGifru rGwfpvifrfurÇmwcGifwGif
vnf; tvGefyif ausmfMum;xif&Sm;vSygonf/ eADwrefawmfrsm;rSty vlom;wdkif;wGif trSm;udk,fpD
&SdMuouJhodkY? tjypfudk,fpD&SdMuayonf/ odkYaomfqG[mAm[fom0uBuD;rsm;? qG[mADom0dumrBuD;
rsm;onfum; r[fzl;Zf[kac:onfh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;cH&aomolrsm;jzpf
onfomru xdkolrsm;ESifhywfoufí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf auseyfESpfNrdKUawmfrlcJhNyD; jzpfaMumif;udk
vnf; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifudk,fawmfwdkif rdefYawmfrlxm;NyD;jzpfayonf/ ynm&Sif
BuD;rsm;onfvnf; vlom;rsm;yifjzpfMuay&m rrSm;aoma&SUae? raoaomaq;orm;r&SdouJhodkY &Hzef
&HcgwGif rSm;wwfMuayonf/ odkYaomf ,if;trSm;rsm;onf tpövmrfhaomif[D;'fw&m;ESifhqefYusif
aom trSm;rsm; rjzpf&efrSm tvGefyifta&;BuD;vSayonf/ useftrSm;rsm;udkum; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf
tvdkawmfwlygvQif xdkynm&Sifrsm;onf cGifhvTwfjcif;cHMu&ayrnf/ uRefawmfwdkYtaeESifh xkdynm&Sif
BuD;rsm;twGuf t&Sifjrwf\xHawmfyg;wGif vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh yefMum;Mu&ayrnf/

,aeYrsufarSmufumvwGif ynm&Sifrsm;tm; raumif;ajymqdka&;om;rIrsm; aygrsm;vmaeayonf/

uRefawmfwdkYonf ynm&SifBuD;rsm;\trSm;rsm;udk &SmazGjcif;bufü tm;oefaeMuaomfvnf; xdk
ynm&Sifrsm;\ jyKpka&;om;cJhaom ynm&yfrsm;rS tusKd;cHpm;&efudkrlum; arhavsmhaeMuayonf/
uRefawmfwdkYtaeESifh jyKvkyfoifhonfhudprö Sm xkdynm&SifBuD;rsm;\ jyKpkcJhaomusrf;*efrsm;udk
aoaocsmcsm avhvmíokawoevkyfoifhayonf/ rSm;aeonfhtcsufrsm;udk rSefatmif xyfrHjyifqif
í rsufarSmufavmuESifh o[Zmwjzpfatmif vkyfMu&rnfum; uRefawmfwdkY rsufarSmufumv&Sd
tmvifrfynm&Sifrsm;\ wm0efyifjzpfayonf/ yk*d¾Kvfa&;rkef;wD;rIaMumifh omoemudk ckwkH;vkyfí
ykyfxD;? ykyfrwyfjcif;rsm;udk a&SmifMuOfoifhayonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonf rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvmqef;ppf
okawoevkyf&rnfhtpm;? wqifhpum;? wqifhMum;íajymqdkaeMujcif;jzpfayonf/ þed'gef;udk
uRefawmf tb,faMumifha&;ae&ygoenf;/ tcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;onf tAlttfvmarmf'l'D\trSm;
tcsKdUudk xkwfjyvQuf tAlttfvmarmf'l'Dtm; tpövmrfhynm&Sifrsm; pmrsufESmrS z,f&Sm;jypfvdkaeMu
ayonf/ uRefawmftxufwGif qdkcJhovdk ynm&Sifrsm;wGif csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;? rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfrIrsm;
&SdwwfMuygonf/ urÇmhtmvifrfynm&Siftausmftarmfrsm;rS taumif;qkH;aomozfpD;&f (uk&ftmef
tvif;jyusrf;)[k owfrSwfxm;onfh ausmfMum;vSaom ozfpD;&f tdAfaeYudqD;&fwGifyif trSm;t,Gif;
tcsKdY yg&SdcJhayonf/ xdktrSm;t,Gif;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;jcif; okawoetm; ½IdifcfqGzD;tk&f&[rmefESifh

12
ynm&Sifwpfpk pkaygif;um ]rdqGfbm;[kvfrkeD;&f zD;o[fZD;Af tdAfeduqD;&f}[laomtrnfjzifh aqmf'D
tma&;AD;,m;EdkifiH? &d,m;'fNrdKU&Sd 'g½kvfpvmrfykHESdyfwdkufrS &dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;pmtkyfudkyif
'g½kvfpvmrfykHESdyfwdkufrS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh jyefqdkí twGJq,fwGJcGJum xkwfa0cJhaMumif; od&
ayonf/ xdkYjyif tl&f'lbmomjyefvnf; &SdaeNyD[kodMu&ayonf/ ynm&SiftAlttfvmarmf'l'Da&;om;
jyKpkcJhonfh pmtkyf? pmwrf;tcsKdUudkvnf; aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;EdkifiHwGif ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0jzefYcsdaeyg
onf/ aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;EdkifiHwGif tpövmrfhw&m;awmfESifh qefYusifaom? rudkufnDaompmtkyf?
pmwrf;? usrf;*efrsm;udk &dkufESdyfxkwfa0avh r&Sdyg/ ,if;taMumif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; uRefawmfonf
uRefawmf\q&mwpfOD;tm; ar;jref;cJhbl;ygonf/ q&mcifAsm... tdE´d,jynfESifh jrefrmjynfrS tdkvrm
ynm&SiftcsKdUonf tAlttfvmarmf'l'Dtm; vrf;rSm;aeaomoltjzpf owfrSwfxm;Muygonf/ xdkYjyif
olwdkYonf armf'l'Dqyf\ pmtkyf? pmwrf;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif rzwf½IMuouJhodkY ¤if;wdkYESifh
eD;pyfaomolrsm;udkvnf; rzwf½IMu&ef wdkufwGef;vQuf &Sdygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; aqmf'D
tma&;AD;,m;EdkifiH&Sd cdkifrm pdwfcs&aom ykHESdyfwdkufrsm;rS pdkif,'ftAlttfvm armf'l'D\ ozfpD;&f
(uk&ftmeftvif;jyusrf;)ESifh tjcm; pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;udk xkwfa0 jzefYjzL;aeygonf/
xdktcg q&mrS ]pdkif,'ftAlttfvmarmf'l'Donf rdrda&;om;pD&ifcJhonfh ozfpD;&f (uk&ftmeftvif;jy
usrf;) jzpfonfh ozf[D;rkvfuk&ftmefwGif trSm;tcsKdUyg&SdcJhonfrSm rSefuefygonf/ Oyrm –
eADwrefawmfrsm;onf tjypfuif;pifaomvlom;rsm;(rtfpGef)rsm;r[kwfMu[k olrSa&;om;cJhygonf/
,if;uJhodkY tcsKdUtrSm;rsm;udk remvdk0efwdkpdwf&Sdaomolrsm;u ykHBuD;csJUum armf'l'Dqyfa&;om;cJhonfh
usrf;rsm;? pmtkyf? pmwrf;rsm;tm;vkH;udk yifv,fxJwGif vTwfypfvdkuf&awmhrvdkvdk? rD;bJ ykH½IdUvdkuf&
awmhrvdkvdk ajymqdkaeMuonfudk uRefawmfodygonf/ ,if;tdE´d,ESifhjrefrmjynfrS tdkvrmomoemY
ynm&Sifrsm; pdk;&drfjcif;uvnf; twdkif;twmwpfcktxd rSefuefygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
rsufarSmufacwfwGif "r®EÅ&m,frsm;onf pmayrsm;? pmtkyf? pmwrf;rsm;udk tajrmuftrsm; a&;om;
xkwfa0vQuf&Sdygonf/ omoemhtdvifrftajccHynmrwwfuRrf;aomolrsm;onf trSm;ESifh trSefudk
a0zef ydkif;jcm;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdojzifh tawG;tac:? t,ltqcRwfacsmfwdrf;yg;rIrsm;jzpfay:vmEdkifygonf/
,ck aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;EdkifiHwGif ykHESdyf xkwfa0aeonfhpmtkyfrsm;rSm vdktyfvQifvdktyfovdk
jyefvnf pDppfwnf;jzwfxm;ygonf/ tawG;tac:? t,ltqcRwfacsmfwdrf;yg;rnfhtEÅ&m,fr&Sdyg/
t&m&mwGif w&m;rQwrI&SdMu&rnf/ trSm;udk trSm;vdkY azmfxkwf0HhouJhodkY trSefudkvnf; trSef[k
csD;usL;&J&jcif;onf vlolawmfaumif;wdkY\]xkH;}yifjzpfayonf}[k ajzMum;cJhygonf/ vlawmf
vlaumif;wdkY\xkH;udk ESvkH;rlí uRefawmfwdkYtaeESifh vdkufemusifhokH;tyfay‫‏‬onf/}

,ck pm½Iol\vuf0,fwGif a&muf&Sdaeaom ]tpövmrfhabmifwGif;rS vlYtcGifhta&;}qdkonfh

bmomjyefusrf;i,fonf tpövmrfhtajccHtaxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfaom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? pGefem[f?
td*sfrm[fESifh ud,m;pfwdkYESifh udkufnDaom usrf;i,fjzpfygonf/ pm½IoltaeESifh ,kHMunfpdwfcspGm
zwf½Iavhvm jzefYcsdydkYcsEdkifygonf/ bmomjyefqdk&mwGifvnf; bmomjyefqdkolq&mrBuD;onf
twwfEdkifqkH;BudK;pm;í bmomjyefqdkxm;ouJhodkY uRefawmfonfvnf; tpGrf;ukef pdppfwnf;jzwf
xm;ygonf/ odkYaomf vlom;rsm;jzpfonfhtm;avQmfpGm tarhtrSm;yg&SdEdkifayonf/ xdkodkY yg&SdcJhyg
vQif pm½IoltaeESifh rdrda&;om;xm;onfh pmtkyfozG,foabmxm;um jyifqifzwf½Iay;Muyg&ef
arwÅm&yfcHygonf/ tBuHjyKpmrsm; ay;ydkYvdkyguvnf; m.m.yasinn@hotmail.com odkY ay;ydkYEdkifyg
onf/

tdk - tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf? þusrf;i,ftm; a&;om;jyKpkcJhol q&mBuD;tAlttfvmarmf'l'Dociftm;

vnf;aumif;? bmomjyefqdkol q&mrBuD;a'gufwm,mprD;eftm;vnf;aumif;? jrefrmbmomjyeftm;
wnf;jzwfol uRefawmfhtm;vnfaumif; ESpfb0? ESpfXmewGif aumif;jrwfvSonfhtpm; csD;jr§ifh
ay;oem;awmfrlyg/ uRefawmfwdkY\ uG,fvGefoGm;NyDjzpfaom rdb? q&morm;? aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;?

13
rdwfaqGrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhay;oem;awmfrlyg/ &SifoefvQuf&Sdaom rdbrsm;?
q&morm;rsm;? aqGrsKd;om;jcif;rsm;? rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;udk tDrmefcdkifrmrI? Nidrf;csrf;rI? csrf;omrI?
usef;rmrI? *kPfodu©m&SdrIponfh ponfh aumif;csD;tajrmuftrsm; csD;jr§ifhay;oem;awmfrlyg/
rGwfpvifrftrsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; þusrf;i,fjzifh tusKd;cHpm;EdkifpGrf; csD;jr§ifhay;oem;
awmfrlyg/ þusrf;i,fudk taMumif;jyKí uRefawmfwdkYtm; *s[Eémrfi&JrD;ab;rS u,fwifawmfrlí
*sEéofokcbkHodkY ydkYaqmifay;awmfrlyg/ tmrD;ef

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\aus;uRef
armfv0Drk[r®'f,mpD;ef ‫‏‬

14
 usrf;OD;pum;
uREkfyfwkdY touf&SifaexkdifMuaom acwfumvBuD;tm; owif;tcsuftvufaygif; ajrmufjrm;
pGmukd r,kHMunfEkdifavmufatmif vsifjrefvSaomtjrefEIef;jzifh o,faqmifay;aeonfh qufoG,fa&;
acwfumvBuD;[k ac:qkdEkdifygonf/ owif;ESifhenf;ynmrsm; rnfrQyifrsm;jym; wkd;wufvifhupm; rdrdwkdY
ywf0ef;usif&Sd vlom;rsm;tm; xkd;azmufausmfvTm; em;vnfEkdifaom pGrf;tm;&Sdrnfr[kwfyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf
vlom;rsm;tm; vlrsKd;pk? tom;ta&mif? bmompum;? ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrI? ,Ofaus;rIponfwkdYjzifh cGJjcm;
½Ijrifavh&Sdygonf/ bmomaygif;pkH? ,Ofaus;rIaygif;pkH twlwuGaexkdifMuaom vlUtzGJUtpnf;BuD;rsm;üyif
&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm twlwuG ,SOfwGJaexkdifMuaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdYonf rdrdwkdUESifhtwlaexkdifMuolrsm;\
ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrI? ,Ofaus;rIESifhvlrIa&; ausmaxmufaemufcHtajctaersm;ukd b,faomtcgurQ
wkduf½kduf avhvmoif,l&ef tm;rxkwfcJhbl;yg/
þokdY twlwuG ,SOfwGJaexkdifMuolrsm; tcsif;csif; wpfOD;taMumif;wpfOD;od&ef BudK;pm;rIr&Sdjcif;?
em;vnf&ef BudK;pm;rI uif;rJhcJhrIrsm;aMumifh em;vnfrIvGJrSm;jcif;? 'Gd[oHo,rsm; rMumcP jzpfay:
avh&Sdonf/ taemufwkdif;wGif rGwfpvifrfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom vwfwavmaqG;aEG;rIrsm;rSm wpfrsKd;wnf;
aomyHkpHESifh OD;wnfyHkazmfaeMuonf/ wpfcgu *sL;vlrsKd;qdkvQif uyfap;ESJaumfw&mrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;udk
BudK;udkifjc,fvS,folrsm;tjzpf qdkprSwfjyKcJhaom umv&SdcJhygonf/ ,cktcgwGifrl rGwfpvifrf[kqdkvQifyif
tpGef;a&muform;? tMurf;zuf0g'D? tajccH0g'D[ktrnfwyfcH&aomumv jzpfaeayonf/ trSefpifppf
rGwfpvifrfrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ ,HkMunfudk;uG,frI? vkdufemusifhoHk;rIrsm;ESifhywfoufí wdkuf&dkufavhvm
pl;prf;rI? ar;jref; pHkprf;rIrsm;rSm tvGefyifenfyg;aeayonf/
'tf0[ftu,f'rDtaejzifh rGwfpvifrfrsm;twGufomru tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;twGufyg tpövmrf
ESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ½kdk;½Sif;aom?wdusaomyHkpHjzifh wdkuf½dkufwifjyay;&ef[laom
tcsuf udk&nf&G,fcsuftjzpfcsrSwfcJhygonf/ tpövmrfESifhoufqdkifaom okawoevkyfief;rsm;udkvnf;
pmtkyfpmwrf; txlBuD;rsm;tjzpf xkwfa0rnfhtpm; pmtkyfi,frsm;? pmpDpmuHk;rsm; ESifh vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI
pmwrf;rsm; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;yHkpHjzifhxkwfa0oGm;&ef rl0g'wpf&yfcsrSwfcJhygonf/ ,ckwifjyrnfhpmwrf;rSm
rGwfpvifrfxktwGufomru wpfurÇmvHk;twdkif;twmESifh &ifqdkifae&aom vlYtcGifhta&;qdkif&mjyóemudk
wifjyxm;ygonf/ uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh rGwfpvifrfrsm;xHrS&&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh acwfNydKif
jzpfay:aeaom jyóemtrsdK;rsdK;ay:ütajccHí tpövmrfhtaMumif;udk pDppfwifjyxm;jcif;aMumifh tpövmrfh
taMumif;odvdk olrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/
uREkfyfwdkYonf ,ckxkwfa0jcif;ESifhywfoufí tBuHay;csuf? a0zefcsufESifh pHkprf;ar;jref;rIrsm;
tm;vHk;udk BudKqdkyg\/ pm½IoltaeESifh tpövmrfqdkif&mokawoevkyfief;rsm;twGufvdktyfrnfh rnfonfh
pmtkyfpmwrf; ESifh rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;udkrqdkay;jcif;jzifh oif\okawoeaqmif&GufrIudk ulnDvdkygonf/

taxGaxGñTefMum;a&;rSL;
'tf0[f tu,f'rD

15
 usrf;jyKol tAlttfvmarmf'l'D\
udk,fa&;&mZ0iftusOf;

 c&pfouú&mZf 1903 ckESpf? pufwifbmv (25)&uf ([d*s&Douú&mZf 1321 ckESpf? &*sAfv

(3)&ufaeYwGif tdE´d,wdkufi,f? [kduf'&mbwfjynfe,f (,aeYtac: - r[m&m&SfMwm;
jynfe,f? tl&ef*gbwfNrdKUü arG;zGm;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1918 wGif bD*sEdk;&ftl&f'lowif;pmü *sme,fvpftjzpf trIxrf;aqmifonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1920 wGif *smygyl;&fNrdKUü xkwfa0jzefYcsdaeaom wm*sfaeYpOfowif;pmwGif
t,f'Dwmtjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1925 wGif tdE´d,EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mtdkvrmomoemhynm&Sifrsm;toif;BuD;rS
xkwfa0jzefYcsdaeaom rGwfpvifrfaeYpOfowif;pm (aemifwGif - tvf-*srDtofowif;pm[k
trnfajymif;cJh) wGif t,f'DwmtjzpfcefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1927 wGif tvf-*sd[m'fzdvftpövmrf (tpövmrfhabmifwGif;rS *sd[m'f)
qdkonfh pmwrf;tm; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1930 wGif q&mBuD;\ausmfMum;aompmtkyfjzpfonfh 'D;efed,m;ofqdkonfh
pmtkyftm; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1932 wGif o&f*sKrmEkvfuk&ftmef (uk&ftmefbmomjyef)tm; [kduf'&mbwf
jynfe,fü bmomjyefqdkrIudk tpjyKcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1938 wGif tv’mr[fa'gufwmtdufAg;vfqGm[dAf\ tBuHay;csuft&
edtm;ZftvDcef;rS rdrdydkifqdkifaom yoefukwfNrdKU\taemufbuf (5)uDvdkrDwmtuGmwGif
wnf&Sdaom *srmyl;&fNrdKUü&Sdonfh (66){uus,fjyefYonfhajrtus,ft0ef;ay:wGif wnf
aqmufxm;aom 'g½kvfpvmrfb@ma&;XmeodkY ajymif;a½TUcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1941 wGif tdE´d,EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m tpövmrfhtzGJUcsKyf (*srmtofaohtpövmrD
[if;'f) udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifí ,if;tzGJUcsKyfwGif trD;&f (OuúX)tjzpf a½G;aumuf
wifajr§mufjcif;cHcJh&onf/
16
 c&pfouú&mZf 1942 wGif *srmtoftzGJUcsKyf\ XmecsKyftm; yoefukwfNrdKUodkY ajymif;a½TUcJh
onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1943 wGif ozf[D;rkvfuk&ftmef (usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftm; odem;vnfjcif;)
trnfjzifh ausmfMum;aomozfpD;&f(uk&ftmeftvif;jyusrf;)tm; pwifa&;om;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1947 wGif ygupöwef *smrmtofaohtpövmrD(ygupöwefEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m
tpövmrfhtzGJUcsKyf)\ XmecsKyftm; vm[kd&fNrdKUodkY a&TUajymif;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1948 wGif tpövmrfhnDvmcHESifh tpdk;&tzGJYtwGuf wuf<upGmyg0if vIyf&Sm;cJh
onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1948 wGif “um'D,meDjyoem”[kac:qdkonfh pmtkyfi,ftm; a&;om;cJh
onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1948 wGif tpdk;&rS axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1949 wGif tpdk;&rS tzGJUcsKyf\ tpövmrfhnDvmcHtwGuf BuKHawGUae&aom
jyoemrsm;udk jyefvnfajz&Sif;ay;jcif;tm; vufcHcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1953 wGif um'D,meDrsm;tm; twdkufcHjyKonfhtwGuf ppfckH½kH;rS q&mBuD;
tm; ao'PfcsrSwfcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1953 wGifyif q&mBuD;tm; ao'PfcsrSwfcJhjcif;tm; wpfoufvkH;
axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;jcif;trdefYESifh tpm;xkd;cJhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif ,if;trdefYtm;vnf;
y,fzsufcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1955 wGif q&mBuD;onf rw&m;axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;jcif;rS vGwfajrmuf
cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1958 wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmydkiftdkif,lAfcef;onf rm&Sm,favmOya'jzifh
q&mBuD; wnfaxmifcJhonfh tpövmrfhtzGJUcsKyf(*srmtofaohtpövmrD)tm; zsufodrf;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1964 wGif q&mBuD;tm; wzefxyfrHí rw&m;zrf;qD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cs
xm;jcif;cH&jyefonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1964 wGif q&mBuD;onf rw&m;zrf;qD;tusOf;csxm;jcif;rS vGwfajrmufcJh
onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1971 wGif q&mBuD;onf rdrd\aemufvdkuftzGJU0iftoif;om;wdkYtm; yghuf
wyfrawmfESifhvufwGJí ygupöwefjynfaxmifpktwGuf wdkufyGJ0if&ef trdefYay;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1972 wGif q&mBuD; pDrHa&;om;onfhozf[Drkvfuk&ftmef(usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef
tm; odem;vnfjcif;)trnf&Sd ozfpD;&f(uk&ftmeftvif;jyusrf;)rSm atmifjrifpGm NyD;pD;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1972 wGif q&mBuD;onf tpövmrfhtzGJUcsKyf\trD;&f(OuúX)&mxl;rS EIwfxGuf
ay;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1979 wGif q&mBuD;onf aq;uko&eftwGuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodkY
xGufcGmcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1979 wGif q&mBuD;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpküyif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf
trdefYawmfudk cH,lcJhavonf/ (tifemvdv’m[d 0tifemtdvdkif;[d &m*sdtl;ef)
 c&pfouú&mZf 1979 wGif q&mBuD;\&kyfuvyftm; ygupöwefEdkifiH? vm[kd&fNrdKUwGif 'zef
tpövmrfhenf;usoN*dKvfjr§yfESHcJhonf/

17
rSwfcsuf / / q&mBuD;\"gwfykHtm; rjrifbl;onfhpm½Iolrsm;jrifbl;ap&ef &nf½G,fí azmfjy
xm;jcif;om jzpfygonf/

18
 tpövmrf\ Edik fiHa&;qdik f&muefYowfcsufrsm;

tpövmrf\EdkifiHa&;pepfonf tajccHoabmw&m;oHk;cktay:wGif tajccHxm;onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm-

(1) aomif[D;'f[laom tajccHoabmw&m; (Oneness of God -udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wpfyg;wnf;
wnf&Sdjcif;)? (2) &Dpmvof[laom tajccHoabmw&m; (wrefawmfjzpfjcif;)? (3) cdvmzof[laom tajccH
oabmw&m; (udk,fpm;vS,fqufcHrI)wdkYjzpfonf/
aomif[D;'f[lonfrSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sifwpfyg;wnf;uom zefqif;jyKpkysdK;axmifol? xdef;odrf;
apmifha&SmufolESifh pMu0VmtwGif;&Sd ouf&SdoufrJht&mcyfodrf;wdkYudkpdk;ydkifawmfrlol[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/
xdkt&Sif wpfyg;wnf;üom trdefYay;ydkifcGifh? wm;jrpfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;? emcHwnfaqmufjcif;
tm;vHk;wdkYonf xdkt&Sifwpfyg;wnf;ESifhom xdkufwefonf/ trsdK;rsdK;taxGaxG txl;xl;tjym;jym;jzpfaom
ouf&Sdrsm;? uREkfyfwdkY\ cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;? twGif;uvDpmrsm;? ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;tay:
oufa&mufaeaom vTrf;rdk;jc,fvS,frIrsm;? tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:wnf&SdaeMuaom ½kyfw&m;rsm;tm;vHk;
onf uREkfyfwdkYbmom pDrHzefwD;xm;rI[lí wpfpHkwpf&mrQr&Sdacs/ þtcsif;t&mtm;vHk;onf tEdIif;rJh
xm0& udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f)u uREkfyfwdkYtay:tyfESif;xm;onfh tvGef&ufa&mvSonfh axmufyHh
ay;urf;jcif;rsm;omjzpfayonf/
txufygtaMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh uREkfyfwdkYjzpfwnfaejcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf? &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk
qHk;jzwfowfrSwfjcif;? uREkfyfwdkY\avmuDqdkif&mtcGifhtmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;\uefYowfcsufrsm;udk
uREkfyfwdkY bmomqHk;jzwf&efrSm tcGifhr&Sdacs/ xdkYtwl rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufurSvnf; qHk;jzwfay;Edkif
aomtcGifhta&; r&Sdacs/ xdktcGifhta&;rSm udk;uG,f&mt&Siftv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;ESifhom oufqdkifaom
tcGifhta&;jzpfonf/ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wpfyg;wnf;&Sdjcif;[laom tajccHoabmw&m;aMumifh vlom;\
Oya'a&;&mowfrSwfjy|mef;rIESifh EdkifiHa&;t& tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifpdk;rI[laom todonmrsm;udk t"dyÜg,f
rJhaponf/ rnfonfhyk*¾dKvf wpfOD;wpfa,muf? rdom;pkwpfpk? vlwef;pm;wpf&yfESifh vlrsdK;EG,fpkwpfpkurQ
xm0&udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f) \txufrS ae&mr,lEdkifacs/ udk;uG,f&mt&Sifwpfyg;wnf;onfomvQif
tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifol? pdk;rdk; tkyfcsKyfoljzpfonf/ ol\ynwfawmfrsm;onfomvQif tpövmrf\ w&m;
Oya'tjzpf jzpfwnfaejcif;jzpfonf/
&dpmvof[lonfrSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sif(tv’m[f)\ Oya'orsm;udk uREkfyfwdkYvlom;rsm; vufcH&&Sd&m
Mum;cHudkac:onf/ &dpmvof[laom wrefawmfjzpfjcif;rS uREkfyfwdkY vufcH&&Sdaomt&mESpfck &Sdygonf/
,if;wdkY teufwpfrsdK;rSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefjzpfNyD; þusrf;wGif xm0&udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f)u ol\
Oya'orsm; udk tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ tjcm;wpfrsdK;rSm wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f ()onf
tv’m[ft&Sif\ apvTwfcH&oltjzpf ,if;uk&ftmefusrf;udk pum;ESifhvkyf&yftm;jzifh t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjyjcif;
ESifh vufawGUpHerlem usifhokH;jycsufwdkYjzpfygonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS vlYb0wnfaqmufa&;ESifh
ywfoufNyD; us,f0ef;aom tajccHoabm w&m;rsm;udk csrSwfay;onf/ þodkY uk&ftmefrScsrSwfay;aom
tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;t& tpövmrfenf;usb0wnfaqmufa&;pepfudk tv’m[f\wrefawmfu pHerlem
tjzpf xif&Sm;aponf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh wrefawmf\b0wnfaqmufrI pHerlemESpfckudkaygif;pnf;í
&S&Dt[fac: tpövmrfhw&m;Oya' jzpfvm&onf/

19
 cdvmzofqdkonfrSm udk,fpm;jyKjcif;(odkYr[kwf) udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfjcif;[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ tpövmrf
omoemwGif vlom;onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sifu urÇmN*dK[ftwGuf cefYtyfaomudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfonf/ xdkY
tjyif t&Sifjrwf\ wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&olvnf;jzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm udk;uG,f&mt&SifrSay;tyfaom
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk&&SdaomaMumifh xdktmPmESifhvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk owfrSwfjy|mef;csufabmiftwGif;üom
usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sdayonf/
txufazmfjyyg ]]udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfjcif;}} oabmw&m;udkxif&Sm;ap&ef Oyrmjy&vQif toifydkifqdkif
aom ajr,mwpfuGuftwGuf toifhudk,fpm; pDrHtkyfcsKyfrnfholwpfOD;udk cefYxm;rnfqdkMuygpdkY/ toifhtae
ESifh tNrJwrf;vkyfaqmifcdkif;Edkifaom tajctaersm;rSm- yxrOD;pGm ajruGuf\trSefwu,fydkifqdkifrIonf
toifhvuf0,füom&Sdí pDrHtkyfcsKyfolrSm toifudk,fwdkifrjzpfEdkifacs/ 'kwd,taeESifh oif\udk,fpm;vS,frS
oif\ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk oif\ñTefMum;csufrsm;t&om wdkuf½kdufpDrHtkyfcsKyfapjcif;jzpfonf/ wwd,taeESifh
oifhudk,fpm;vS,fu oif\uefYowfcsufrsm;udkvdkufemvsuf olYukd,fydkif tcGifhtmPmudk toHk;jyKí pDrH
tkyfcsKyfjcif; jzpfonf/ pwkwt ¦ aejzifh olutoif\,HkMunfrIudk&,lNyD; oifhqE´rsm;udkudk,fpm;jyKí oifh
&nf&G,fcsufrsm; jynfh0atmif taumiftxnfazmfay;jcif;[laom yHkpHav;rsdK;jzifh vkyfaqmifapEdkifygonf/
udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD; wpfa,muftaeESifh txufazmfjyyg tajctaeav;&yfudk rjznfhpGrf;EdkifcJhaomf xdkol
onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmudk tvGJoHk;pm;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ olu
udk,fpm;jyKcJhaom udk,fpm;vS,f (odkYr[kwf) udk,fpm;jyKjcif;[laom y#dnmOftm; csdK;azmuf&mrnf\/
þonfrSm tpövmrfrSzGifhqdkaom vlom;onfurÇmN*dK[ftwGuf xm0&udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\
udk,fpm;vS,fawmfjzpfonf[laomoabmudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ txufazmfjyyg tajctaeav;&yfpvHk;
onf udk,fpm;vS,f (cvDz[f)[laom todynmudk twdtusazmfñTef;aeayonf/ þodkYaom EdkifiHa&;
oabmw&m;udk vdkufemusifhoHk;aom EdkifiHawmfonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ tcsKyftjcmtmPmatmuf0,f
udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk udk,fpm;jyKí tkyfcsKyfaejcif;rnf\/

txufyg&Sif;vif;zGifhqdkcsufrsm;t& (cvDz[f)[lonf rnfonhfyk*¾dKvfwpfpHkwpfa,muf (0g)

rif;qufwpfck (0g) vlwef;pm;wpfckrS jzpf&rnf[laom owfrSwfcsufr&SdaMumif; odomxif&Sm;onf/
cvDz[f\tcGifhtmPm[lonf aomif[D;'fESifh &dpmvof[laom tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk todtrSwf
jyKvufcHNyD;onfhaemuf udk,fpm;jyKjcif;tajctaet&yf&yfudk jznfhpGrf;ay;Edkif&eftoifh&Sdaom rnfonfh
vlYtpkta0;udkrqdk tyfESif;xm;aomvkyfydkifcGifhtmPmjzpfonf/ þodkYcvDz[fwm0ef,lxm;aom vlY
tpkta0;taeESifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;BuD;wpfckvHk;tay:ü wm0ef&Sdonfomru tpktzGJU0if vlwpfOD;csif;tay:
üvnf; wm0ef&Sdonf/
þtcsufrSm tpövmrfwGif 'Drdkua&pDudk pwiftajcjyKapaomtcsufjzpfonf/ tpövmrfvlYabmif
twGif;yg0ifaom vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;pDonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\udk,fpm;vS,f[laom tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk yg0iftusdK;cHpm;EdkifcGifh&Sdojzifh vlwpfOD;csif;pDwGif nDrQaomtcGifhta&;&Sdonf/ rnfol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ydkifcGifhr&Sd/ EdkifiHawmf\
ta&;udpöt00udk wm0ef,laqmif&Gufaeaom at*sifpD[lonf vlwpfOD;csif;pD\ oabmwlnDcsufESifh
zGJUpnf;&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif EdkifiHawmf[lonf txufygat*sifpDwGifyg0ifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f
wpfOD;csif;pD\ tcGifhtmPmudk wdk;csJUxm;jcif;omjzpf&rnf/ þudk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ oabmxm;rsm;onf

20
tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;\ aemufqHk;tqHk;tjzwf jzpfap&rnf/ tpdk;&tzGJUwpfckvHk;onf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\
tBuHay;csufrsm;? olwdkY\qE´oabmxm;rsm;t&om pDrHaqmif&Guf&rnf/
xdkYaMumifh at*sifpDwGifyg0ifolwpfOD;csif;\ ,HkMunfpdwfcsrIcH&ol rnfolrqdk tpdk;&tzGJU\
udk,fpm;wm0efESifh 0wÅ&m;rsm;udk ]]udk,fpm;vS,f}}tjzpf aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ at*sifpDtwGif;yg0ifol
rsm;\ ,HkMunfpdwfcsrIuif;rJhoGm;aomtcsdefwGifrl xdkolonf ]]udk,fpm;vS,f}}tjzpfrS qif;ay;&ef
vdktyfonf/ þtcsufaMumifh tpövmrf\EdkifiHa&;pepfrSm jynfh0aom'Drdkua&pDtoGifaqmifaeayonf/
tpövmrfh'Drdkua&pDESifh taemufwkdif;'Drdkua&pDudk rnfonfht&mu cGJjcm;ay;ygoenf;/ taemuf
wdkif;\'Drdkua&pDonf trsm;uvufcHaom tcsKyftjcmtmPm[laom todonmay:wGif tajccHxm;jcif;
jzpfí tpövmrfh'Drdkua&pDrSm trsm;uvufcHaom cvDz[f ]]udk,fpm;vS,f}}[laomoabmw&m;tay:
tajccHxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDwGif jynfolvlxku tcsKyftjcmtmPmudkydkifqdkifNyD;?
tpövmrfwGifrl tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifolrSm udk;uG,f&mt&SifjzpfNyD; vlom;rsm;tm;vHk;onf udk;uG,f&m
t&Sif\ cvDz[f (odkY)udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDwGif Oya'udk vlxkrS rdrdwdkYbmomjy|mef;NyD; tpövmrfwGif udk;uG,f&mt&Sif
u wrefawmfjrwf()rSwpfqifhcsrSwfay;aom &S&Dt[fac:tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'udk vdkufemusifhokH;
Mu&onf/ taemufwdkif; 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif tpdk;&rS jynfolvlxkqE´udk vdkufavsmjznfhqnf;ay;&ef
wm0ef&Sdonf/ tpövmrfwGifrl tpdk;&ESifhjynfolu udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\tvdkawmftwdkif; vdkufemusifhokH;&ef
vdktyfonf/
(rSwfcsuf- xdkudk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ tvdkawmfwdkif;rSm vlom;rsm;aumif;usdK;twGufom jzpfNyD;
udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf vdkvm; awmifhwcsufrsm;rS uif;vGwfawmfrlaomt&Sifjzpfawmfrlyg\/ bmomjyefol)

,cktcg uREfkyfwdkYonf aomif[D;'f? &dpmvofESifh cdvmz[f[laom tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk

tajccHíwnfaqmufxm;aom EdkifiHawmfyHkpHrsdK;udk ydkrdkoabmaygufEdkifap&ef avhvmqef;ppf&rnfhtqifhodkY
a&muf&Sdaeygonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS &Sif;vif;pGmzGifhqdkxm;onfrSm ]]tpövmrhfEdkifiHawmf\ &nf&G,fcsuf
ESifh &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkif[lonf vlom;tusdK;twGuf zefqif;&Sifu jzpfapvdkaomtvdkawmfrsm;ESifh vlom;
tm;vHk; qHk;½IH;epfemysufpD;aprnfh pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,fudpörsm;rS umuG,fwm;qD;tjrpfjzwf acsrIef;
okwfoifypf&efqE´&Sdaom opömw&m;rsm;udktajccHí wnfaxmifxm;aom? opömw&m;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;
xm;aom? opömw&m;rsm;udk zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapaom EdkifiHawmfrsdK;jzpfonf/}} xdkYaMumifh tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmf
[lonf EdkifiHa&;t& pDrHtkyfcsKyfrItwGufom toHk;jyKonfhud&d,mwpfckr[kwf/ vlwpfpk\ oabmxm;
qE´rsm;jynfhpHkatmif aqmif&Gufay;onfh tzGJUtpnf;wpfckvnf;r[kwf/ tpövmrftaeESifh EdkifiHawmf\
txufwGif taumif;wumhtaumif;qHk; pHwpfckcsrSwfxm;onf/ xdkpHEIef;odkYa&muf&SdzdkYta&; enf;vrf;rsdK;pHk
udk toHk;jyK&rnfjzpfNyD; taESmifht,Suf twm;tqD;rsm;udkvnf; pHEIef;t& z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;&rnfjzpfonf/
tpövmrfEdkifiHawmf\ pHEIef;qdkonfrSm tjypfuif;pifjcif;? tvSw&m;? aumif;jrwfjcif;? pifMu,f
aomtusifhoDv? atmifjrifjcif;? <u,f0csrf;omjcif;rsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sifu vlom;\
b0&SifoefrItwGuf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufjzpfay:apvdkaom pHEIef;rsm;jzpfonf/ wpfzufwGifrl tm;vHk;aom
acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwfjcif;? w&m;rQwrIuif;rJhjcif;wdkYonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ rsufarSmufwGif
azmufjyefrIrsm;jzpfonf/ urÇmN*dK[fudkzsufqD;olrsm;rSm zefqif;cHrsm;b0udk xdcdkufepfemapolrsm;jzpfonf/
21
¤if;wdkYudk tzsufvkyfief;rsm;rS xdef;csKyfumuG,f&rnf/ tpövmrfrSwdus&Sif;vif;aom udk,fusifhw&m;
qdkif&m tESpfcsKyfoabmw&m;udk vdkufemaqmif&GufapvdkonfhtusifhoDvESifh a&SmifMuOfapvdkonfh
tusifhoDvrsm;tjzpf rD;armif;xdk;azmfjyxm;ayonf/ þtESpfcsKyfyHkMurf;oabmudk xdef;odrf;vdkufem
usifhaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmftaeESifh ,if;\ om,m0ajyma&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk acwfwdkif;
ywf0ef;usifwkdif;ü pDrHaqmif&GufEdkifayonf/
tpövmrfrS tajymif;tvJr&Sd awmif;qdkaeaomt&mrSm tusifhoDvqdkif&m tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;
jzpfí ¤if;wdkYudk vlom;wpfOD;\ b0c&D;vrf;wpfavQmufvHk;ü pGefYvTwfrIrsm;ESifh tepfemcH&rnf[laom
tcsuf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tpövmrfrS rajymif;vJEdkifaomrl0g'wpfckcsrSwfay;onf/ EdkifiHawmftaeESifh
xdkrl0g'tay:wGif tajccHNyD; w&m;rQwrI?trSefw&m;ESifh ajzmifhrwfrSefuefjcif;[laom oabmw&m;rsm;?
rl0g'rsm; wnfaqmuf&rnf/ rnfodkYaomtajctae? tcsdeftcgrsdK;wGifürqdk EdkifiHa&;? pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
trsdK;om;a&;twGuf twkta,mifaqmifrkom;xGufqdkjcif;? w&m;rQwrIr&Sdjcif;wdkYudk oifhovdk
vkyfaqmifrIrsdK; rjyKvkyfap&/ EdkifiHawmfESifhEdkifiHom;rsm;Mum;wGifjzpfap? EdkifiHawmfESifh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;Mum;
wGifjzpfap rSefuefrI? ½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfrIESifh w&m;rQwrIudkom a&SUwef;wifrIjyK&ayonf/
tpövmrfrS EdkifiHawmfESifh vlwpfOD;csif;pDtay:ü qifwlaomwm0ef0wå&m;rsm; owfrSwfay;xm;yg
onf/ ,if;owfrSwfjy|mef;csufrsm;rSm tm;vHk;aomoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk rjzpfrae jynfh0atmif
aqmif&Gufjcif;? qufqHa&;wGifwlnDaom pHEIef;rsm;&Sdapjcif;? tcGifhta&;ESifhtwl wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;
vkyfaqmifay;&mwGif tjcm;olrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifap&mwGif olwdkY\&ydkifcGifhrsm;udk
rarhavsmhapjcif;? w&m;rQwrIudk xlaxmifa&;twGuf tmPmESifhvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;? jypfrI
usL;vGefjcif;ESifh w&m;rQwrI r&Sdjcif;twGuf tmPmESifhvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk tvGJoHk;pm;rjyK&jcif;? wm0efudk
tav;tjrwfxm;p&m 0wå&m;[k owfrSwfjcif;? wm0efudkaphpyfaocsmpGm vpf[if;rIr&SdbJ xrf;aqmif
apjcif;? tmPmudk udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ ,HkMunftyfESHrI[kowfrSwfí wpfpHkwpfa,mufrS þtmPmudk
tvGJoHk;pm;jyKygu tmac&ofaemifwrvGefb0 wGif jyefvnfay;qyf&rnf[k ,HkMunfjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/

tpövmrfEdkifiHawmfwpfckudk urÇmN*dK[f&Sdrnfonfhae&mwGifrqdk wnfaxmifEdkifaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmf

\e,fedrdwftwGif; vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk uefYowfcsKyfcs,f wm;qD;ydkifcGifhr&Sd/
tpövmrfrS tajctaet&yf&yfwGif tcsdefra&G; vdkufemusifhoHk;Edkifonfh trsm;ESifhqdkifaom tajccH
vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;udk csrSwfay;onf/ Oyrm- vl\aoG;onf tav;tjrwfwefzdk;xm;oifhaomaMumifh
cdkifvHkaomusdK;aMumif;jycsufr&SdbJ aoG;xGufoH,kdrI rjzpfap&/ xdkYtjyif trsdK;orD;rsm;? uav;oli,frsm;?
touft&G,fBuD;&ifholrsm;? rusef;rrmolrsm;? 'Pf&m temw&jzpfaeolrsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcGifhr&Sd?
trsdK;orD;rsm;\ *kPfodu©mESifh tdajE´udkav;pm;&rnf/ qmavmifrGwfodyfaeolrsm;udk auR;arG;&rnf/
t0wftpm;uif;rJhaeolrsm;udk t0wf tpm;qifay;&rnf/ 'Pf&m&aeolrsm;? a&m*ga0'em&Sifrsm;tm;
rGwfpvifrfjzpfap? rGwfpvifrf\ &efoltkyfpkrsm;rSyifjzpfap aq;0g;ukoay;&rnf/ þodkY jyKrl
qufqHjcif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;axmufyHhjcif;rsm;udk vlom;wpfOD;twGuf vlom;*kPfodu©m? vlYtqifhtwef;ESifh
tnDay;xm;aom tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf/
tpövmrfwGif EkdifiHom;rsm;\tcGifhta&;udk owfrSwfay;&mwGif owfrSwfxm;aom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH
twGif; arG;zGm;olrsm;twGufom uefYowfxm;rIr&Sday/ xdkYaMumifhyif rGwfpvifrfwpfOD;onf tpövmrfEdkifiH

22
wpfcktwGif;odkY tajccsaexdkifoGm;&ef&nf&G,fcsufjzifh tajccsvdkufonfESifhwpfNydKifwnf; xdkEdkifiHwGif
arG;uwnf;u tajccsaexdkifolrsm;ESifh wef;wltcGifhta&;rsm;udk wef;wlcHpm;cGifh&Sdonf/ rGwfpvifrfwdkif;
taeESifh ol\vlrsdK;EG,f? tom;ta&mifESifh vlwef;pm;rsm;udk cGJjcm;jcif;r&SdbJ tpövmrhfEdkifiHtwGif;
tjrifhrm;qHk; tqifhtwef;wGifxm;í *kPfjyKumuG,f&avonf/
tpövmrfwGif tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmfe,fedrdwftwGif; aexdkifonfh rGwfpvifrfr[kwfonfholrsm;
twGufvnf; wdusaomtcGifhta&;rsm; owfrSwfay;xm;onf/ ,if;wdkYtm; tpövmrfzGJUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'\ tcef;u@wpfcktjzpfvnf; jy|mef;&efvdktyfonf/ tpövmrfha0g[m&ü þuJhodkYaom
rGwfpvifrfr[kwfonfh EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; ]]ZifrD}}tapmifha&SmufcH[kac:onf/ tpövmrfh EdkifiHwpfckodkY
rdrdwdkYoabmjzifh 0ifa&muf aexdkifMuNyD; tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmfrS ¤if;wdkYtm;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef ¤if;wdkYESifh
y#dnmOfjyKMuolrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ZifrDwpfOD;\ touf?ydkifqdkifrIOpöm ypönf;rsm;ESifh *kPfodu©mwdkYudk
rGwfpvifrfEdkifiHom;wpfOD;ESifh wef;wltav;xm; umuG,fay;&onf/ xdkYaMumifhw&m;rOya'ESifh jypfrI
qdkif&mOya'ESpf&yfvHk;wGif rGwfpvifrf ESifh rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaom EdkifiHom;rsm;tMum; cGJjcm;rIvHk;0r&Sdyg/
tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmftaeESifh rGwfpvifrfr[kwfolrsm;\ yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
aESmifh,Suf [efYwm;rIrsm;jyKrnfr[kwf/ ZifrDrsm;taeESifh pdwf"mwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh ,if;wdkY\,HkMunfrIrsm;
twGuf jynfh0aom vGwfvyfrI&Sdap&rnfjzpfonf/ olwdkY\ bmoma&;qdkif&m "avhxHk;pHrsm;? tcrf;tem;
rsm;udk olwdkY BudKufESpfoufonfhyHkpHrsm;jzifh usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sd,HkrQru ,if;wdkY\oabmw&m;rsm;udkvnf;
vGwfvyfpGm0g'jzefYydkifcGifh &Sdonf/ xdkrQru ,if;wdkYrS tpövmrfudk a0zefrIjyKvkdyguvnf; csrSwfxm;aom
Oya'ESifh vlrIa&;usifh0wfqdkif&m uefYowfcsufrsm;twGif;ü a0zefydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
txufazmfjyyg rGwfpvifrfr[kwfolrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomtcGifhta&;rsm;onf jyKjyifajymif;vJí
r&aom tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk EdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf tmrcHcsufay;xm;onf/ rSDcdk&mEdkifiHrS
¤if;wdkY udk,fwdkifrpGefYcGmoa&GU rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ rGwfpvifrfr[kwfol EdkifiHom;rsm;\
tcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;EdkifcGifhr&Sd/ rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaomEdkifiHwpfcku ,if;EdkifiHrS rGwfpvifrf
EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f ESdyfpufaumif;ESdyfpufrnfjzpfaomfvnf; tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmftaeESifh
,if;EdkifiH\ rGwfpvifrfr[kwfol EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; vufwHkYjyef n§if;yef;ESdyfpuf&efcGifhrjyKay/ tu,fí
tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmfjyify&Sd rGwfpvifrfrsm;tm; tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf owfjzwfrIjzpfcJhvQifawmif rS
tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmfonf rdrdEdkifiHawmftwGif; rSDwif;aexdkifMuukefaom tumtuG,fcHrGwfpvifrfr[kwfol
EkdifiHom;wpfOD;\aoG;udkrQ EdkifiHawmftwGif; rusqif;ap&/

tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmfwpfcktwGif; tpdk;&\ pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efudk trD;&f-acgif;aqmifxH tyfESHxm;

onf/ EdIif;,SOfjy&vQif taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;\ or®w(odkYr[kwf)0efBuD;csKyfESifh tqifhtwef;
csif; wlnDonf/ zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'\ owfrSwfjy|mef;csufESifhtusHK;0ifaom t&G,fa&mufol
usm;rtm;vHk; onf trD;&fa&G;cs,faoma&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
trD;&fjzpf&ef vdktyfaomt&nftcsif;rsm;rsm ynm? tpövmrfhpdwf"mwfESifhywfoufí vltrsm;pk\
,HkMunfav;pm; axmufcHrI&&Sdxm;oljzpf&rnf/ tpövmrfhpdwf"mwf&Sdonf[kqdk&mwGif ouú0g[fac:
udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; aMumuf&GHU½dkaocefYNim;aomol jzpf&rnf/ xdkuJhodkYaomolomvQif EdkifiHawmf

23
tBuD;tuJjzpf&ef xdkufwefol jzpf&rnf/ twdkcsKyfqdk&aomf trD;&f[lonf t&nftcsif;&SdouJhodkY
pifMu,faomtusifhoDvESifhvnf; jynfhpkHoljzpf&rnf/
½SL&m[kac:aom tBuHay;aumifpDudkvnf; jynfolvlxk\ a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufrIjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;
onf/ ,if;\wm0efrSm trD;&facgif;aqmiftm; ulnDrIESifhvrf;ñTefrIjyK&ayrnf/ trD;&f acgif;aqmif
taeESifh rdrd\wdkif;jynfudk½SL&mtzGJU\ tBuHÓmPfjzifhom pDrHcefYcGJ&efwm0ef&Sdonf/ trD;&ftaeESifh jynfol
vlxk\ pdwfcs,HkMunfrI&Sdaeoa&GU tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmESifh ½kH;awmfudk xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ jynfol
vlxk\ ,HkMunfudk;pm;rI qHk;½IH;oGm;aomtcgwGifrl tkyfcsKyfEdkifrItcGifhta&;ESifh ½kH;awmfudk pGeYfvTwf
&rnfjzpfonf/ EdkifiHom;wdkif;taeESifh trD;&facgif;aqmifESifh ol\ tpdk;&udk a0zefydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
jynfolrsm;\oabmxm;udk yGifhvif;pGm zGifh[aqG;aEG;Edkif&ef oifhwifhavsmufywfaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh
jzpfajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufay;&onf/
tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmf\ Oya'jyKjcif;rSm &S&Dt[fac: tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'abmiftwGif; uefYowf
xm;csufrsm;t& Oya'jyKydkifcGifh &Sdonf/ udk;uG,f&mt&Siftv’m[fESifh wrefawmf\ w&m;0iftrdefYrsm;udk
vdkufemvufcHusifhoHk;&rnf jzpfonf/ rnfonfhOya'jyKtzGJUtpnf;urS xdktrdefYrsm;udk ajymif;vJcGifh?
jyKjyifcGifh? qefYusifcGifh? y,fzsufcGifhr&Sd/ xdktrdefYynwfcsufrsm;teuf teuft"dyÜg,fESpfck
(odkYr[kwf)ESpfckxuf ydkEdkifzG,f&Sdygu tpövmrfha&;&m tpövmrfhOya'uRrf;usifwwfajrmufolrsm;
yg0ifzGJYpnf;xm;aom tBuHay;aumifpD\ qyfaumfrDwDESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyif qHk;jzwf&rnfjzpfonf/ &S&Dt[f
Oya'rS txl;trdefYrsm;ESifh jyóem&yfrsm;udk vTrf;NcHKajz&Sif;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdawmhonfh e,fy,frsm;twGuf
Oya'jyKa&;rSm tBuHay;aumifpD(odkYr[kwf)Oya'jyKtzGJUrS jyKvkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ ,if;udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfouf
í vGwfvyfpGm pD&ifqHk;jzwfydkifcGifhvnf;&Sdonf/
tpövmrfwGif w&m;olBuD;tzGJUonf tkyfcsKyfa&;(tpdk;&tzGJU)\vufatmufwGifr&Sdyg/ w&m;olBuD;
tzGJUonf ,if;tmPmudk &S&Dt[fac:tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'rS wdkuf½dkuf&&SdNyD; udk;uG,f&mt&SifodkY
tajzay;&ef wm0ef&SdaomtzGJUvnf; jzpfonf/ w&m; olBuD;rsm;udk tpdk;&tzGJUrS cefYtyfxm;onf/
w&m;olBuD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onfESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;aom Oya't& pD&if&rnf
jzpfonf/ rsufESmrvdkuf&? ormorwfusus qHk;jzwf&rnfjzpfonf/ tpdk;&\,EÅ&m;rsm;ESifh
0efxrf;t&mxrf;rsm;tm;vHk;onf ol\ w&m;0ifw&m;pD&ifcGifh\ jyifyür&Sdap&/ xdkYaMumifh tpdk;&\
tjrifhqHk;w&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJUonfyifvQifw&m; ½kH;awmfrSqifhac:vQif w&m;vdktjzpfvnf;aumif;?
w&m;cHtjzpfvnf;aumif; ½kH;awmfa&SUvm&yfMu&rnf/ tkyfcsKyfolESifhtkyfcsKyfcH ESpfOD;pvHk;onf Oya'\
atmufwGifom&Sd&rnf/ &mxl;tmPmESifh tcGifhxl;cHponfjzifh tqifhtwef;rcGJbJ Oya'a&SUarSmufwGif
wpfajy;nDjzpf&rnf/ tpövmrfhaemufvdkufrsm;onf Oya'\pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;udk nDrQrIESifh ½dk;om;
ajzmifhrwfpGm vdkufem&onfomjzpfonf/ vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&; tm;vHk;aom e,fy,frsm;udkvnf;
nDrQjcif;? wpfoa0rwdrf;vdkufemjcif;jzifh taumiftxnfazmf&yfwnf&rnf jzpfonf/

24
 vlt
Y cGifhta&;? taemufwdkif;ESit
fh pövmrf

taemufwdkif;om;rsm;wGif urÇmüjzpfxGef;cJhaom vlom;tm; tusdK;jyKaponfh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI

tm;vHk;onf ,if;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf[k rSwf,lwwfaomtusifh&Sdonf/ Oyrmjy&vQif vlYtcGifhta&;oabm
w&m;udk NAdwdefEdkifiH r*¾emumwm Magna Carta yxrqHk; pGJ,loHk;pGJcJhonf[k qlnHpGm
a<u;aMumfaecJhMuonf/ ,if;rSm tpövmrfay:xGef;NyD; ESpfaygif;(600)MumrS a&;qGJcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif
trSefpifppf r*¾emumwmwGif cHktzGJUtjzpf ppfaq;pD&ifjcif;wnf;[laomoabmw&m;yg&Sdjcif;? tcGefpnf;
Muyfjcif;[laom tcGifhtvrf;udk ygvDrefrSxdef;csKyfEdkifonf[laom oabmw&m;yg&Sdjcif;udk 17-&mpk
wdkifatmif tusdK;taMumif;jyazmfxkwf&ef tdyfrufyifrrufcJhyg/ tu,fí r*¾emumwmrlMurf;udk a&;qGJcJh
onfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;om ,aeYwdkif touf&Sifaeao;rnfqdkygu olwdkYa&;om;csufonf þtaumif;qHk;
oabmw&m;rsm;udk tjrwfwEkd; xdef;odrf;xm;Muonfudkodygu tvGefyiftHhMooGm;Murnfjzpfonf/
pma&;ol\ taumif;qkH;A[kokwt& pOf;pm;MunfhvQif 17-&mpkESpfrwdkifrD taemufwdkif;wGif
vlYtcGifh ta&;? EdkifiHom;wdkY\tcGifhta&;[laom todonmrsm;r&SdcJhay/ 18-&mpkESpftxdvnf; xdktcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk oabmaygufem;vnfusifhoHk;rI r&SdcJhay/ odkYaomf 18-&mpktqHk;ydkif;ESpfrsm;wGifom tar&duef
ESifh jyifopfEdkifiHwkdY\tajccHOya'rsm;wGif vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHom;wdkY\tcGifhta&;[laom todynm
rsm;udk ,if;wdkY\rl&if; teuft"dyÜg,ftwdkif; ouf0ifusifhoHk;cJhonfudk awGU&onf/
þtjzpftysufrsm;aemufydkif;wGif EdkifiHrsm;pGm\ tajccHOya'rsm;wGif tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;ESifh
ywfoufí &nfñTef;csufrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ txufygtcGifhta&;rsm;rSm vufawGU toHk;0ifrIxuf
pm&Gufay:wGif&Sdaom tcGifhta&;rsm;tjzpfom &SdcJhonf/ 20-&mpk\tv,fydkif;ESpfwGif urÇmhukvor*¾
(United Nations) ,cktcg ydkíqDavsmfaomtrnfjzifhac:&vQif urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;cGJjcm;a&;toif;BuD;
(Divided Nations)rSm trsm;ESifhqdkifaom vlYtcGifhta&;aMunmpmwrf;BuD;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf/ xdkokdY
xkwfjyef&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;rsm;udk jypfwifa0zefvsuf ,if;jyóemrsm;
ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;ay;onhftaeESifh jyóemrsm;xyfrHray:ayguf&ef xdef;odrf;vdkonfh &nf&G,fcsuf
jzpfcJhonf/ okdYaomf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrS rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;udk [efYwm;vdkaomtcg urÇmhukvor*¾
tzGJUBuD;udk zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkaomfjim;vnf; rnfonfh ajz&Sif;xdef;odrf;ay;jcif;rsdK;rS r&SdcJhyg/ urÇmh
ukvor*¾rSm &nf&G,fcsufaumif;aomfvnf; jzpfEdkifajcr&Sdaom arQmfvifhcsufrsm;om azmfjyrI&SdcJhonf/
urÇmhukvor*¾taeESifh þodkYajymqdkcsufrsm;aemufuG,fwGif rnfonfh cGifhjyKrdefYrS rxkwfjyefyg/ xdkokdY
rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfaeolrsm;tm; rnfonfh ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m? udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m zdtm;ay;rIrsdK;rS rjyKvkyfyg/
xdkodkYtrSefwu,fjzpfysufaeonfh tajccHvlYtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufcH&rIrsdK;udk ajz&Sif;ay;rnfhtpm; urÇmh
ukvor*¾\ qlnHaom ajz&Sif;rIrsm;? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;aMumifh vlYtcGifhta&;rSm qufvuf csdK;azmuf
eif;acsapmfum;cHae&rIrsm;om qufvufjzpfay:aeqJ jzpfonf/

25
 tpövmrfwGif uREfkyfwdkYajymqdkaeaom vlYtcGifhta&;[lonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sifu tmrcHcsuf
ay;xm;aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ tkyfcsKyfolbk&ifrsm;ESifh Oya'jyKtzGJUtpnf;rsm;u ay;aomtcGifh
ta&;[lonf rdrdwdkYESpfoufovdk tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyefvnf½kyfodrf;Edkifonf/ odkYaomf udk;uG,f&m
t&Sifu ay;tyfxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udkrl rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf(odkY) rnfonfh tzGJUtpnf;
wpfckurQ ½kyfodrf;Edkifaom tcGifhtmPmr&Sdacs/
ukvor*¾\ y#dnmOfpmwrf;aMunmcsufrsm;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ponfwdkYudk udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS
cGifhjyKcsufay;xm;onfh tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfjcif;rjyKEdkif/ y#dnmOfpmwrf;aMunmjcif;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsuf
wdkYrSm vlwpfOD;twGufrjyKrae& wm0efr[kwfaomfvnf; udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS ay;xm;aomtcGifhta&;?
cGifhjyKcsufrsm;rSmrl tpövmrhf,HkMunfrI\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfaomaMumifh rGwfpvifrftm;vHk;ESifh rdrdudk,fudkrdrd
rGwfpvifrf[kzGifh[aMunmol pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;orm;wpfOD;taeESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sifu cGifhjyKxm;onfh tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk vufcH&rnf/ todtrSwfjyK&rnf/ tusdK;oufa&mufrI&Sdap&rnf/ tu,fí xdkolrS ,if;tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk tusdK;oufa&mufrIr&SdapcJhvQif (odkYr[kwf) xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udk EIwfjzifhomajymaeNyD; tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk csdK;azmufcJhvQif olwdkYESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm jywfom;wdus
vSayonf/

atmufazmfjyygusrf;ydk'fwGif tvm;wlñTef;qdkonfrSm- ]]¤if;tjyif rnfolrqdk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

csrSwfawmfrlonfh w&m;pD&ifqHk;jzwfjcif;rjyKcJhygvQif xdkuJhodkYaomolrsm;yif trSm;usL;vGefaomolrsm;
jzpfMuukefownf;/}} xdkYjyif cJbG,fabmZOfu@wGifyif wwd,usrf;ydk'ftaejzifh

wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf ,m,DtmPmydkifrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkY\udk,fydkifpum;rsm;? qHk;jzwfcsuf

rsm;uom rSefuefNyD; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfcsrSwfay;aomtrdefYrsm;tm; rSm;,Gif;onf[k ,lqMuaomolrsm;
onf umzd&fr,HkMunfolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ wpfzufwGif tmPmydkifrsm;taeESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\
trdefYynwfcsufrsm;rSm rSefuefonf[k vufcHaomfjim;vnf; ,if;wdkY\qHk;jzwfcsuf rsm;udkom tom;ay;
vdkojzifh tv’m[ft&Sif\ trdefYawmfrsm;udk wrif&nf&G,fí jiif;y,fcJhonf&SdcJhaomf xdkolwdkYonf trSm;

26
usL;vGefolrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkonf/ Oya'csdK;azmufolrsm;rSm EdkifiHawmf\opömudk Oayu©mjyKjcif;om
jzpfí trsdK;om;a&;udk opömrJholrsm; jzpfMuonf/

27
 tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;

vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf þEdkifiHrSjzpfonf (odkYr[kwf) xdkEdkifiHrSjzpfonf/ xdkolonf ,HkMunfol

wpfOD;jzpfonf (odkYr[kwf) r,HkMunfolwpfOD;jzpfonf/ olonfopfawmxJwGif tajccs aexdkifoljzpfonf
(odkYr[kwf) oJuEåm&twGif; touf&Sifaexdkifoljzpfonf ponfjzifh rnfodkYyifjzpfapumrl olonfvlom;
wpfOD;jzpfjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh olYrSm tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;&SdaeaMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkY
odjrifEdkifNyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif rGwfpvifrfwdkif;taeESifh þtajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;udk tav;xm;í
todtrSwfjyK&rnf[laomtcsufudkvnf; uREfkyfwdkY em;vnfcJhonf/ ,if;tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;rSm-

touf&SifaexdkifcGifh&&SdrIonf tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;teuf yxrOD;qHk;ESifht"dutusqHk; tcGifh

ta&;jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif ,if;tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufí zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;xm;onfrSm-

vlowform;wpfa,muftm; vufwkHYjyefonfhtaeESifh toufowfjcif;(odkYr[kwf) urÇmN*dK[f

ay:wGif ysufpD;jcif;udkjzpfapaomudpö&yfrsm;wGif rSefuefpGmqHk;jzwfrIudk tcGifhtmPm&Sdaomw&m;½kH;rSom
qHk;jzwfydkifcGihf&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh ppftwGif;umvjzpfvQif þodkYaomqHk;jzwfrIrsdK;udk rSefuefoifhavsmfpGm
zGJYpnf;xm;onfhtpdk;&tzGJUuom qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ rnfonfh jzpf&yfwGifrqdk rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf
urQ txufygjyóem (vlom;\toufudkowfjcif;)rsm;twGuf olYbmomqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh r&Sdacs/
þtcsufudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS &Sif;vif;pGm axmufjyonfrSm-

28
 þonfrSm vlowfrIudk w&m;Oya't& touf0dnmOfowfjcif;rS cGJjcm;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ wref
awmfjrwfrk[r®'f()rS twdtvif;rdefYMum;xm;awmfrlaom wpfyg;ruaom ewfbk&m;rsm;udkudk;uG,fjcif;
(tv’m[fESifhudk;uG,f&mt&Sifrsm;udk wkyEdIif;,SOfudk;uG,fjcif;)[laomvkyf&yf\aemuf tjypftBuD;qHk;trIrSm
vlowfrIomjzpfonf/ wrefawmf\"avhawmfrsm;wGif ]]tBuD;qHk;tukodkvf tjypfrsm;rSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sif
tv’m[ftm; tjcm;udk;uG,f&m wpfpHkwpf&mESifh wkzufEdIif;,SOf udk;uG,fjcif;ESifh vlom;tm; owfjzwfjcif;
jzpfonf}} [k a&;om;wifjyxm;onf/
txufazmfjyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ usrf;ydk'frsm;? wrefawmfjrwf\Mo0g'awmf? "avhawmfrsm;rS
em;vnfEdkifonfrSm ezfhpf-0dÓmOf[laom a0g[m&udk a,bk,spum;vHk;tjzpfom oHk;xm;onfudk
awGU&onf/ touf0dÓmOf[kqdk&mwGif rnfonfh EdkifiHwpfckrS EdkifiHom;jzpf&rnf/ (odkYr[kwf) rnfonfh
vlrsdK;? rnfonfh bmom0ifjzpf&rnf[k ñTef;qdkxm;jcif;r&Sd/ þw&m;0iftrdefYonf vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf
oHk;xm;aom a0g[m&jzpfonf/
vlom;xkwpf&yfvHk; touf&SifaexdkifcGifh[laom tcGifhta&;udkay;xm;onfrSm tpövmrfbmom
wpfckwnf;üom&Sdonf/ EdkifiHrsm;\tajccHOya'rsm;rS vlUtcGifhta&;rsm;(odkYr[kwf) vlUtcGifhta&;qdkif&m
w&m;0if aMujimpmwrf;rsm;udk &nfñTef; avhvmMunfhygu xdktcGifhta&;rsm;onf oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;\
EdkifiHom;rsm;? vljzLrsdK;EG,frsm;twGufomjzpfaMumif;awGU&ayonf/ Oyrm-Mopaw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif
vlom;rsm;tm; wd&pämefrsm;tm; trJvdkufouJhodkY vdkufzrf;onf/ xdkYjyif ajr,mrsm;udk vljzLrsm;
tajccsaexdkif&ef a'ocH a&S;vlrsdK;rsm;u ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;ay;&onf/ tvm;wl tar&duwdkuf\ a'ocH
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ vlOD;a&udk pepfwus zsufqD;avQmhcsjcif;cHcJh&ayonf/ tdE´d,ef;vleDrsm;tm; rsdK;jzKwf
owfjzwfrIrsm;jyKcJhaomaMumifh touf &Sifoef usef&pfaeaom rsdK;EG,frsm;tm; xdef;odrf;&ef uefYowf
xm;onf/ tmz&duwdkufwGifvnf; vlom;rsm;onf wd&pämefrsm;uJhodkY trJvdkufowfjzwfjcif; cH&onfudk
awGUEdkifonf/ txufazmfjyyg vlwpfpktwGuf&nf&G,fonfh vlYtcGifhta&;[laom wpfpdwfwpfydkif;
todonmrsm;ESifhqefYusifvsuf tpövmrfrS þtcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vHk;udk vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf
tav;teufxm;onf/

touf&SifoefaexdkifrIESifhqdkifaom vlom;\tcGifhta&;taMumif; wifjyNyD;NyD;csif; qufvufí

udk;uG,f&mt&SifrSrdefYawmfrlonfrSm

vlom;\toufudk aojcif;w&m;rS u,fwifyHku,fwifenf;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ tu,fí vlyk*¾dKvf

wpfOD;onfzsm;emjcif;? rusef;rmjcif;jzpfonf(okdYr[kwf) 'Pf&mtemw&&ygu olYtm; aq;0g;ukorI

29
qdkif&m tultnD&&Sdap&ef ydkYaqmifay;&rnfrSm oif\wm0efyifjzpfonf/ tu,fíolYtaeESifh tpm
iwfrGwfí aovkarsmyg;jzpfaeygu olYtm; auR;arG;&rnfrSm toifhwm0efyif/ tu,fí vlwpfOD;a&epfae
rnfqdkygu olYudka&xJrS u,fwifay;&rnf/ uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftwdkif; vkdufemusifhoHk;
onf[kqdkvQif vlom;\toufudk u,fwifrIonf uREkfyfwdkY\wm0ef[k rSwf,l&ayrnf/

tpövmrfuay;xm;aom vlYtcGifhta&;\ wwd,ta&;tBuD;qHk;u@rSm trsdK;orD;xk\umtdajE´?

*kPfodu©mESifh ywfoufaeonf/ uREkfyfwdkYtaejzifh trsdK;orD;wpfODtm; olronf uREkfyfwdkY\EdkifiHol
[kwfonfjzpfap (0g) &efolEdkifiHrS trsdK;orD;yifjzpfap? uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh olrtm; a0;uGmaom opfawm
wpfcktwGif;ü&Sdonfjzpfap (0g) ppfEdkifxm;aomNrdKUüawGUonfjzpfap? olronf uREkfyfwdkYESifh bmomw&m;
wloljzpfap? tjcm;bmom0ifjzpfap? bmomrJhwpfOD;jzpfap olr\umtdajE´udkav;pm;&rnf/ tcsdefumv
tm;vHk;twGuf tumtuG,fjyK&rnf/ rGwfpvifrfwpfOD;taeESifh tm;vHk;aomtajctaersdK;wGif olrtm;
um,tMurf;zufrIrsdK; jyKvkyfrnfr[kwf/ rGwfpvifrftrsdK;om;wpfOD;twGuf trsdK;orD;wpfOD;rS qE´jyif;jy
aom tazmftjzpfawmifhwaeapumrl ¤if;ESifhqufqHjcif;rjyK&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf/ trsdK;orD;u rnfonfh
tqifhtwef; (odkYr[kwf) rnfonfhtajctaewGifrqdk trsm;ESifhaomif;ajymif;vdifqufqHrIrsdK; rjyKvkyf&/
þvdifrIudpörsdK;udk a&SmifMuOf&eftvdkYiSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif rdefYqdkxm;onfrSm-

vdifazmufjyefrIESifhywfoufí BuD;av;aomtjypf'Pfudk owfrSwfxm;onf/ xdktjypf'PfrS

avsmhyg;oufomapEdkifaomenf;vrf;udkrl ñTefjyrxm;acs/ tpövmrfwGiftrsdK;orD;\umtdajE´udk csdK;azmuf
usL;vGefrIudk wm;jrpfxm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh jypfrIusL;vGefaom rGwfpvifrfwpfa,mufonf ,if;tjypf'Pf
udk cH&rnfjzpfonf/ xdktjypf'Pfonf vuf&SdavmuwGifaomfvnf;aumif;? aemifwrvGefb0wGif
vnf;aumif; ajy;rvGwfwrf;cH&rnfrSm taotcsmyif jzpfonf/ umtdajE´qdkif&m rGefjrwfoefY&Sif;rI
todonmESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; umuG,fay;jcif;udk tpövmrfomoemwGifrSvGJí rnfonfhae&mwGifrQ
rawGUEdkif/ taemufwdkif;tmPm wefcdk;xGm;pOfu ppfwyfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYEdkifiHrsm;\orD;ysdKrsm;udk
ppfom;rsm;\ umrqE´jznfhqnf;&ef toHk;jyKcJhonf/ tu,fí ¤if;wdkYtaeESifh tjcm;wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;udk
odrf;ydkufrnfqdkvQif xdkEdkifiHrsm;rS rdef;rom;rsm;\uHMur®monf a&;om;azmfjyonfxufyif ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;aom
tajctaeESifh BuHKawGU&rnfudk pdwful;ESifh rSef;qMunfhEdkifygonf/
odkYaomfrGwfpvifrfrsm;\ordkif;aMumif;wGifrl wpfOD;csif;\ owdvpf[if;rIaMumifhjzpfcJhaom
jyóemrsdK;rSvGJí trsdK;orD;xktm; usL;vGefapmfum;cJhonfjypfrIrsdK;r&Sdacs/ rGwfpvifrfppfwyfwpfckrS tjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;tm; rk'drf;usifhonfhtrIudpörsdK;eSifh ppfatmifEdkifaomEdkifiHrStpdk;&taeESifh ppfEdkifaomppfwyftm;
vdifqufqH&ef Zdrfr,frsm;pDpOfí qE´jznfhay;&onf[laomudpörsdK; tpövmrfhordkif;wGif wpfcgbl;rQ
r&SdcJhay/

30
 pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS rGwfpvifrfvdkufemusifhoHk;ol
rsm;tm; vrf;ñTefxm;onfrSm- ]]xdkYtjyif xdkolwdkY\<u,f0csrf;omrIwGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;í aiGaMu;Opöm
vdktyfaeolrsm;ESifh cdkudk;&mrJhMuolrsm;twGufyg cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf/}}
txufyg w&m;0iftrdefYay;csuf\ azmfjycsufrsm;u ñTefjyaeonfrSm þtrdefYonf t<uif;rJh
jzpfaom jywfom;wdusonfhtrdefYjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ xdkYtjyif txufygtrdefYudk ñTefay;jcif;
cH&aomae&ma'orSm xdktcgu rGwfpvifrfvlYtzGJUtpnf;r&Sdao;onfh ruúm[fNrdKUwGif jzpfonf/
rGwfpvifrfrsm; 0ifvmcsdefwGifvnf; r,HkMunfolrsm;ESifhqufqHae&aom tcsdefumvjzpfonf/
txufazmfjyygusrf;pmydk'f\ &Sif;vif;aomt"dyÜg,frSm tultnDvdktyfí awmif;cHae&aomolESifh
csdKUwJhqif;&Jjcif;udk cHpm;ae&olwpfOD;rS rGwfpvifrfwpfOD;\ydkifqdkifrIESifh <u,f0csrf;omrIudk rQa0cHpm;ydkif
cGifh &Sdonfudkqdkvdkonf/ þae&mwGif xdkqif;&JEGrf;yg;ol? cdkukd;&mrJholtaeESifh rnfonfhEdkifiHom;jzpf&rnf
rnfonfh vlrsdK;EG,fpkrSjzpf&rnf[laom uefYowfcsufr&Sday/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftaeESifh ulnDEdkifonfh
taetxm;wGif&SdNyD; csdKUwJhaeolwpfOD;u tultnDawmif;cHvmcJhvQif (odkYr[kwf) wpfpHkwpfa,mufu
xdkolwpfOD;onf trSefwu,fvdktyfaeaMumif;od&Sd&ygu xdkyk*¾dKvftm; rjzpfraeulnD&rnfrSm ulnDEdkif
onfh taetxm;wGif&Sdonfh vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;\wm0efomjzpfonf/

tpövmrfwGif vGwfvyfaomvlwpfOD;udkzrf;qD;í uRefjyKjcif;(odkYr[kwf) aus;uReftjzpf

a&mif;csjcif;[laom a&S;OD;usonfhvlzrf;wwfonfhtavhtusifhudk jywfjywfom;om;wm;jrpfxm;onf/
þtcsufESifhywfoufí r[mwrefawmfjrwf\Mo0g'awmfrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
]]urÇmhw&m;pD&ifrnfhaeYü igwrefawmfrS w&m;vdktjzpf awmif;qdktem;,laprnfh vlyk*¾dKvfoHk;rsdK;
&Sdonf/ ,if;oHk;rsdK;aomyk*¾dKvfxJrS wpfrsdK;rSm vGwfvyfolwpfOD;tm; aus;uRefjyKvkyfí olYtm;a&mif;csNyD;
pm;oHk;aomoljzpfonf/}} (Akcg&Dusrf;? tdAfEkrm*s[fusrf;)
wrefawmfjrwf\ txufyg"avhawmfESifhMo0g'awmfrSm EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH? vlrsdK;EG,fwpfpkESifh bmom
w&m;wpfckudk vdkufemusifhoHk;olwpftkyfpktwGuf uefYowfowfrSwfxm;jcif;? &nfñTef;oifMum;xm;jcif;
r[kwf? taemufwkdif;rS Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;u olwdkYonfomvQif urÇmwGifuRefpepfudk csKyfNidrf;apNyD;
uRefb0rS vGwfajrmufapolrsm;omjzpfonf[k tBuD;tus,f*kPf,l ajymMum;aeMuonf/ trSefpifppf
uRefrsm;udk vGwfvyfcGifhay;í oifhwifhavsmufywf,Ofaus;zG,f&m jyKrlaexdkifrIrsdK;udk 20&mpktv,fydkif;
ESpfrsm;rSom pwifusifhoHk;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ BuD;rm;aomtwdkif;twmESifh vGwfvyfaomolrsm;udk
tvpf0ifa&muf zrf;qD;jcif;? tzrf;cH&olrsm;udk tusOf;om;b0xm;NyD; ,if;EdkifiHrsm;\ udkvdkeDa'orsm;udk
o,f,l ydkYaqmifay;avh&SdcJhMuonf/ ,if;taemufwdkif;om;rsm;u þuHMur®mqdk;0g;vSaomolrsm;tay:
jyKrlqufqHcJhonfrSm wd&pämefrsm;xufyifydkrdkqdk;0g;cJhonf/ þtcsufudk taemufwdkif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif
a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif twdtvif;oufaocHaeMuayonf/

31
 Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;u tar&duwdkufESifh taemuftdE´d, uRef;pkudkodrf;ydkufNyD;umv uRefukeful;rI
twGuf ul;vl;qufqHMujcif;rSm ESpfaygif;350wdkifatmif qufvufwnf&SdcJhygonf/ tmz&duvlrsdK;rsm;
tm; wdkuftwGif;ydkif;a'orsm;rS o,faqmifvmí oabFmrsm;ay:odkY wifay;onfh tmz&duwkduf&Sd oabFm
qdyfurf;rsm;tm;vHk;rSm uRefurf;ajc[k trnfwGifvmcJhonf/ NAdwdoQpma&;q&mrsm;\ cefYrSef;csuft&
ESpf(100)umvtwGif; (c&pfouú&mZf 1680rS 1786txd) NAdwdoQudkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;twGuf zrf;qD;cH&í
aus;uRefjyKcHcJh&aomvlOD;a&rSm pkpkaygif;oef;20cefY &Sdonf/ 1790ckESpfwGif vlaygif;75000udkzrf;qD;í
udkvdkeDa'orsm;wGif uRefvkyfom;rsm;tjzpf toHk;jyKjcif;cHcJh&aMumif; uREkfyfwdkYtm; ajymMum;cJhygonf/
aus;uRefrsm;udk o,f,lydkYaqmif&ef toHk;jyKcJhaom oabFmrsm;rSm ao;i,fínpfywfaya&aeayonf/
þuHMur®mqdk;0g;vSaom tmz&duefvlrsdK;rsm;onf uRJEGm;rsm;uJhodkY oHBudK;rsm;ESifhtaESmifcH&NyD;
opfom;pifrsm;xufwGif ae&mcsxm; jcif;cH&onf/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; 18vufrtuGmwGifxm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh
vIyf&Sm;&efrSm tvGefcJ,Of;Muyfwnf;vSonf/ xdkaus;uRefrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfaom?vHkavmufaom
tpm;tpmrsm; ray;cJhyg/ rusef;rrm jzpfaomtcgrsdK;üvnf; aq;0g;ukoay;jcif;rsdK; vHk;0r&SdcJhyg/
taemufwdkif;pma&;q&mrsm;u zGifh[a&;om;xm;MuonfrSm uRefjyK&efESifht"r®cdkif;ap&ef tzrf;cH&
aom pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&\20&mcdkifEIef;rSm tmz&duwdkufrS tar&duwdkufodkY o,f,lydkYaqmif&mvrf;aMumif;
wGif aoausysufpD;&onf[kqkdonf/ uRefukeful;aompepf txGwftxdyfa&mufcsdefumv tawmtwGif;
Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS uRefjyK&efzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcH&aomvlOD;a&rSm cefYrSef;ajctenf;qHk; oef;(100)cefY&Sdonf[k
qdkonf/ þonfrSm tpövmrftm; aus;uRefpepfxlaxmifaomomoemjzpfonf[k vlod&SifMum;pGJcsufwif
½Iwfcsaeaomvlrsm; udk,fwdkifwifxm;aomrSwfwrf;rsm;t& odEdkifonf/ þonfrSm tjypfuif;rYJolwpfOD;
udk &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefouJhodkYydkif;í vufnd§K;xdk;tjypfwifaeouJhodkY tpövmrfu0dkif;í jypfwif½IHUcsaejcif;
om jzpfonf/

tma&;AD;,m;uRef;qG,fa'otwGif; vTrf;rdk;aeNyD;jzpfaom aus;uRefpepfyaysmuf&ef uRefrsm;tm;

olaumif;jyKjcif;? aus;uRefb0rS vGwfajrmufapjcif;wdkYjzifh uRefpepfyaysmufa&;twGuf tpövmrfrS ajz&Sif;
ay;cJhonf/ rGwfpvifrfrsm;tm; aus;uRefrsm;udk vGwfvyfapjcif;tm;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\tjypfrsm;udk avQmfypf
EdkifaMumif;? ay;qyfEdkifaMumif; oifMum;ay;onf/ rdrdqE´tavsmuf aus;uRefwpfa,muf vGwfajrmufap
jcif;onf tvGefBuD;us,faomtusdK;aus;Zl;&SdaMumif;udk aus;uReftjzpfrSvGwfajrmufapaom vlyk*¾dKvf
wpfOD;\ ajcvuft*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk tvTwfcH&aomaus;uRef\ ajcvuft*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;
vGwfvyfoGm;ouJhodkY i&JrD;rS vGwfajrmufcGifh&rnf[k tav;teufajymMum;xm;onf/
þrl0g'\tusdK;w&m;rSm ajzmifhrwfrSefuefí tusifhoDvpifMu,fMuukefaom cvDz[for®wBuD;
rsm;vufxufwGif tm;vHk;aomtm&yfaus;uRefrsm;tm;vHk; uReftjzpfrS vGwfajrmufvmí vGwfvyfcGifh
&&SdcJhMuonf/ wrefawmfjrwf()wpfOD;wnf;yif aus;uRefaygif;63OD;udk uRefb0vGwfajrmufapcJhonf/
tmtd&S[focifr( )rS uRef67OD;? tAfAg;pf()rS 70OD;? tAf'kvfvm[ft&f&[frmefocif()rS uRefaygif;
30000OD;udkvnf;aumif; 0,f,lí uReftjzpfrS vGwfajrmufapcJhonf/ xdkpm&if;tao;pdwftcsuftvuf
rsm;onf xdkacwfxdktcsdeftaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;wGif avhvmqef;ppf
Edkifonf/

32
 xdkYaMumifh tma&AD;,m;uRef;qG,fa'o&Sd aus;uRefrsm;\jyóemrSm ESpfaygif;40twGif; ajz&Sif;
EkdifcJhonf/ þonf\ aemufydkif;umvtwGif; tpövmrfvlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif usef&Sdaeao;onhf aus;uRef
rsm;rSm ppfyGJrsm;twGif; zrf;qD;&rdaomppfoHkYyef;rsm;jzpfNyD; tusOf;om;rsm;tjzpf&SdaecJhonf/ xdkppfoHkYyef;
rsm;udk rGwfpvifrftpdk;&rsm;rS xdef;odrf;xm;í ppfyGJrsm;twGif; zrf;qD;cH&aom rGwfpvifrfppfom;rsm;tm;
jyefa&G;&ef wpfzuftpdk;&rsm;ESifh oabmwlnDxm;aom tvJtvS,fcHrsm;vnf; jzpfMuonf/ tu,fí
rGwfpvifrfEdkifiHrS zrf;qD;&rdxm;aomppfom;rsm;udk wpfzufEdkifiHwGif ppfoHkYyef;rsm;tjzpf zrf;qD;cH&aom
rGwfpvifrfppfom;rsm;ESifh vJvS,fjcif;rjyKvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? wpfzufEdkifiHrS ,if;wdkY\ppfom;rsm;udk
¤if;wdkYvGwfajrmufa&;twGufa&G;&ef aiGray;vQifaomfvnf;aumif; rGwfpvifrftpdk;&taeESifh xdkppfoHkYyef;
rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm; zrf;qD;&rdcJhaom rGwfpvifrfppfwyfodkY vTGJay;rnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf xdkppfwyfrS
ppfom;rsm; tMum;wGifae&rnfjzpfonf/
þodkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf zrf;qD;&rdaomppfoHkYyef;rsm;udk uRJEGm;wd&pämefrsm;uJhodkY ae&mcsjcif;?
xdkYaemuf xdkolwdkY\vkyftm;udk twif;t"r®apckdif;jcif;wdkYxuf vlom;qefaomvkyf&yfjzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif
ppftwGif; zrf;qD;rdaom rdef;rom;rsm;tm; Zdrfr,fvkyf&ef zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;xufvnf; vlom;qef
ayonf/ tpövmrfrS olwdkYtm;jzefYay;aomfvnf; wpfOD;csif;taeESifhrl vlom;qefqefqufqHaerdonf/
xdkYjyif ,if;oHkYyef;rsm;udk BuD;MuyfolwdkYtm;vnf; oHkYyef;rsm;udk aumif;pGmqufqHrIjyK&ef trdefYay;xm;NyD;
jzpfonf/
txufazmfjyyg ppfoHkYyef;rsm;? tusOf;om;rsm;ESifhywfoufaomrl0g' tusdK;aus;Zl;rSm ajrmufjrm;
pGmaomEdkifiH&yfjcm;rS ppfyGJrsm;wGif uReftjzpfzrf;qD;cH&NyD; rGwfpvifrfEdkifiHrsm;odkY ydkYaqmifcH&aomolrsm;u
tpövmrfomoemudk vufcH,HkMunfapaom taMumif;t&if;jzpfonf/ xdkolrsm;omru ¤if;wdkY\
tquftEG,frsm;uyg tpövmrfodkY0ifa&mufvmBuNyD; BuD;us,faompmayynm&Sifrsm;? tDrmrfacgif;aqmif
rsm;? Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;? rsufarSmufa&;&mrsm;udk a[majyma&;om;aom jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;?
EdkifiHtBuD;tuJrsm;ESifh ppfAdkvfcsKyfBuD;rsm; arG;xkwfay;cJhaom taMumif;w&m;vnf;jzpfonf/ xdkodkYaom
yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm aemifwGif tpövmrfhurÇmudk tkyfcsKyfaomolrsm;jzpfvmMuonf/
,cktcg ppftusOf;om;rsm;udk urÇmwpfvTm;wGif ppfjyKjcif;?&efvdkjcif;rsm;udk&yfem;NyD; tjyeftvSef
vJvS,faeMujcif;rSm tpövmrfrSavhvmoif,lí vdkufemusifhoHk;aeaom tavhtusifhaumif;wpfck
jzpfayonf/ taMumif;&if;wpfckckaMumifh(odkYr[kwf) tjcm;taMumif;wpfckckaMumifh vJvS,fjcif;rjyKEdkifaom
tusOf;om;rsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmqufqHjcif;udkrl twk,lusifhoHk;rIr&Sd/ Oyrm- 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif;u
*smrPDESifh *syefEdkifiHrsm;rS ppf½IH;aomppfwyfrsm;rS ½k&Sm;odkYydkYaqmifjcif;cH&aom ppfom;axmifaygif;
rsm;pGm\uHMur®mrSm rnfuJhodkYjzpfcJh&onfudk wpfpHkwpfa,mufrSajymjyEdkifygovm;/ ,if;ppfom;rsm;teuf
rnfrQaom ppfom;rsm;onf ½k&Sm;ppfwyf\vufatmuf vkyftm;ay;pcef;rsm;wGif yifyef;qif;&J
cufcJMurf;wrf;rIrsm;aMumifh aoaus ysufpD;Mu&onf/ rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ rod&SdEdkifacs/ a&S;a[mif;
tD*spfEdkifiH zm½kdbk&ifrsm;vufxufwGif yd&rpfrsm;wnfaqmuf&mü aus;uRefrsm;\vkyftm;udk twif;
n§if;yef;ESdyfpufNyD; t&,louJhodkY 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;rS ppftusOf;om;rsm;udkvnf; qdkufbD;&D;,m;a'o
ESifh tjcm;zGHUNzdK;rIr&Sdaoma'orsm;\ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf vkyftm;rsm;udk twif;t"r® n§if;yef;
ESdyfpufrIjzifh &,lcJhonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,fr&Sdacs/

33
 þtcGifhta&;rSm tpövmrfrS vlom;okdYay;tyfaom tcGifhta&;rsm;teuf ta&;BuD;ouJhodkY
wefzdk;vnf;&Sdaom tcGifhta&;wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif w&m;rQwrIqdkif&m tcGifhta&;
ESifhywfoufí csrSwfay;onfrlrSm-

þtcsufudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGifxyfrHí tav;ay;azmfjyxm;onfrSm-

txufygtm,ofrsm;ü ñTefjyaeonfhtcsufrSm rGwfpvifrfrsm;taeESifh ¤if;wdkY\rdwfaqG

oli,fcsif;rsm;udkomru &efolrsm;udkyg w&m;rQwpGmjyKrl&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf ,if;\
aemufvdkuf rGwfpvifrfrsm;tm; awmif;qdkonfhw&m;rQwrI[lonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH? vlrsdK;EG,fpkwpfpk?
wdkif;jynfwpfck? vlrsdK;wpfrsdK; (odkYr[kwf) rGwfpvifrfxkwpfckvHk;twGufomru tm;vHk;aom
vlom;rsdK;EG,fxkwpfckvHk;twGufyg tusHK;0ifonfh w&m;rQwrIrsdK;jzpfonf/

tpövmrfonf vlom;rsm;tMum; tom;ta&mif? vlrsdK;EG,f? EdkifiHom;ponfwdkYudk vHk;0rcGJjcm;bJ

vlom;tm;vHk;wGif tcGifhta&;vHk;0wlnDjcif;udk tajccHoabmw&m;tm;jzifh av;pm;pGm todtrSwf
jyKonfomru ,if;wlnDjcif;oabmw&m;udk t&Sdw&m;jzpfatmifjyKvkyfay;onf/ teEåbkef;awmf&Sif
tv’m[frS xdkt&Sdw&m;ESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif atmufygtwdkif; rdefYqdkxm;awmfrl\/

34
 wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf tm;vHk;aomvlom;rsm;onf nD&if;tudk armif&if;ESrrsm;jzpfMuonf/
olwdkYtm;vHk;onf zcifwpfOD;ESifh rdcifwpfOD;wnf;rS aygufzGm;vmMuolrsm;jzpfMuonf/

þtm,ofawmf\t"dyÜm,frSm vlom;tm; EdkifiH? vlrsdK;tkyfpkrsm;? rsdK;EG,fpkrsm; cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;

rS cGJjcm;odjrifapvdkaom&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ xdkodkY cGJjcm;jcif;tm;jzifh vlrsdK;wpfpk?vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;rS tjcm;
vlrsdK;? tjcm;rsdK;EG,frS vlom;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifNyD; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifMu&ef
jzpfonf/
þodkYvlrsdK;cGJjcm;jcif;[lonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrS rdrdEdkifiHom jrifhjrwfomvGefonf[k *kPf,l0Hh<um;&ef
r[kwfovdk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;udk rav;rcefYESdrfhcsqufqHjcif;rsdK; jyKvkyf&efvnf;r[kwf/ xdktcsufudk
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif-

]]vlwpfa,mufu tjcm; wpfa,mufxuf omvGefjrifhjrwfonf[laomtcsufrSm xdkvlom;\

tom;ta&mif? vlrsdK;? bmompum;? EkdifiHom;ESifhroufqkdifbJ xdkyk*¾dKvf\ ouú0gw&m;? ol\
udk,fusifhw&m;oefYpifrI? tusifhpm&dwåjrifhrm;rIESifhom oufqdkifonf/}} xdkYaMumifh tjcm;aomvlyk*¾dKvfrsm;
\ [efyeftm;jzifhazmfjyaom jrifhjrwfrIrsm;udkomMunfhí rqHk;jzwfoifhyg/ odkYr[kwfygu oefYpif
rGefjrwfaom udk,fusifhw&m;&Sdaomvlrsm;wGif tjcm;olrsm;xufydkíomvGefaom txl;*kPfodu©m
tqifhtwef;[lonf &Sdrnfr[kwfawmhyg/
þtcsufudk wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f()rS ol\Mo0g'awmfwpfckwGif Oyrmay;í &Sif;vif;
ajymMum;cJhonf/ ]]rnfonhftm&yfwpfa,mufurQ tm&yfr[kwfolwpfOD;xuf ydkírjrwfyg/ xdkYtwl tm&yf

35
r[kwfol wpfOD;urQ vlrnf;wpfOD;xufydkírjrwfyg (odkYr[kwf) vlrnf;wpfOD;urQ vljzLwpfa,mufxuf
edrfhusrnf r[kwfyg/ toifwdkYtm;vHk;onf tm'rf\om;orD;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ tm'rfudk tv’m[ft&Sifu
&THUajcmufrS zefqif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/}} (Adkif[uDusrf;)
þoabmw&m;udktajccHNyD; tpövmrfrS wlnDjcif;[laomoabmudk wnfaxmifcJhygonf/
xdkYaMumifh vlom;rsdK;EG,fwpfpkvHk;wGif wlnDjcif;[laom oabmudkvufcHNyD; vlom;\tom;ta&mif?
vlrsdK;?bmompum;ESifh EdkifiHudk tajccHícGJjcm;aom cGJjcm;jcif;\ t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm;vHk;udk qefYusifyg
onf/
tpövmrfomoemt& udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS vlom;tm; nDrQjcif;?wlnDjcif;[laom tcGifhta&;udk
arG;&mygtcGifhta&;tjzpf ay;tyfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ vlwpfa,muf
udk ol\tom;ta&mif? ol\arG;zGm;&ma'o? vlrsdK;ESifhwdkif;jynfaMumifh tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;rI? rnfonfh
tqifhtwef; trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;rIudkrqdk qefYusifonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrS tmz&duvlrnf;acgif;aqmif rJvfuGefrftdwfpf(Malcom X)onf olESifh
b0wlwpfjynfwnf;om; vlrnf;rsm;\t&yfom;tcGifhta&;twGuf tar&duefvljzLrsm;ESifh cg;oD;aom
vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk qifETJcJhonf/ odkYaomfolonf ruúm[fNrdKUodkY [m*sfusifhpOfjyKvkyf&efoGm;cJhpOfu tm&S?
tmz&du? Oa&myESifhtar&duwdkufrsm;rS [m*sfjyKolrsm;onf wlnDaom0wfpHkrsm;0wfNyD; utfA[f
ausmif;awmfudk ajy;vTm;o0g;zfvSnfhvQif twef;vdkuftwef;vdkuf pDwef;0wfjyKcJh&onfudk jrifawGUcJhonf/
þjrifuGif;rS olowdjyKcJhonfrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif ol&SmazGaecJhonfh tom;a&mifESifh
vlrsdK;cGJjcm;rIjyóem\ tajzjzpfonf[laomtcsufyifjzpfonf/ ,cktcg rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaom
tawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;pGmu 0efcHMuonfrSm þvlrsdK;ESifh tom;a&mifcGJjcm;rIjyóemudk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf
ydkíaumif;aomenf;vrf;rSm tpövmrfrSvGJí tjcm;rnfonfhbmomw&m;? rnfonfhb0wnfaqmufrI
vrf;pOfwGifrS r&SdEdkifyg/ xdkYjyif ¤if;wkdYrS ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifaomtwdkif;twmrSmvnf; tpövmrfbmomu
ajz&Sif;Edkifonfhtwdkif;twmxd rDrnf r[kwfyg/

tpövmrfbmomtaeESifh vlom;rsm;twGuf tvGefYtvGefta&;BuD;aom trsm;rS vufcHusifhoHk;

EdkifpGrf;&Sdaom tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;onf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif-

þtm,ofawmf\qdkvdk&if;t"dyÜm,frSm aumif;jrwfaom? rGefjrwfaomvkyfief;vkyfrnfh vlwpfOD;

wpfa,mufonf awmif0if½kd;pGef; (0g) ajrmuf0if½dk;pGef;wGif aexdkifonfjzpfygap? rGwfpvifrfrsm;\
axmufyHhjcif;? zswfvwfwuf<uaom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;udk arQmfvifhEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;&Sdonf/
36
qefYusifbufoabmtm;jzifh vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf raumif;rIjyK&mwGifvnf;aumif;? usL;ausmf
apmfum;rI jyKvkyf&mwGifvnf;aumif; xdkolonf uREkfyfwdkYESifhrnfrQeD;pyfaom aqGrsdK; rdwfo*F[jzpfap
(0g) tdrfeD;csif;jzpfap uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh olYtm;vlrsdK;?EdkifiH? bmompum; (0g) EdkifiHom;wlonf[laom
taMumif;jycsufrsm;jzifhjzpfap ulnDjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rjyKEdkif/ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom?
aMumufp&maumif;aomolonf uREkfyfwdkY\nDtpfudkt&if;yifjzpfvifhupm; uREfkyfwdkYtxJrS rjzpfEdkifyg/
olonf ol\vrf;pOfudk aemifwr&? rjyifoa&GUumvywfvHk; uREfkyfwdkY\tultnDudk olYtaeESifh
r&Edkifyg/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif aumif;jrwfaom rGefjrwfonfhvkyfief;udk vkyfaqmifygu olonf uREfkyfwdkYESifh
aqGrsdK;rawmfpyfaomfjim;vnf; rGwfpvifrfrsm;onf ol\taygif;tazmf? olYudkulnD axmufyHholjzpf&rnf/
tu,fí olYtm; rnfodkYrQ axmufyHhEdkifjcif;r&Sdygu tenf;qHk; ol\vkyfief;twGuf wpfpdwf
wpf0rf;wnf;ESifh aumif;aomqE´ xm;&Sdoljzpf&rnf/

37
 tpövmrfEkid fiHwpfck\ Edik fiHom;tcGifhta&;rsm;

uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh vlYtcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufí a,bk,swifjyNyD; jzpfygonf/ tpövmrfhEdkifiH&Sd

EkdifiHom;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;qdkif&mudpöudk txl;tav;ay;í aqG;aEG;MuygpdkY/ þtcGifhta&;rsm;rSm
tapmydkif;uwifjycJhaom vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;xufydkí us,fjyefYaomaMumifh ,if;wdkYudk oD;oefY&Sif;vif;
wifjy&ef vdktyfayonf/

wrefawmfjrwf()\ aemufqHk;[m*sfwGif rdefYMum;cJhaomrdefYcGef;rSm ]]toifwdkY\ toufESifhOpöm

"ersm;tm;vHk;udk wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;usL;vGefrIr&Sdap&/ ,if;trdefYonf urÇmhw&m;pD&ifrnfhaeY oifwdkY\
udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[fESifh awGUqHkonfhaeYwdkifatmif wm;jrpfxm;NyD;jzpfacsonf/ }} teEÅbkef;awmf&Sif
tv’m[ft&SifrS usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif vlwpfOD;csif;\touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfESifhywfoufí csrSwfxm;
onfhjypf'PfrSm ]]tMuifolonf rGwfpvifrfwpfOD; wpfa,mufudk wrifoufoufBuHpnf owfjzwfcJhygrl
xdkol\tjypfonf *s[Eérfi&JbHkyifjzpfonf/ (xdkolonf),if;*s[Eérf i&JbHkü tpOftNrJaexdkif&rnf/
xdkYtjyif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;tay:ü rESpfNrdKUrIvnf;&Sdayonf/ xdkoltm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\
u½kPmawmfrSvnf; uif;a0;apawmfrltHh/ xdkol\ tzdk;BuD;av;aomtjypf'Pfudkvnf; tqifoifh
jyKxm;awmfrlthH}} [líjzpfonf/ (uk&ftmef 4;93) wrefawmfjrwf()u ZifrDac: tpövmrfhEdkifiHwGif
aexdkifol? rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaom EdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí rdefYawmfrlonfrSm]]tpövmrfhEdkifiHwGif
ckdvIHolZifrDwpfOD;wpfa,mufudk owfaomolonf *sEéof O,smOfawmf\&eHYudkyif ½SL½dIufcGifh&&Sdrnfr[kwf/
(qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? tAl'g0k'fusrf;)
tpövmrfwGifw&m;Oya't& ao'Pfay;jcif;rsdK;rSvGJí tm;vHk;aomowfjzwfrIrsm;udk wm;jrpfxm;
onf/ þtcsufudk uk&ftmefwGif ]]Advf[muf}}(trSefw&m;ESifhtwl)[lí &nfñTef;xm;onf/ odkYaomf
ppfrufjzpfyGm;pOfumv (odkYr[kwf) ykefuefx<urIjzpfay:aeaom tcsdefumvtwGif;ü &S&Dt[f
w&m;Oya'udk vdkufemusifhoHk;aom w&m;rQwí ajzmifhrwfrSefuefonfh tpdk;&rsm;omvQif vlwpfa,muf
\toufudk owfoifh rowfoifhudk qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
txufygta&;BuD;aom (odkYr[kwf) txl;tav;ay;pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&rnfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\tvdkawmfudk tav;rxm;aom pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIrsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rIatmufwGif&Sdonfh
w&m;½kH;rsm;\vuf0,f tmPmukefvTJtyfjcif;rjyKoifhay/ þuJhokdYaom w&m;pD&ifqHk;jzwfrIrsdK;onf
w&m;rQwrIr&SdbJ wvGJwacsmfjzpfwwfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS jyqdkaomw&m;rQwrIESifh tpövmrfh
tpOftqufrS jyqdkcJhaomw&m;rQwrIrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftaeESihf &SmazGawGU&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfay/ tu,fí
w&m;½kH;awmfESifh EdkifiHawmfrS EdkifiHom;rsm;udk w&m;rQwrIr&Sdaomrl0g'rsm;ESifh vkyf&yfrsm;udkqefYusifrI?
,if;wdkY\ raumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk a0zefrItwGuf ao'Pfay;rnf? owfjzwfrnfqdkvQif ,if;onf
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvdkawmfudk vspfvsL½Ií w&m;pD&ifrIukd tvGJoHk;pm;jyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/
EdkifiHawmftaeESifh vkyfBuHowfjzwfrnf? vlowform;udk iSm;&rf;í tjypfrJhEdkifiHom;rsm;udk owfjzwfydkifcGifh

38
r&Sdovkd xdkvlowform;udk w&m;½kH;wGif aopm;aoap tjypf'PfrsdK; jyefcH&jcif;rsdK;r&Sd&avatmif
umuG,fydkifcGifhr&Sd/ þuJhodkYaom tpdk;&rsdK; wnf&Sdaejcif;onf &mZ0wfrIwpfckomjzpfNyD; ,if;tpdk;&\
owfjzwfrIrsdK;onf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS jyqdkaom w&m;rQwrItwGuf ao'PfpD&ifrIrsdK;[k rac:qdkEdkifacs/
touf0dnmOfvHkNcHKrIESifhtwl vlwpfa,muf\tdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfrsm; vHkNcHKrItwGufvnf; tpövmrfrS
&Sif;vif;aomtcGifhta&;udkom tyfESif;xm;onf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif olwpfyg;\ ydkifqdkifrI Opömypönf;
rsm;udk rSm;,Gif;aom? w&m;r0ifaomenf;vrf;jzifh &,ljcif;rjyK&/ (uk&ftmef 2;188)

EdkifiHom;wdkif;\ 'kwd,ta&;tBuD;qHk;aomtcGifhta&;rSm ¤if;wdkY\*kPfodu©mudk umuG,f

apmifhxdef;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwf()rS aemufqHk;jyKcJhonfh[m*sfwGif >rufMum;ay;cJhaom rdefYcGef;
wpf&yfü rdefYrSmcJhonfrSm ]]rGwfpvifrfrsm;tay:ü olwpfyg;\touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfrsm;udk
rw&m;usL;ausmfjcif;rS wm;jrpfxm;onf/ olwpfyg;\tdajE´odu©mudk av;pm;&rnf}}[líjzpfonf/
þtcsufudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif atmufygtcsufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/

(u) tdk-ouf0if,HkMunfoltaygif;wdkY? oa&mforIrjyK&/

(c) wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; toa&rzsufMuvifh/
(*) wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ]]emrnfajymif}}rsm;ESifh apmfum;armfum; rac:MuESifh/
(C) wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; aemufuG,fwGif twif;tzsif; rajymMuESifh/
(uk&ftmef 49;11-12)
txufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;rSawGU&onfrSm tpövmrfrScsrSwfjy|mef;ay;aomOya'onf
taemufwkdif;\ toa&zsufjcif;Oya'oxufydkí jrifhrm;ygonf/ tpövmrfhOya't& wpfpHkwpfa,muf
tjcm;vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\ *kPfodu©mudk apmfum;aMumif;oufaojyEdkifygu apmfum;olbufrS rdrdonf
av;pm; bG,f*kPfodu©m&SdaomoljzpfaMumif; oufaojyEdkifonfjzpfap? rjyEdkifonfjzpfap apmfum;olonf
tjypfay;jcif;cH&rnf jzpfonf/ taemufwkdif;\ toa&zsufjcif;qkdif&mOya'o\ pdwf0ifpm;p&mtcsufrSm
toa&zsufrItm; trIzGifhaom(w&m;vdk)taeESifh olonf*kPfodu©m&Sdaom? vltrsm;utxifBuD;av;pm;
MunfndKjcif; cH&aomoljzpfaMumif; oufaojyEdkif&rnf/ xdkYtjyif ½kH;awmfrSar;jref;ppfaMumpOfwGif
½dkif;jyaompGyfpGJcsufrsm;ESifh wdkufcdkufrIrsm;vnf; jyKvkyfcH&ayrnf/ ,if;odkY ppfaq;&mü apmfum;cH&jcif;
onf ol rlv apmfum;cH&aom trIxufydkíyif olY*kPfodu©mtm; xdyg;Edkifayonf/ xdkYjyifw&m;vkdbufrS
oufaorsm;tm; w&m;½kH;awmfodkY wifjy&rnfjzpfonf/ jypfwifa0zefpGyfpGJcsufrsm;u ol\*kPfodu©mudk
usqif;ysufpD;apaMumif;udkvnf; xif&Sm;ap&rnf/
b,favmufrsm; tHhMozG,f&maumif;ygoenf;/ þonfum; Oya'\ odrfarGUEl;nHhrIygavm/
Oya'o\ tESpfom&ygavm/ þuJhodkYrw&m;aom? rrQwaomOya'udk udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS xkwfjyefaom
Oya'ESifh tb,fuJhodkY EIdif;,SOfEdkifygrnfenf;/ tpövmrfwGif apmfum;cH&ol(toa&zsufcH&ol)onf
*kPf&Sdoljzpfap? *kPfrJholjzpfap toa&zsufrIrSm jypfrIwpf&yfyifjzpfaMumif; twdtvif;xkwfjyef
aMunmxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ (odkYr[kwf),if;trItm; ppfaq;onfhtcsdefü ,kwfnhHaompum;vHk;rsm;oHk;pGJí
wpfzufom;tm; jypfwif ½Iwfcsa0zefjcif;? w&m;vkd\*kPfodu©mudk xdckdufepfemapjcif;onf jypfrIwpf&yf

39
jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; tpövmrfrS twdtvif;azmfjyxm;onf/ tpövmrfhOya'a&SUarSmufü apmfum;ol
(w&m;cH)onf trsm;em;vnfaom taetxm;ESifh w&m;vdk\*kPfodu©mESifhausmfMum;rIudk ysufpD;qHk;½IH;
apaMumif; ckdifrmpGmoufaojyEdkifcJhygvQif vHkavmufNyDjzpfayonf/

tpövmrfhEdkifiHwGifaexdkifaom EdkifiHom;wkdif;\tcGifhta&;udk tpövmrfrS todtrSwfjyKxm;onfh

tjyif EdkifiHom;rsm;\ yk*¾vduqdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;tm; wm0efrJh0ifa&mufpGufzufrIudk vHk;0vufrcHay/
þudpö ESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif atmufygtwkdif; w&m;0iftrdefYudk xkwfjyefxm;onf/

(uk&ftmef 49;12)

(uk&ftmef 24;27)
wrefawmfjrwf()\ vrf;ñTefqHk;rMo0g'rsm;wGif olwpfOD;onf rdrdtdrfodkY0ifa&muf&mwGif
yifvQif ½kwfw&uf ckd;aMumifckd;0Suf0ifa&mufrIrsdK;rjyK&/ olYtaeESifh tdrfwGif;ü&SdolwdkYtm; ol0ifvmaMumif;
wpfenf;enf;ESifh odapoifhonf/ odkYrSom tdrfwGif;&Sd ol\rdcif? nDr? tpfr? orD;rsm;taeESifh rjriftyf
aom tajctaersdK;rS a&Smif&Sm;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/
tjcm;olwpfOD;\tdrfwGif;odkY acsmif;ajrmif;Munfh½Ijcif;udkvnf; wif;usyfpGm wm;jrpfydwfyif owd
ay;xm;onf/ wrefawmffjrwf()rS þudpöESifhywfoufíwif;usyfpGmrdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]]vlwpfOD;onf
tjcm; vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufrS tdrfwpftdrftwGif;odkY vsdKU0SufpGmacsmif;ajrmif;Munfh½Iaeonfudk awGU&Sdygu
xdkol\ rsufvHk;wpfvHk;(odkYr[kwf)rsufvHk;ESpfvHk;pvHk;udk xkwfypfEkdifonf/ xdkodkY tjypfay;aomoltm;
w&m;pGJqdkjcif; rjyKap&[k rdefYrSmawmfrlxm;onf/
wrefawmfjrwf()rS olwpfyg;\pmudkckd;zwfjcif;udkvnf; wm;jrpfcJhayonf/ vlwpfa,mufrS
ol\pmudkzwfaepOf tjcm;olwpfa,mufrS iJhapmif;MunhfNyD;zwfvdkufjcif;udkyifvQif jypfwif½Iwfcsxdkuf
aMumif; ajymMum;cJhonf/ txufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;onf vlwpfOD;\yk*¾vdutcGifhta&;tm; tav;tjrwf
xm;jcif;rsm;jzpfonf/ þonfwdkYum; tm;vHk;aomolwpfOD;csif;tay:wGif tmrcHcsufay;xm;aom
tcGifhta&;rsm; jzpfonf/
tjcm;wpfzufwGifrl acwfrD,Ofaus;odrfarGUygonfqdkaom vuf&SdurÇmBuD;wGifrl tjcm;olrsm;\
pmrsm;udkzwfonfhjyif jzwfawmufjcif;? tem*wfwGifvdktyfvQif Ncdrf;ajcmuftusyfudkifEdkif&ef &nf&G,fcsuf
jzifh rdwåLrsm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMuonfudk awGUEdkifayonf/ tdrfrsm;wGif vsdKU0SuftoHzrf;
ud&d,mrsm; wyfqifjcif;aMumifh tcef;ydwfaqG;aEG;ajymqdkrIrsm;udkvnf; toHoGif;jcif;cH&onfvnf;&Sday&m
rsm;pGmaomtajctaersm;wGif vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ wpfOD;csif;vGwfvyfrIrsm;qHk;½IH;aeNyD; yk*¾vduvGwfvyfcGifh[k
ac:aom y½dkufAdwfpDtppftrSefrSm r&Sdawmh oavmufjzpfaeayonf/

40
 tEå&m,fjzpf&eftvm;tvm&Sdaom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm;udk od&Sd&efvdktyfonf[laom
taMumif;w&m;jzifh olwpfyg;\twGif;a&;udk EdIufEdIufcRwfcRwfpyfpkjcif;onf pm&dwÅqdkif&m tajccHoabm
tm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfaom tkyfcsKyfoltzGJUtpnf;twGuf aumif;aomtvm;tvmr[kwfay/ þodkY
jyKvkyfapaomay:vpDrSm acwfopftpdk;&rsm;rS ¤if;wdkY\EdkifiHom;rsm; txl;ojzifh todÓPfBuD;rm;Muaom
olrsm;tm; tpdk;&\ w&m;0ifay:vpDrsm;tay: rauseyfMuolrsm;twGuf taMumufw&m;ESifh
oHo,xm;NyD; csrSwfxm; aom 'óerS arG;zGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ þonfrSm tpövmrfrSowfrSwfay;aom
EdkifiHa&;wGif xdckdufepfem tEÅ&m,fjzpfaprI\ t"dutaMumif;&if;yif jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwf()\
w&m;0iftrdefYrSm tkyfcsKyfolwpfOD;onf ol\tkyfcsKyfcH jynfolvlxkrsm;tMum;wGif jzpfay:aeaom
rauseyfrIrsm;\ taMumif;t&if;rsm;udk &SmazGjcif;onf jynfolvlxktm; zsufqD;jcif;omjzpfonf/
(tAl'g0k'fusrf;) trD;&frktm0D,mocif()u ajymMum;cJhonfrSm olonf wrefawmfjrwf()rS
rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhonfudkMum;cJhonfrSm- tu,fí toifonf vltrsm;\ (jynfolvlxk\) vQdKU0Sufcsuf
rsm;udk &SmazGpHkprf;ygu olwdkYtm; wdwdususzsufqD;jcif;rnf\ (odkYr[kwf) tenf;qHk; oifonf
olwdkYtm; ysufpD;vkeD;eD;tajctaeodkY ydkYaqmifjcif;rnf\/
ysufpD;jcif;[lonf rnfodkYjzpfay:vmoenf;/ jynfolvlxk\ tajctaeudkapmifhMunfh&ef
vsdKU0Suf&Jrsm;u wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif ysHUESYHaeonf/ jynfolwdkY\ta&;udpörsm;udk apmifhMuyfMunfh½Iaeygu
vlxkonf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; oHo,rsufvHk;ESifhMunfhMuayrnf/ olwdkY\tdrfwGifyif vGwfvyfpGmajymqdk&ef
aMumuf&GHUMuayrnf/ olwdkY\ZeD;r,m;rsm;ESifh om;orD;rsm;\EIwfcrf;rsm;rS pum;vHk;rsm; vGwfvyfpGm
xGufay:vmrnfr[kwfyJ xkdtajctaersdK;onf vlwdkif;udk awGUBuHKvmaprnf/ þodkYapmifhMuyfMunf½I
cH&aom tajctaersdK;ESifh awGUBuHKae&aomaMumifh omrefEdkifiHom;wpfOD;taeESifh olYtdrfüyif
vGwfvyfpGmajymqdk cGifhqHk;½IH;apNyD; EdkifiHom;rsm;tMum; wpfenf;qdkaomf vlxktMum;wGif r,HkMunfjcif;?
oHo,&Sdjcif;om BuD;pdk;vmrnfjzpfaponf/

tpövmrfrScsrSwfxm;aom yk*¾dKvfa&;vGwfvyfcGifhqdkif&m vHkNcHKrIESifhywfoufonfh tajccH

oabmw&m;rSm tjypf&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;atmif w&m;½kH;awmfwGifoufaoESifhwuG rwifjyEkdifrcsif;
rnfonfhEdkifiHom; wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrQ axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif; rjyKap&/ vlyk*¾dKvf wpfOD;wpfa,muf
tm; oHo,jzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;? w&m;½kH;awmfwGif pepfwuspD&ifppfaq;jcif;r&SdbJ axmifoGif;
tusOf;csjcif;? xdkoltm; vHkavmufaom ckcHacsycGifhray;bJ ta&;,ljcif;rsdK;udk tpövmrfwGifcGifhrjyKEdkifay/
þudpöudk wrefawmfjrwf()\"avhawmfwpfckESifh qufpyfwifjy&aomf wrefawmfjrwf()onf
wpfcgu AvD0wfausmif;awmftwGif; oifMum;ydkYcsrIwpfckjyKvkyfaepOftwGif; vlxky&dowftwGif; vl
wpfa,mufrS rwfwyf&yfvQufajymMum;cJhonf/ tdk-tv’m[fhwrefawmf? tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh
uRefawmf\ tdrfeD;csif;onf zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcHae&ygoenf;[k ar;jref;&m wrefawmf()onf xdkol\
tar;udk Mum;[efr&SdbJ ol\a[mMum;rIudk qufvufa[mMum;aeayonf/ xdkYaemuf txufyg yk*¾dKvfrS
aemufwpfBudrfxí ar;jref; jyefav&m wrefawmfrS ajzMum;jcif;rjyKbJ qufvufía[mMum;aejyef\/
xdkyk*¾dKvfrS wwd,tBudrfxNyD; ar;cGef;udkxí ar;jref;jyef&m wrefawmf()rS xdkol\tdrfeD;csif;
zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;&mrS vTwfay;&ef trdefYay;cJhavonf/

41
 wrefawmfjrwf()rS tapmydkif;ar;cGef;ESpfBudrfudk ar;aomtcsdefwGif tajzray;cJh&aom
taMumif;t&if;rSm xdktcsdefwGif tusOf;om;udkzrf;qD;cJhaom &Jt&m&SdrSm AvD0wfausmif;awmf twGif;&SdaecJh
aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tusOf;om;udk csKyfaESmif&ef cdkifvHkaomtaMumif;t&if;? taMumif;jycsuf&Sdrnf
qdkygu xdkt&m&SdrS ,if;wkdYudk wifjyEdkif&efjzpfonf/ &Jt&m&Sdu wifjyrIrjyKcJhojzifh csKyfaESmifxm;oltm;
wrefawmf()rSvTwfay;&ef trdefYay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ &Jt&m&SdrS tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'udk od&Sdem;vnfNyD;
jzpfí olYtaeESifh ]]tkyfcsKyfa&;u@taejzifh zrf;qD;cH&ol\jypfrIudkod&SdNyD; ,if;wdkYudk vlxky&dowf
tMum;wGif zGifh[rajymEdkifyg/ tu,fíom wrefawmf()rS xdkol\jypfrIESifhywfoufí oD;jcm;
tcef;xJwGif ar;jref;cJhygu uREkfyfu &Sif;vif;jyygrnf}}[k xívnf; rajymcJhyg/ tu,fíom &Jt&m&Sd
taeESifh txufygpum;udk EIwfrSzGifh[cJhyguvnf; xdkcsKyfaESmifxm;oltm; zrf;qD;jcif;rS vTwfay;&
rnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;aomf &Jt&m&Sdu zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;oltm; jynfolYw&m;½kH;&Sd vlxky&dwfowf
a&SU0,f zGifh[ajymqdkrIrjyKjcif;onf wrefawmf()rS csKyfaESmifxm;oltm; csufcsif; vTwfay;&ef
trdefYay;apjcif;\ t"dutaMumif;t&if; jzpfonf/
þtaMumif;ESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif xkwfjyefxm;aomtrdefYrSm &Sif;vif;xif&Sm;vS
ygonf/

wrefawmfjrwf()rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sif(tv’m[f)xHrS toifwdkYtMum;

w&m;rQwrItwGufaqmif&Guf&ef uREkfyftm; rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/ þonfrSm cvDz[for®wBuD;tkr&f()rS
tpövmrfhw&m;awmft& w&m;rQwrItwGufrSvJGí rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;jcif;
r&Sdap&[k rdefYrSmcJhonfhtaMumif;t&if; jzpfonf/ þae&müoHk;xm;aompum;vHk;rsm;rS &Sif;vif;pGm
ñTefjyaeonfhtcsufrSm w&m;½Hk;awmfwGif w&m;rQwrIonf w&m;Oya'twGufomvQifjzpfonf/
tu,fí EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftm; &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefonf[koHo,&SdvQif (0g)
rMumao;aom tem*wfumvwGif jypfrIusL;vGefawmhrnf[k oHo,&SdvQif tb,faMumifh oHo,
&Sd&aMumif; w&m;½kH;awmfodkY taMumif;jycsufay;&rnfjzpfonf/ xkdYtjyif w&m;cH (0g) oHo,t0ifcH&
aomoltm; ckcHacsycGifhay;&rnf/
tu,fí oHo,0ifjcif;taMumif;t&if;udk oufaojyEdkifygu xdkoltm; b,ftcsdefb,fumv
txd zrf;qD;tusOf;csxm;jcif;cH&rnfjzpfaMumif;udk today;oifhygonf/
þtajctaewGif ta&;BuD;aomtcsufrSm tpdk;&rSpGJqdkaom pGyfpGJcsufESifhywfoufí jynfolvlxkrS
Mum;emcGifh&Sdap&rnfhtjyif tjypfpGyfpGJolbufrS xkacscsufrsm;udkvnf; Mum;emcGifh&SdapNyD; þodkY Mum;emcGifh
onf Oya'\a&SUarSmuf0,f w&m;vdk? w&m;cHESpfzufpvHk;twGuf w&m;rQwpGmjzpfapjcif;[laom tcsufudk
ay:vGif ap&rnf/
þodkYaomtrIudpöESifhywfoufí xif&Sm;aomOyrmudk wrefawmfjrwf()\ ruúmNrdKUokdY
ratmifjrifrDumvrS qHk;jzwfcJhaom ausmfMum;vSonfh qHk;jzwfcsufwGif awGU&SdEdkifonf/ xdkpOftcg
wrefawmf()rS ruúmNrdKUudk ppfwdkuf&ef r'De[fNrdKUüjyifqifaeaomtcsdef udk,fawmfjrwf()\

42
aemufvkduf qG[mAm[fwpfOD;jzpfaom [moGdAfAifeftADAvfotm()rS jzpftHhqJqJjzpfaomwdkufyGJ
taMumif;udk trsdK;orD;wpfOD;rS wpfqifhpmjzifh ruúm[fNrdKU&Sd(&efol)tmPmydkifrsm;xHodkY taMumif;Mum;
cJhonf/ ,if;odkY &efolbufodkYpmydkYaMumif;udk wrefawmfjrwf()onf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfrS
0[Dvrf;ñTefcsuftm;jzifh today;rIudk &&SdNyD;jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwf()onf tvD()ESifhZdkAdkif;&f()
[laomyk*¾dKvfESpfOD;udk ruúm[fNrdKUodkYoGm;onfhvrf;ray:&Sd þrnfaomae&modkY tjrefoGm;í pm,laqmif
oGm;aomtrsdK;orD;udk &SmazGyg/ xdkYaemufxdkpmudk uREkfyfxHodkY jyefvnf&,lcJhyg[k trdefYay;cJhonf/
wrefawmfjrwf()rSmMum;onfhtwdkif; tvD()ESifhZdkAdkif;&f()wdkYonf xdktrsdK;orD;udk &SmazGawGU&SdcJhav
onf/ xdktrsdK;orD;xHrS pmudkvnf; jyefvnf&,lí wrefawmfjrwf()xHodkY jyefvnf ay;tyfEdkifcJhonf/
{uefpifppf þudpörSm xif&Sm;aomopömazmufrIwpfck jzpfonf/ trSefrSm ppfjzpfyGm;aecsdeftwGif;
ppfa&;qdkif&m vQdKU0Sufcsufwpfckudk wpfzuf&efoltm; today;jcif;xuf ydkíqdk;0g;aom jypfrIr&Sday/
ppfa&;qdkif&mvQdKU0SufcsufESifhywfoufí opömazmufrItwGuf vQdKU0SufMum;emppfaq;jcif;xuf ydkí
oifhavsmfaompD&ifrI[lonfr&Sd/
odkYaomf wrefawmfjrwf()rS [moGdAf()tm; wrefawmfjrwf()\ AvD0wfausmif;awmfodkY
qifhac:NyD; &mESifhcsDí&Sdaomy&dowfa&SUwGif uk½dkuf(&Sf)acgif;aqmifxHodkY rnfonfh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
pmydkYcJhaMumif; &Sif;vif;wifjyapcJhonf/
pGyfpGJcH&olbufrS ajymqdkonf/ tdk-tv’m[fhwrefawmf? uREkfyftaeESifh tpövmrfudkqefUusifí
x<u ykefuefjcif;r[kwfyg/ xdkYtwl ppfa&;qdkif&mvQdKU0Sufcsufudk opömazmuf&efvnf; r&nf&G,fcJhyg/
jzpfysufcJhaomtrIudpö\tjzpfrSefrSm uREkfyf\ZeD;ESifh uREkfyf\om;orD;rsm;onf ruúm[fNrdKUwGif
aexdkifvsuf&Sdí olwdkYudk umuG,f&ef uREkfyf\rsdK;EG,fwl aqGrsdK;om;csif;r&Sdyg/ þpmudk uREkfyf
a&;ydkYjcif;jzifh udk½kduf(&Sf)acgif;aqmifwkdYonf xkdaus;Zl;twGuf uREkfyf\ZeD;ESifhom;orD;rsm;tm;
tumtuG,fay;&efomjzpfygonf[k ajz&Sif;csufay;cJhygonf/ xkdtcg tkr&f()ocifrS rwfwyfx&yfNyD;
½dkaopGmavQmufxm;onf/ tdk-wrefawmf? þopömazmuftm; uREkfyf\"m;ESifhqHk;rcGifhay;awmfrlyg[k
avQmufxm;onf/ xdktcg wrefawmf()rSjyefvnfíajymqdkonfrSm olonf A'&fppfyGJtwGif;u yg0if
qifETJcJhbl;aomolwpfOD;jzpfonfhtjyif ol\ &Sif;vif;acsycsufrSmvnf; vufcHEkdifbG,f&Sdacsonf/
þae&mwGif wrefawmf()\½IjrifoHk;oyfyHkESifh qHk;jzwfcsufudk oHk;oyfMunfhMuygpdkY/ txufyg
jypfrIwGif ppfa&;qdkif&mvQdKU0Sufcsufudk xkwfazmfowif;ay;aomtcsufrSm xif&Sm;vSaomopömazmufrIBuD;
jzpfonf/ odkYaomf wrefawmfjrwf()rS [moGdAf()tm; taMumif;tcsufESpfcktay:wGifaxmufxm;í
jypfrIrSw&m;aovTwfay;cJhonf/ yxrtcsufrSm olonfA'&fppfyGJwGifyg0ifqifETJcJhonf[l aomtcsuf
jzpfonf/ xdkppfyGJrSm rGwfpvifrfrsm;twGuf jyif;xefcufcJaom xl;jcm;aomppfyGJjzpfcJhonf/ ,if;ppfyGJESifh
ywfoufaom ol\rSwfwrf;rSmvnf; &Sif;vif;aeonf/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm ol\rdom;pkrSmvnf; ruúm[fNrdKU
wGif trSefwu,ftEå&m,f&SdaomtajctaewGif qdkufa&mufaejcif;jzpfonf/ þtajctaersdK;wGif
ol\jypfrIudk vlxky&dowfa&SU0,f xkwfazmfjyoapjcif;onf olYtm;,HkMunfolrsm;a&SUarSmuf0,f
*kPfoa&ysufap? t&SufwuGJ tusdK;enf;apjcif;onfyif olYtwGufvHkavmufaomtjypf'Pf jzpfonf[l
aomtcsufudk awGU&onf/
cvDz[for®wBuD;tvD()ocifvufxufu cg&d*sD(Kha-rijites)rsm;\ oabmxm;ESifhtjyKtrl
rsm;rSm rGwfpvifrfordkif;bmom avhvmaomausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;onf aumif;pGmavhvmod&SdNyD;
jzpfonf/ xdkolrsm;u cvDz[fBuD;tvD()udk ajAmifapmfum;Muonfhtjyif owfjzwfrnf[kyif

43
Ncdrf;ajcmufMuonf/ xdkolrsm;udk ,if;jypfrIaMumifh zrf;rdaomtcg tvDocif()uvTwfay;&ef ol\
wm0ef&Sdt&m&Sdrsm;tm; ajymMum;onfrSm- ]]olwdkYrSm trSefwu,f EdkifiHawmfudk qefYusifonfh jypfrIrsm;udk
usL;vGefrIr&SdbJ &ifhoD;½dkif;pdkif;aompum;vHk;rsm; ajymqdk½kHrQjzifhvnf;aumif; xdkolwdkYtm; axmifoGif;
tusOf;csxm;EdkifrIr&Sd [lí jzpfonf}} tDrmrftAl[eDz[focifrS atmufwGifazmfjyrnfh tvDocif()\
rdefYqdkcsufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhonfrSm-
]]xdkolrsm;u vufeufpGJudkifNyD; ykefuefrIrjyKorQumvywfvHk; rGwfpvifrfwdkY\cvDz[ftaeESifh
¤if;wdkYtm; 0ifa&muf pGufzufrIjyKrnf r[kwf}} [líjzpfonf/
tjcm;aomtcGifhtcgwpfckwGif tvDocif()onf AvD0wfausmif;awmftwGif; a[majymydkYcsrI
jyKvkyfaeonfhtcsdefwGif txufygcg&d*sDrsm;u ,if;wdkY\txl;a<u;aMumfrIrsm;udk a<u;aMumfaomtcgwGif
tvDocif()rSrdefYqdkonfrSm ]]toifwdkYonf uREkfyfwdkYESifhtwlwuG &SdaeorQumvywfvHk; r,HkMunfol
rsm;ESifh qifETJaomppfyGJwGif yg0ifaeorQumvywfvHk; AvD0wfausmif;awmfodkY vma&mufí tv’m[f
t&Sifjrwftm; 0wfjyKudk;uG,fcGifhudk uREkfyfwdkY rjiif;qdkyg/ xdkYtwl EdkifiHawmf\Opöm"erSm oifwdkY\
a0pk&S,f,mrsm;udkvnf; &yfqdkif;ypfrnfr[kwf/ oifwkdYonf uREkfyfwdkYtm; qefYusifykefuef wdkufcdkufrI
rjyKorQumvywfvHk; oifwdkYtay:ü ppfa&;qdkif&mta&;,lrI jyKvkyfrnfr[kwf}}/
vuf&SdtcsdeftcgwGif tvDocif()rS BuHKawGUcJh&aom qefYusifa0zefcH&rIxuf ydkíjyif;xefaom
yufyuf pufpufa0zefcH&rIrsdK;udk rnfolrQjrifawGUEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ vuf&Sd 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfrsm;wGifyif
tvDocif()udka0zefouJhodkY a0zefrIrsdK;udk pdwful;yif,OfMunfhcJhrnfr[kwfay/ odkYaomfcvDz[fBuD;
tvDocif()rS cGifhjyKcJhaom qefYusifa0zefcGifhrsdK;udk rnfonfhtpdk;&urQ ay;EdkifrIr&SdcJhovdk rnfonfh
tpdk;&urQvnf; ,if;udk qefYusifcGifhay;cJhbl;onfvnf;r&Sd/

tpövmrfrS vlom;tm;tyfESif;xm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;teuf aemufxyfta&;BuD;aom tcGifh

ta&;wpf&yfrSm tkyfcsKyfol\zdEdSyf n§Of;yef;rIudk qefYusifuefYuGufydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif

þtm,ofawmf\t"dyÜg,frSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom pum;vHk;rsm;oHk;pGJ

jcif;ESifh olwpfyg;tm; jypfwif½Iwfcsa0zefjcif;udk vHk;0rESpfoufaMumif;qdkvdkonf/ odkYaomf xdkokdY
rw&m;jypfwif ½Iwfcsa0zefcH&olrSmum; rw&m;rI (odkYr[kwf) rdrdtm; n§Of;yef; ESdyfpufcH&jcif;twGufrl
ckcHumuG,fydkifcGifh &SdaMumif; rdrdtm;jyKrlcH&aom rw&m;rItwdkif;tqt& wkYHjyefydkifcGifh&SdaMumif;udk qdkvdk
onf/
þzdESdyfn§if;yef;rIudk ckcHumuG,fydkifcGifhrSm vlwpfOD;csif;pDtwGufom owfrSwfxm;onfr[kwf/
txufazmfjyygusrf;ydk'fawmf\qdkvdk&if;udk a,bk,soabm jcHKiHktoHk;csEdkifonf/ vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;
44
wpfa,mufrSjzpfap? ygwDwpfckrSjzpfap? tmPmudkvk,lNyD; olwdkYzmomolwdkY tmPmydkiftBuD;tuJ?
OD;pD;OD;aqmifrsm;[k ,lqaeNyD; oufqdkif&mEdkifiHtwGif;&dS vlwpfOD;csif;? tkyfpkrsm; odkYr[kwf vlxkwpf&yf
vHk;udk n§if;yef;aeMuygvQif xdktmPmydkifrsm;tm; qefYusifjcif;? qefYusifaMumif;azmfxkwfjcif;onf
vlom;tm; udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS ay;tyfxm;aomtcGifhta&; jzpfonf/ þtcGifhta&;udk usL;ausmf
vk,lrIonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk qefYusifaom oabmoufa&mufonf/

tpövmrfEdkifiHawmftwGif; aexdkifMuaom EdkifiHom;rsm;tm;vHk;udk vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:ydkifcGifhESifh

vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfajymqdkydkifcGifhudk ay;tyfxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcGifhta&;onf trSefw&m;? opöm
w&m;twGuf 0g'jzefYcsda&;wGif oHk;Edkifaomfvnf;? raumif;rIudk jzefYcsda&;twGufrl vGwfvyfpGm
azmfxkwfydkifcGifh? awG;ac:ydkifcGifh ay;rxm;ay/ tpövmrfrSjyqdkxm;aom vGwfvyfpGmazmfxkwfajymqdkydkifcGifh
todonmonf taemufwdkif;xuf jrifhrm;vSayonf/ trSefpifppf trSefw&m;? opömw&m;udk
0g'jzefYcsdjcif;xuf aumif;jrwfaomtusifhoDvudk jzefYcsda&;twGuf vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfajymqdkydkifcGifh
onf vlom;wpfOD;csif;twGuf tyfESif;xm;aomtcGifhta&;omru rvkyfrjzpfaqmif&Guf&rnfh
wm0efvnf; jzpfonf/ wpfpHkwpfa,mufrS ol\vlom;rsm;ESifhywfoufí þtcGifhtvrf;udk vkyfaqmif&ef
jiif;y,fygu xdkolonf teEÅpGrf;tm;&Sifjzpfaom udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifh ppfaMunmí ppfyGJqifETJoljzpfonf/
tvm;wlyif raumif;rIESifhywfoufí umuG,fwm;qD;&efrSmvnf; vlom;wdkif;twGuf rvkyfrjzpf
vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efESifh tcGifhta&;jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif xdkraumif;rI[lonf xdkyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;
wpfa,mufaMumifhjzpfap? vlwpfpkaMumifh jzpfap? rdrdEdkifiH\ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS jzpfap? tjcm;aom
EdkifiHrsm;rS tpdk;&rSjzpfap jypfrIusL;vGefygu wm;jrpf&efrSm vlwdkif;twGuf wm0efjzpfonf/ txufwGif
azmfjyxm;ouJhodkY raumif;rIESifh MuHKBudKufvmygu ,if;udk yGifhvif;pGm jypfwif ½Iwfcsa0zefoifhouJhodkY
trSefwu,f vkyfaqmifoifhaom udk,fusifhodu©mqdkif&m rSefuefaomvkyf&yfudkvnf; axmufjyoifhonf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif opömw&m;ESifh ywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; vrf;ñTefxm;onf/

xdkYtjyif rkemzdufac: omoemhta&jcHKta,mifaqmifrsm;ESifh ywfoufí azmfjyxm;csufrSm-

45
 xdkYjyif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS tpövmrfEdkifiHawmfwpfck\ &nf&G,fcsufESifhywfoufí uk&ftmef
usrf;awmfjrwfwGif vrf;ñTefxm;onfrSm-

wrefawmf()rS rdefYrSmawmfrlonfrSm ]]tu,fí toifwdkYteufrS wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf

raumif;rIESifh MuHKawGU&aomtcgwGif xdkraumif;rIudk oludk,fwdkif udk,fxdvufa&muf wm;jrpftqHk;owf
ap&rnf/ tu,fí ol\tajctaerSm xdkodkYjyKvkyfEdkifonfh tajctaewGifr&Sdygu ol\EIwfvQmjzifh
BudK;yrf;&rnf/ (qdkvdkonfrSm xdkraumif;rIudk EIwfjzifhajymqdk&rnf/) xdkokdY EIwfjzifh[efYwm;&ef
tajctaeray;ygu tenf;qHk; ol\ pdwfESvHk;xJwGif qefYusifaMumif; jypfwifa0zef ½Iwfcs&rnf/ þodkY
raumif;rIudk qefYusifjcif;onf ,HkMunfouf0ifrI\ tedrfhqHk;tqifhjzpfonf}}/
vlom;tm; ajzmifhrwfrSefuefaom oefYpifrGefjrwfaomenf;vrf;odkY vdkufyg&ef vrf;jyac:aqmif
&rnfrSm rGwfpvifwdkif;\ rvkyfrae& wm0efwpf&yfjzpfovdk wpfzufwGif raumif;rIrsm;rS a&SmifMuOf&ef
wm;jrpfjyKjyifay;&rnfrSmvnf; ppfrSefaom rGwfpvifwdkif;\ wm0efomjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tpdk;&wpfckrS
¤if;EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;udk csKd;ESdrfazmufzsufjcif;onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ trdefYawmfudk wdkuf½dkuf
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udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifhrl y#dyu©jzpfaeayrnf/ xdktpdk;&onf udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS tyfESif;xm;aom vlom;rsm;
\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udkomru ol\ w&m;0ifxrf;&Guf&rnfjzpfaom wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk csKd;azmufaejcif;
jzpfonf/

tpövmrfrSvlom;tm; ay;tyfxm;aom vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;wGif vGwfvyfpGm toif;tzGJUrsm;zGJUpnf;cGifh

vnf;yg0ifonf/ þtcGifhta&;t& vlom;rsm;onf ygwDrsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmzGJUpnf;
wnfaxmifEdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ þtcGifhta&;wGif vdkufemaqmif&Guf&rnfh taxGaxGpnf;urf;csufrsm;&Sdonf/
xdkpnf;urf;rSm tzGJUtpnf;wpfck(odkYr[kwf) toif;tzGJUwpfckudk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifjcif;onf trSefw&m;
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aomfvnf; raumif;rIESifh olwpfyg;tm; xdcdkufepfemapa&;twGufrl pnf;½Hk;vkyfaqmifcGifh r&Sdap&/
uREfkyfwdkYtm; aumif;jrwfaom tusifhoDvvkyf&yfrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef 0g'jzefYwdkufwGef;&ef? rdrdwdkY
udk,fwdkif vdkufemusifhoHk;Mu&ef wdkufwGef;xm;ayonf/ þtcsufESifh ywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif-

46
 “

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wpfckwGif tzGJUtpnf; odkYr[kwf? vlpktoif;tzGJUwpfckzGJUpnf;vdkufNyDqdkvQif xdktzGJUtpnf;onf raumif;rI
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t&Sif\ owfrSwfjy|mef;csufrsm;ESifh vHk;0ajymif;jyefjzpfaeonf/ tcdkiftrm ajymEdkifonfh tcsufrSm
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twGif; vkyfaqmifaeMuonfhvkyfief;rsm;rSm raumif;rIESifh pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,fudpörsm;udk jzefYcsday;aejcif;om
jzpfNyD;? w&m;r0if vmbfay;vmbf,ljcif;? udk,fusifhw&m; edrfhuscsKdU,Gif;jcif;rsm;jzifh EdkifiHom;wdkY\

47
t&nftaoG;? tqifhtwef;udk edrfhusavsmhenf;aponf/ xdkYjyif ¤if;wdkY\ oGufvufwuf<uaom?
xda&mufaomt[efYtwm;? taESmihft,Sufrsm;ESifh vlxkaumif;usKd;? rGefjrwfoefYpifaom tusifhoDvrsm;
&&Sdapa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfMuukefaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk trsKd;rsKd;zdtm;ay;vQif vlUtzGJUtpnf;
wpfckvHk; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfief;rsm;tm; t[efYtwm;jzpfaponf/ xdkYtjyif
rGefjrwfaomtusifhoDvrsm; &&SdjyefyGm;a&;twGuf BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfMuolrsm;? raumif;rIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh
&ufpuf,kwfrmrIrsm;udk yaysmufatmif aqmif&GufaeMuolrsm;\ b0tajctaerSmvnf; onf;rcHEdkif
avmufatmif tcuftcJ jyóemrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifawGUBuHK&onf/

tpövmrfrStpövmrfhEdkifiHawmf&Sd EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; tyfESif;xm;aomtcGifhta&;rsm;wGif todw&m;

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trdefYrSm-

tpövmrfonf BuD;us,faom trSefw&m;ESifhjrifhjrwfrIjzpfaomaMumifh rGwfpvifrfrsm;taeESifh

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vlYtpkta0;twGif;&Sd tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh *kPfodu©mtqifhtwef;rsm; wlnDpGmay;Mu&rnfjzpfonf/ wpfzuf
wGifrl tpövmrfudkvufrcHMuaomolrsm;\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tm;vnf; av;pm;todtrSwfjyKMu&rnf/
xdkYtjyif rnfonfhpm&dwÅ? vlrIa&;ESifhEdkifiHa&;qdkif&mzdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;jzifhjzpfap xdkolwdkY\
,HkMunfcsufudk rajymif;vJap&/

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ywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif udk;uG,f&mt&Siftv’m[frS

48
 þñTefMum;csufrsm;udk ½kyfxk udk;uG,fol? ewfbk&m;udk;uG,folrsm;twGufom uefYowf
owfrSwfxm;onfomru jynfolvlxk\ acgif;aqmifrsm;? EdkifiHawmf\ol&Jaumif;rsm;twGufyg tusKH;0if
onf/ tu,fí vlwpfpku ,HkMunfcsuf wpf&yfudk vufcHNyD; vltcsdKUudkvnf; MunfndKav;pm;tHh/
odkYaomf toifhtaejzifh ol,HkMunfav;pm;onfrSm rxdkufwef[kcH,lthH/ odkYwdkifatmif xkdolrsm;tay:
&ifhoD;Murf;wrf;aompum;rsm;ajymjcif;jzifh olwdkY\pdwfwGif;cHpm;csufrsm;udk xdcdkufepfemapjcif;rsdK;udk
tpövmrfrS vufrcHyg/ odkYaomf tpövmrfwGif oifhwifhavsmufywfaom ,Ofaus;zG,f&mrsm;jzifh
pum;tacstwifqdkjcif;ESifh aqG;aEG;ajymqdk jcif;rsm;udk wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;jcif;r&Sd/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif

[k ñTefjyxm;onf/ þodkYajymqdkqufqHenf;udk usrf;*ef&olrsm;twGufom[lí uefYowfxm;jcif;r&Sdyg/

tjcm;bmomw&m; ,HkMunfudk;uG,frI&Sdolrsm;twGufyg tusHK;0ifygonf/

tpövmrfwGif vlwpfOD;u usL;vGefaomjypfrItwGuf tjcm;vlwpfOD;tm; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;

(odkYr[kwf) axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;jcif;rjyK&[k vrf;ñTefxm;NyD; þenf;jzifh vlwpfOD;csif;\tcGifhta&;
udk todtrSwfjyKxm;onf/ þoabmw&m;udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif atmufygtwkdif; vrf;ñTefxm;
onf/

tpövmrfrS wpfOD;csif;\yk*¾dKvfqdkif&mwm0ef&SdrIudk ,HkMunfonf/ uREkfyfwdkYtm;vHk;onf rdrdwdkY\

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jzpfonf/ Oyrm- vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufu jypfrIusL;vGefcJhthH (odkYr[kwf) jypfrIusL;vGefonf[k
oHo,0ifcH&onfqdkygu xdkol\ZeD;udkvnf; zrf;qD;cGifh&Sdonfqdkjcif;rsdK;jzpfygonf/ trSefwu,f
rjzpfoifh rjzpfxdkufaomudpö&yfrsm;rSm tjypfrJhaomolrsm;onf olwdkYrusL;vGefaom(olwpfyg;
usL;vGefaom)jypfrIrsm;twGuf tjypfay;cH&jcif;yif jzpfonf/
txufygudpö&yftwGuf avmavmq,fjzpfcJh&onfh Oyrmwpfckay;&rnfqdkvQif- NrdKUwGifaexdkifol
wpfOD;onf AkH;ypfrItwGuf yg0ifywfoufonf[k oHo,t0ifcH&onfhtrIjzpfonf/ &JrS olYtm;
pHkprf;ppfaq;aomumvtwGif; olYtm; aMumufrufzG,fn§if;yef;ESdyfpufrItm;jzifh olYxHrS jypfrI
usL;vGefcJhonf[laom ajzmifhcsuf? 0efcHcsuf&&Sdatmif qGJxkwfcJhonf/ xdkolrS rdrdrSmtjypfr&SdaMumif;
49
ckcHumuG,faomtcgwGif &JrS ol\tar? ZeD;? orD;ESifhnDr^tpfrwdkYudk zrf;qD;ac:aqmifNyD;
ol\a&SUarSmufwGif udk,fvHk;wD;cRwfaeapcJhjcif;jzifh olYxHrS jypfrIusL;vGefaMumif; ajzmifhcsufay;apcJhonf/
þjyóem\aemufqufwGJ&v'frSm oHo,jzifh jypfrIwpfckudk pHkprf;ppfaq;azmfxkwfa&;twGuf
tjypfr&Sdaomtdrfoltdrfom;? rdef;rom;rsm;tm; udk,fvHk;wD;cRwfapí t&SufwuGJjzpfapjcif;rSm w&m;0if
vkyfoifhaomvkyf&yftjzpf vufcHvmMujcif;jzpfonf/
þuJhodkYaom Edkifvkdrif;xufjyKwwfaom tmPm&Sifrsm;tm; þae&mwGif uREkfyfar;csifonfh
ar;cGef;wpfckrSm olwdkYonf rGwfpvifrfrsm;jzpfonfqdkvQif þodkYvlom;rsdK;EG,fwpfckvHk;tm; qefYusifonfh
&mZ0wfjypfrIrsdK;udk usL;vGef&eftcGifhta&; &Sdygovm; (odkYr[kwf) olwdkYonf tpövmrf\ oGefoif
ñTefMum;csufrsm;t& EdkifiHawmf\ta&;t&mrsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfaeonf[kqdkEdkifygovm;/ olwdkYonf
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS csrSwfay;xm;aomOya'orsm;udk a,mufusm;rsm;ESifh rdef;rom;rsm; udk,fvHk;wD;
cRwfapjcif;tm;jzifh rxDrJhjrif jyKaeMujcif;omjzpfonf/ olwdkYonfvlom;rsm;tm; *kPfodu©mn§dK;EGrf;apNyD;
t&Suf&Muaponf/ NyD;vQif xdkolwdkYu a<u;aMumfa&&GwfaeMuonfrSm uREkfyfwdkYonf rGwfpvifrfrsm;
jzpfMuayonf/

tpövmrfrS vdktyfcsuf&Sdaeolrsm;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;udk todtrSwfjyKxm;ygonf/ usrf;jrwf

uk&ftmefwGif-

þusrf;ydk'fwGif rGwfpvifrfwpfOD;wpfa,mufxHwGif tultnD taxmuf tyHh awmif;cHvmvQif

xdkoltm; ulnDaxmufyhH&rnf[laomtcsufomru xdkolwpfa,mufrS rdrdrSm r&Sdqif;&JaMumif; zGifh[
awmif;qdkvmrIr&Sdaomfjim; rGwfpvifrfwpfa,mufrS xkdolonf b0wnfaqmufrI tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;
vHkavmufrIr&SdaMumif;odvmygu ulnD&efrSmwm0efjzpfonf/ þonfrSm tpövmrfrS vlom;wdkif;tm;
tyfESif;xm;aom b0wnfaqmufrI tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;qdkif&m vHkNcHKrItcGifhta&;jzpfonf/
txufygtcGifhta&;udkumuG,f&eftwGuf tpövmrfwGif apwemtavsmufvSLaomvSL'gef;jcif;udk
omru rvSLrae&jzpfaom Zum;ofac:pGefYvSLjcif;tvSL'geay:wGifyg rDScdktm;xm;rIjyKaeonf/ xdkYaMumifh
Zum;of[kac:aom vlrIaxmufyhHa&;ay;aqmifjcif;[laomr@dKifudk tpövmrf\tBuD;qHk;r@dKifBuD;ESpfck
jzpfaom tDrmef,HkMunfjcif;ESifh qGvm;of(udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; 0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;)[laom r@dKifBuD;
ESpfckNyD;vQif wwd,ta&;tBuD;qHk;r@dKifwGifxm;&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwf()rS uREkfyfwdkYtm;
&Sif;vif;pGm vrf;ñTefoifMum;cJhonfrSm-

xyfrHwifjy&rnfqdkaomf tpövmrfEdkifiHawmftaeESifh axmufyhHrnfholr&Sdaom qif;&Jom;rsm;tm;

axmufyHhay;urf;&rnfjzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]]EdkifiHawmf\tBuD;tuJ[lonf

50
axmufyHh rnfholr&Sdol\ tkyfxdef;oljzpfonf}} (tAl'g0k'f? od&frZDusrf;)/ wrefawmfrS toHk;jyKcJhaom
]]0vD}}[laom pum;vHk;wGif us,f0ef;aomt"dyÜg,frsm;&Sdygonf/ rdbrJhuav;i,frsm;? oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm;?
tvkyfvufrJhrsm;ESifh emrusef;olrsm;wGif ulnDaxmufyHholrnfholwpfOD;wpfa,mufr&Sdygu ¤if;wdkYtm;
auR;arG;axmufyHh&efrSm EdkifiHawmf\wm0efomjzpfonf/ tu,fíaoqHk;olwpfOD;wGif tkyfxdef;ol (0g)
tarGqufcHolwpfOD; wpfa,mufrQr&Sdaomtcg xdkaoqHk;ol\½kyftavmif;udk ajrjr§KyfoN*ØK[fay;&efrSm
vnf; EdkifiHawmf\wm0efom jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ppfrSefaomEdkifiHawmfwpfckonf jynfolvlxktm;
trSefwu,f aumif;usdK;csrf;omay;Edkifaom jynfawmfomwpfckjzpfonf/

tpövmrfrS ol\EkdifiHom;rsm;udk w&m;Oya'\a&SUarSmufwGif t<uif;rJhomwlnDrQaomtcGifhta&;

udk ay;xm;onf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh ['D;qfMo0g'usrf;rsm;wGif rGwfpvifrfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom
tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk xif&Sm;pGmazmfjyxm;onf/ þazmfjycsufrsm;t& rGwfpvifrfrsm;\
tcGifhta&;rsm; ESifhwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;rSm tm;vHk;twGuf twlwlyifjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/

wrefawmfjrwf()rS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]rGwfpvifrfrsm;\toufESifhaoG;onf tm;vHk;twGuf

twlwl tzdk;xkduf\}} (tAl'g0k'f? tdAfEkrm*s[f)/ xdkYtwltjcm;aom Mo0g'awmfwpfckwGifvnf;
wrefawmfjrwf()rS ]]rGwfpvifrftm;vHk;rSay;vmaom umuG,fapmifha&SmufrIonf wlnDonfhrGwfpvifrf
rsm;teufrS omrefvlwpfOD;onfyifvQif vlom;wpfa,muftwGuf umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&ef tmrcHcsuf
ay;Edkifonf}} (Akcg&D? rGwfpvifrfESifh tAl'g0k'fusrf;)/ wrefawmfjrwf()\ tao;pdwfonfhtjcm;aom
"avhawmfwpfckwGif wrefawmf()rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]]tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;&Sdjcif;ESifh wrefawmfjrwf
rk[r®'f()onf tv’m[f\&plvfwrefawmfjzpfjcif;udk vufcH,HkMunfjcif;? rdrdwdkY\a&S;½kd;xHk;wrf;pOfvm
tpGJtvrf;a[mif;rsm;udk pGefYvTwfí rGwfpvifrf vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; yl;aygif;yg0ifNyD; nDtpfudkzGJUjcif;udk
yg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;taejzifh tjcm;rGwfpvifrfrsm;enf;wl wm0efESifhtcGifhta&;rsm; &SdMuonf/ (Akcg&D?
epmtD) xdkYaMumifharG;&mygrGwfpvifrfrsm;ESifh rGwfpvifrf opfvGifrsm;tm;vHk;tMum;wGif t<uif;rJhwlnDaom
tcGifhta&;rsm;&Sdonf/
bmoma&;t& nDaemifzGJUjcif;? ,if;wkdY\tcGifhta&;rsm;wlnDrI? wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;\ omwlnDrQrI
wkdYonf tpövmrfvlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; omwlnDrQrI\tajccHoabmw&m;yifjzpfonf/ cvDz[fBuD; tvD

51
()ocifvufxufwGif tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmftwGif;aexdkifMuukefaom rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaom EkdifiHom;rsm;
\taetxm;ESifhywfoufí aocsmpGmzGifhqdk&Sif;jyxm;onfrSm ]]xdkolwkdYtm; umuG,fapmifha&SmufMu&
onfrSm olwdkY\touf0dÓOfonf uREkfyfwdkY\touf0dÓOfESifhtwlwlyifjzpfouJhodkY olwdkY\pnf;pdrfOpöm
rsm;onfvnf; uREkfyfwdkY\pnf;pdrfOpömrsm;ESifh twlwlyifjzpfaomaMumifhjzpfonf/}} (tAl'g0k'fusrf;)/
wpfenf;qkdaomf rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaomEkdifiHom;rsm;\ touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfrsm;onf rGwfpvifrfrsm;\
touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfrsm;uJhodkY tav;xm;tyfaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;jcif;onf tBuD;rm;
qHk;aomjypfrIrsm;xJrS wpfck jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif zd&fatmifbk&if\vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;jcif;udk
ESpfouft&omawGUaeyHkudk ñTefjy xm;onfrSm

tpövmrfrS tcdkiftrmawmif;qdkcsufrSm tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmf&Sd tkyfcsKyfolt&m&Sdrsm; tjrifhqHk;rS

tedrfhqkH;txd w&m;Oya'\a&SUarSmufwGif tm;vHk;wpfajy;nDwlnDap&rnf[laomtcsuf jzpfonf/ xdk
tkyfcsKyfolrsm;rS rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ w&m;Oya'rSuif;vGwfcGifh&&Sdrnfr[kwf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;teufrS
tedrfhqHk;EdkifiHom;onfyifvQif EkdifiHawmftwGif;&Sd tjrifhqHk;tkyfcsKyfrItmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;udkyifvQif
rauseyfvQif rauseyfaMumif; wdkifMum;csufrsm;udk w&m;0ifzdkifwGJí wifjyydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ cvDz[fBuD;tkr&f
()ocifrS ajymMum;cJhonfrSm ]]uREkfyfudk,fwdkif wrefawmfjrwf()tm; jrifawGUcJh&onfrSm wrefawmf
()onf rdrdaMumifhjzpfaomudpö&yftwGuf oufqkdifoltm; rdrdtay:tpm;,lap\/ Oyrm-A'&fppfyGJ
tcsdefumv wrefawmfjrwf()rS rGwfpvifrfppfwyftwGif; ppfom;rsm;\twef;rsm;udk nDatmif
n§day;aepOf ppfom;wpfOD;\0rf;ydkufukd ½dkufykwfNyD; olYtm; ol\wef;twGif; wGef;ydkYa&muf&SdapcJhonf/ xdk
ppfonfu rauseyfaMumif;wifjy&mwGif ]]tdk-wrefawmf? toifonf oif\wkwfjzifh uREkfyftm; ½dkufESuf
emusifapcJhonf}}[k wifjycJhonf/ xdktcg wrefawmf()rS csufcsif;yif ol\0rf;ydkufudkvSefí ajymMum;
onfrSm ]]uREkfyf tvGef 0rf;enf;ygw,f/ oifhtaeESifh uREkfyfu oifhtm; jyKrlcJhouJhodkY jyefvnf
vufpm;acsvufwkHYjyefvdkygu wHkYjyefEdkifygonf/ xdktcgtxufygppfom;rS ta&SUodkY xGufvmNyD;vQif
wrefawmf()\0rf;ydkufudk erf;½IHUNyD;ajymcJhonfrSm jyKvkyfvdkonfrSm þodkYomjzpfygonf/}}
jrifhjrwfaomtxufwef;vTmtrsdK;orD;tm; cdk;rIESifhqufEG,fí zrf;qD;ac:aqmifvmcJhMuonf/
,if;trIudk wrefawmfjrwf()xHwifjyNyD; vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhawmif;cHcJhMuonf/ xkdtrIESifhywfoufí
wrefawmf()rS wHkYjyefírdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]]oifwdkYrwkdifrSD&SdcJhaom vltkyfpkrsm;udk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS
ysufpD;apcJhonfrSm ¤if;wdkYonf omrefvlom;rsm;tm; olwdkYusL;vGefcJhonfhtjypfrsm;twGuf jypf'Pfay;
cJhaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY\ tBuD;tuJrsm;? *kPfxl;&mxl;&Sdolrsm;tm; ,if;wdkYusL;vGefcJhaomjypfrIrsm;twGuf
ta&;r,l? tjypfudkuif;vGwf cGifhay;cJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ uREkfyfonf uREfkyf\toufudk pdk;ydkif

52
awmfrlaom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; opömjyK wkdifwnfajymvdkonfrSm (uREkfyf) rk[r®'f()\
orD;awmfzmoGdr[fyifjzpfygap? txufygjypfrI(cdk;rI)rsdK;usL;vGefcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;vQif olr\vufudkyif
jzwfawmufthH}} [líjzpfonf/
cvDz[for®wBuD;tkr&f()vufxufwGif tD*spfEdkifiH\tkyfcsKyfol tr&fAifeftvftm;pf\om;jzpf
olrk[r®'f()u tD*spfvlrsdK;wpfOD;tm; MumyGwfESifh½dkufí tjypfay;cJhonf/ xdktD*spfvlrsdK;onf r'De[f
NrdKUodkYoGm;NyD; cvDz[fBuD;xHokdY oGm;a&mufwdkifMum;cJh&m cvDz[fBuD;rS xdktkyfcsKyfolESifhol\om;ukd
csufcsif; qifhac:cJhonf/ cvDz[fBuD;\a&SUarSmufodkY xdkolESpfa,mufa&muf&SdvmaomtcsdefwGif tD*spf
EdkifiHom;w&m;vkdudk MumyGwfay;NyD; ol\a&SUwGifyif tkyfcsKyfol\om;udk MumyGwfjzifh½dkufapcJhonf/ tD*spf
EdkifiHom;u olYtwGufvufpm;acsrIudk jyKNyD;aomtcg tkr&f()ocifrS olYtm; ajymMum;onfrSm ]]*kPf
odu©m&SdaomtkyfcsKyfoludkvnf; MumyGwfESifhwpfcsuf ½dkufvdkufyg? olYtaz\tkyfcsKyfol[laom jrifhrm;aom
*kPfodu©mtay:wGif vGJrSm;aomrmeomr&SdvQif ol\ om;onf toifhtm;MumyGwfjzihf½dkufcJhrnfr[kwf}}/
xdktcg w&m;vdkjzpfonfhtD*spfEdkifiHom;rS ]]uREkfyftm; MumyGwfjzifh½dkufESufcJhonfyk*¾dKvftm; uREkfyfudk,fwdkif
vufwkHYjyefonfhtaeESifh MumyGwfjzifh'Pfcwftjypfay; NyD;ygNyD}}[k wifjycJhygonf/ xdktcg tkr&f()
ocifuajymcJhonfrSm- ]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; oufaojyKygonf/ tu,fí þtkyfcsKyfoltm; toifu
½dkufESufcJhvQifvnf; oif\vkyf&yftwGuf uREkfyfrS rnfonfhta&;,lrIrsdK;rQ jyKvkyfrnfr[kwf/ toifonf
toif\vGwfvyfaomqE´tm;jzifh xdktkyfcsKyfoltm; csrf;omcGifhay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf}}/ xkdYaemuf tkr&f()
ocifonf tr&fbifeftvftmpf()bufodkYvSnfhNyD; rausreyfrdefYqdkcJhonfrSm ]]tdk-tr&f()? vlwdkYonf
¤if;wdkY\rdcifrsm;xHrS vGwfvyfpGmarG;zGm;vmcJhygvsuf toifonf vlwdkYudk uRefjyK&ef rnfonfhtcsdefu
pwifcJhavoenf;}}/
tpövmrfEdkifiHawmfwGif ,if;\oefYpifaom*kPfusufoa&ESifh pnfyifzGHUNzdK; BuD;yGm;wdk;wufaeaom
tcg omrefvkyfom;jynfolvlxkrS w&m;½Hk;awmfü tkyfcsKyfolcvDz[frsm;tm; qefYusifí wdkifMum;EdkifcGifh
&Sdonf/ xdktcgrsdK;wGif cvDz[ftkyfcsKyfolrS ½Hk;awmfwGif um&Dac:w&m;olBuD;a&SUwGif pGJcsufrsm;jyefvnf
ajz&Sif;jy&rnf/ tu,fícvDz[fwGif EkdifiHom;wpfOD;OD;ESifhywfoufí wdkifMum;p&m&Sdygu xdktrIudk
w&m;½kH;awmfwGif wifjyrI rjyKbJ rdrdESpfoufovdk jyKydkifcGifhr&Sd/

tpövmrfrSEdkifiHom;wdkif;tay: ay;xm;aomtcGifhta&;rsm;teuf tcGifhta&;wpfckrSm raumif;rI

(0g) &mZ0wfrIwpfckudk jyKvkyf&efapckdif;cH&ygu jiif;qefydkifcGifhyg0ifonf/ þtcGifhta&;t& raumif;rI
wpfck jyKvkyf&ef rnfonhfEdkifiHawmftpdk;& (0g) pDrHtkyfcsKyfolrS trdefYay;apckdif;onfjzpfap xdkyk*¾dKvfrS
rvdkufem&ef jiif;qefydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ þodkYaomtajctaersdK;wGif xdkyk*¾dKvf\jiif;qdkjcif;trIonf olYtwGuf
jypfrIrajrmufonfhtjyif rdrdxuftqifhedrfhaomolwpfOD;udk raumif;rI(0g)rSm;,Gif;aom tjyKtrlwpf&yf
jyKvkyf&ef trdefYay;jcif;onfom jypfrIusL;vGefjcif; jzpfonf/ þodkYaomtrdefYrsdK;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef
zdtm;ay;í vkyfapaomtxuft&m&Sdonf ol\&mxl;tqifhtwef; rnfrQyifjrifhrm;apumrl olonf
w&m;Oya'udk ta&;rxm; rvdkufemjcif;omrnf\/ xdkYaMumifh xdkyk*d¾KvfonfomvQif xkwfy,fjcif;
cHxdkufonf/
atmufazmfjyyg wrefawmf\Mo0g'awmfwGif raumif;rIrsm;udka&SmifMuOf&ef &Sif;vif;aomvrf;ñTef
oifMum;jcif;rsm;udk awGU&SdEdkifonf/ ]]vlom;wpfOD;wpfa,muf\ trdefYtmPmudkvdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef

53
udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[f\trdefYudk vdkufemrIr&Sdjcif;onf vHk;0cGifhrvTwfEdkifaomudpörsdK;jzpfonf/}}
(tDrmrft[fr'f tdAfed [rfAvf\ rkpfe'fusrf;) wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufwGifrS
rdrd\vufatmufi,fom;rsm;tm; tv’m[ft&Sif\trdefYawmfudk qeYfusifzDqefapjcif;rjyKap&[k qdkvkd
onf/ xdkenf;wl rnfonfh jypfrIrsm; usL;vGefol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ ol\tjypfuif;rI(odkYr[kwf)
jypf'PfrS uif;vGwfap&ef ¤if;\ usL;vGefrIonf rdrd\qE´aMumifhr[kwfbJ txuftBuD;tuJrsm;\
trdefYtmPmaMumifh[laom taMumif;jycsufrsdK;jzifh jypf'PfrS uif;vGwfcGifhr&Sdap&/ þuJhodkYaom
tajctaejyóemrsdK;ay:aygufvmcJhvQifvnf; jypfrIudk usL;vGefaomol udk,fwkdifESifh xdkjypfrIusL;vGef&ef
trdefYay;olESpfOD;ESpfa,mufpvHk;onf &mZ0wfrIqdkif&m w&m;pGJqdkjcif;udk &ifqkdif&rnfjzpfonf/

tpövmrfomoemwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&[lonfrSm pMu0Vmudk jyKpkysdK;axmifxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf

awmfrlaom zefqif;&Siftv’m[ft&Sif\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfMuNyD; þudk,fpm;jyKrIwm0ef0wå&m;onf
rnfonhf vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf? rdom;wpfpk(odkYr[kwf)rnfonfhvltkyfpk?vlYtvTmwpfckudkrQ tyfESif;
xm;onfr[kwfbJ rGwfpvifrfvlYtzGJUtpnf;wpfckvHk;tay: ,HkyHkvTJtyfxm;aomwm0efwpf&yfjzpfayonf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif

þusrf;ydk'f\qdkvdkcsufrS &Sif;vif;pGm ñTefjyaeonfhtcsufrSm ]]cvDz[f}}udk,fpm;vS,fonf

udk;uG,f&mt&SifrSay;xm;onfh tm;vHk;ESifhqdkifaom vufaqmifrGefjzpfNyD; þudk,fpm;vS,fjyKtkyfcsKyfjcif;
twGuf rGwfpvifrfwdkif;onf tcGifhta&;tnDtrQ&SdNyD; rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ tjcm;rGwfpvifrfrsm;
xufydkí tcGifhta&; omvGefrIr&Sdap&/}}
EdkifiHta&;tcif;rsm;aqmif&Guf&mwGif usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS axmufcHvrf;ñTefxm;onfhenf;vrf;rSm
atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf/

54
 þusrf;ydk'fwGifazmfjyxm;aomoabmw&m;t& rGwfpvifrfwpfOD;onf EdkifiHawmf\ ta&;t&m
udpörsm;wGif wdkuf½dkufyg0ifajymqdkydkifcGifh&SdouJhokdY EdkifiHawmfta&;udpörsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef ol\
udk,fpm;vS,f (0g) tjcm;rGwfpvifrfrsm;rS a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufxm;onfhudk,fpm;vS,fudk vkyfaqmifapcGifh
&Sdonf/
vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf(0g) vltkyfpkwpfpk (0g) ygwDwpfcktm; rGwfpvifrfvlxk\ &oifh&xdkufaom
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;ESifh EdkifiHawmf\tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk usL;ausmfvk,ufjcif;rsdK;udk
rnfonfhtajctaersdK;wGifrS tpövmrfrScGifhjyKrnfr[kwf/ xdkenf;wl vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ vdrfvnf
vSnfhjzm;jcif; (0g) n§if;yef;ESdyfpufrI (0g) vmbfay;vmbf,lrIrsm;jyKvkyfNyD; ¤if;udk,fwdkif (0g) ¤if;a&G;cs,f
xm;aomMoZmcHyk*¾dKvftm; rJa&G;cs,fcH&atmifjyKvkyfNyD; oufqdkif&mvTwfawmfodkYyg0ifapjcif;onf
avsmfuefaomvkyf&yfr[kwf[k tpövmrfrS owfrSwfonf/ þvkyf&yfrsdK;onf vltrsm;\tcGifhta&;udk
csdK;azmufonfh opömazmufrIomru zefqif;&Siftv’m[ft&SifxHrS vlom;tay:,HkyHkvTJtyfxm;onfh
urÇmN*dK[fudk tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudk qefYusifonfhvkyf&yf jzpfonf/ wpfenf;qdkaomf zefqif;&SifrS vlom;tay:
ay;tyfxm;onfh trmeofac:,HkyHkvTJtyfrIudk cd,meofac:tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfNyD; tv’m[ft&SifESpfoufaom
tkyfcsKyfrIenf;pepfudk qefYusiftkyfcsKyfaerIomjzpfonf/
½SL&mac:Oya'jyKvTwfawmftaeESifh atmufazmfjyygoabmw&m;rsm;udk vufudkifjyKí vkdufem
aqmif&Gufoifhonf/
(1) tpdk;&tzGJU\tkyfcsKyfolacgif;aqmifESifh Oya'jyKvTwfawmf\tzGJU0ifrsm;udk jynfolvlxk\
vGwfvyfaoma&G;cs,frIjzifhom a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufap&rnf/
(2) jynfolvlxkESifh ,if;wdkY\ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf a0zefoHk;oyfcGifhESifh ,if;wkdY\xifjrif,lqcsuf
oabmxm;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmazmfxkwfcGifh&Sdap&rnf/
(3) EdkifiHawmf\tajctaerSefrsm;udk jynfolvlxk\a&SUarSmufodkY xdef;csKyfrIr&SdbJ wifjyEkdif&rnfjzpfNyD;
jynfolvlxktaeESifh EkdifiHawmftpdk;&\vkyf&yfrsm; oifhavsmfrSefuefrI&Sd^r&Sdudk qHk;jzwfpD&ifydkifcGifh
&Sdap&rnf/
(4) jynfolvlxk\axmufcHrIudk&&Sdaom a&G;cs,fcHvlyk*¾dKvfrsm;onfom EdkifiHawmftm; tkyfcsKyfcGifh
tmPmudk &&Sdapjcif;? jynfolvlxk\axmufcHrIr&aom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;taeESifh ,if;\vuf&Sd&&Sdxm;
aomtmPmydkif &mxl;tqifhtwef;rS z,f&Sm;ay;Edkif&ef vHkavmufaomtmrcHcsuf&Sdoifhonf/

55
 tpövmrfjyefvnfrxGef;um;rDumvu urÇmay:wGif vlom;qefaom? oifhwifhavsmufywfaom
Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;qdkif&m todonmrsm;udk vspfvsL½Ixm;cJhonf/ þtodonmrsm;udk 17&mpktwGif;
ay:xGef;cJhaom *½dkwD;,yfpfac:tawG;tac:ynm&SifwpfOD;\ vkyf&yfrsm;rSwpfqihf azmfxkwfcJhonf/
odkYaomf ppfyGJrsm;ESifhqdkifaom ]]tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'rsm;}}udk trSefwu,fpepfwus pDpOfaygif;pnf;
cJhonfrSm 19&mpk tv,fydkif;avmufwGifrS jzpfonf/ þodkYaomOya'rsm; rowfrSwfrjy|mef;rDumvu
t½dkif;tpdkif;0g'ESifh &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom0g'rsm;udkom ppftwGif;üusifhoHk;cJhMuonf/ ppfyGJrsm;twGif;
epfemqHk½IH;&olrsm;\tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufíum; todtrSwfrjyKcJhMuacs/
þta&;udpörsm;ESifhywfoufí 19&mpktwGif; owfrSwfcJhaomOya'rsm;(odkYr[kwf) xdkumv
aemufydkif;rS ,cktcsdeftxd owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk ]]Oya'}}[laompum;vHk;ESifh roHk;tyf? rac:tyf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ,if;wdkYwGif Oya'\tESpfom&r&SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ ,if;pnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;rSm
EdkifiHcsif; oabmwlpmcsKyfESifh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;jzpfMuonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf &efbufEdkifiHrsm;u
,if;wdkYudk vdkufemrIrjyKu EdkifiHrsm;taeESifh ,if;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk w&m;0if0efcHapaomtcsufrsm;
tjzpf oabmrxm;Muyg/ qdkvdkcsufrSm þ,Ofaus;aomOya'rsm;udk wpfzuf&efoluav;pm;ygrS
rdrdwdkYrSvnf; vdkufemrnf/ wpfzufrS ,if;wdkYtm;vspfvsL½Iygu rdrdwdkYrSvnf; vspfvsL½Irnfjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh ESpfOD;ESpfzufvufcHEdkifrItajctaeay:wGifrlwnfí pDpOfxm;onfwdkYudk ]]Oya'}}[k rac:qdkEdkifyg/
þonf tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'[kac:qdkaeaom Oya'rsm;udk EdkifiHrsm;rS rMumcPvspfvsL½IaeMujcif;
taMumif;&if;yif jzpfonf/

ppfudk,Ofaus;odrfarGUaom? vlom;qefaom pnf;urf;Oya'rsm;ESifh tpövmrfrS ]abmif} uefYowf

ay;xm;jcif;onf Oya'\obm0yif jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ,if;Oya'rsm;rSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sif
tv’m[fESifh ol\wrefawmfrS rdefYqdktyfaom ]]w&m;0iftrdefY}}rsm;jzpfNyD; þtrdefYrsm;udk &efol\tjyKtrl
rnfodkYyifjzpfap rGwfpvifrfxkwpf&yfvHk;rS tajctaetm;vHk;wGif vdkufemaqmif&Guf&rnfh trdefYawmfrsm;
jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;(1400)ausmfu tpövmrfrScsrSwfcJhaomppfOya'orsm;udk
taemufwdkif;rS rnfodkY vufcHusifhoHk;cJhonfudk tjyKoabmjzifh okawoejyKMunfhoifhygonf/ tpövmrf
\aus;Zl;jzifh rGwfpvifrfrsm;aqmif&GufcJhaom ,Ofaus;odrfarGUívlqefonfh ppfa&;qdkif&mtjyKtrlrsm;udk
taemufEdkifiHrsm;rSvufcHusifhoHk;NyD;aemuf tjrifhqHk;a&mufatmif rnfodkY xdef;odrf;BuD;MuyfuGyfuJcJhonf
udkvnf; avhvmqef;ppfoihfygonf/
taemufwkdif;pma&;q&mrsm;u rMumcPpGyfpGJajymqdkonfrSm wrefawmfjrwf()rS c&pf,mefESifh
*sL;rsm;\ w&m;"r®vrf;ñTefoifjyrIrsm;udktwkckd;í tpövmrfhvrf;ñTefoifMum;rIrsm;udkjyKcJhonf[l\/ þ
ae&mwGif pm½Ioludk tvHktavmufaxmufcHay;EdkifonfhtcsufrSm pmzwfoltaeESifh or®musrf;udk zwf½I
oifhygonf/ vlom;\½kyfydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m,Ofaus;rIudk a<u;aMumfaeaom taemufwdkif;om;
vl,Ofaus;rsm;\ jrifhjrwfaomusrf;pmu rnfodkYaomppfyGJqdkif&menf;vrf;rsm;udk vrf;ñTefaxmufcHxm;
onfudk rdrdudk,fwdkifqef;ppfoifhygonf/

56
 vlom;tay: tpövmrfrStyfESif;xm;aom tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;teufrS tcsdKUaomtcGifhta&;
rsm;taMumif;udk NyD;cJhaomtcef;u@rsm;wGif tao;pdwfwifjycJhNyD;jzpfonf/ ,cktcgtpövmrfrS
&efolrsm;twGuf ay;tyfxm;aomtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk qef;ppfMunfhMuygpdkY/

tpövmrfrS &efolEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHtwGif; jzpfay:aomppfyGJtwGuf wdkufyGJppfonfrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJ0if

ppfonfr[kwfolrsm;tMum; xif&Sm;aomcGJjcm;owfrSwfrIudkcsrSwfcJhygonf/ wdkufyGJ0ifppfonfr[kwfolrsm;
jzpfMuaom trsdK;orD;rsm;? uav;oli,frsm;? oufBuD;&G,ftdkESifh tdkrif;rpGrf;Muaomolrsm;twGuf
wrefawmf()rS rdefYrSmawmfrlonfrSm ]]rnfonfhoufBuD;&G,ftkd? trsdK;orD;ESifh uav;wpfOD;wpfa,muf
udkrQ rowf&}}[kjzpfonf/ (tAl'g0k'f) ]]bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif aexdkifMuukefaom bkef;BuD;
&[ef;rsm;udk rowf&/ 0wfjyK&Sdcdk;&ef tvdkYiSm aqmufvkyfxm;aomae&mrsm;wGif aexdkifMuolrsm;udk
rowf&}}[líjzpfonf/ (tDrmrftdAfEk[rfAvf\rkpfe'fusrf;)
ppfyGJwpfckwGif wrefawmfjrwf()onf ajray:wGifvJusaoqHk;aeaom trsdK;orD;wpfOD;\
tavmif;udk awGUaomtcg ]]olronf wdkufyGJwGif wdkufcdkufonfr[kwfbJ tb,faMumifh owfcH&oenf;}}
þtqdkrS Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;uaumufcsufcsMuonfrSm ppfyGJwpfcktwGif wkdufyGJ0ifppfonfr[kwfaomol
rsm;udk ppfjzpfaepOfumvtwGif;üvnf;aumif;? ppfyGJNyD;qHk;oGm;aomumvüvnf;aumif; owfydkifcGifhr&Sd
[líjzpfonf/

qufvufí wkdufyGJ0ifppfonfawmftay:wGif tpövmrfrStyfESif;xm;aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk

qef;ppf MunfhMuygpdkY/

wrefawmfjrwf()\Mo0g'awmfwpfckü ]]rD;jzifhtjypfay;jcif;[laomtrIudk rD;\t&SifocifrSvGJí

rnfolrS rjyKxdkufyg/}} (tAl'g0k'f) þMo0g'awmfrSaumuf,lEdkifaom w&m;0ifwm;jrpfcsufrSm
]]touf&Sifvsuf&Sdaeaom &efolwpfOD;udk rD;jzifh½dIUjcif;rjyKoifh}}[k qdkvkdjcif;jzpfonf/

wrefawmfjrwfrdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]]'Pf&mtemw&jzpfaeolwpfOD;tm wdkufckdufjcif;rjyK&}}/

qdkvdk&if; t"dyÜg,frSm wdkufcdkuf&ef usef;rmoefpGrf;rIr&Sdavmufatmif 'Pf&m&&Sdxm;onfh&efolppfonfrsm;?
wpfzef trSefwu,fppfyGJwGif wdkufyGJr0ifMuaomppfonfrsm;tm; wdkufckdufjcif;rjyK&/

]]rnfonfhppfoHkYyef;udkrQ "m;atmuf0,frusa&mufap&}} þonfrSm tvGef&Sif;vif;aom jywfom;

vSonfh wrefawmfjrwf()\ ñTefMum;csufjzpfonf/

57
 wrefawmfjrwf()rS ]]vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftm; owfjzwf&ef csnfaESmifxm;jcif;rjyK&}}[lí
wm;jrpfawmfrlcJhonf/

wrefawmfjrwf()rS rGwfpvifrfrsm;tm; vrf;ñTefoifMum;ay;onfrSm ppfjzpfaecsdefwGif

vlaeNrdKU&Gmrsm;udk ppfom;rsm;rS twif;t"r®vk,ufzsufqD;jcif;? t"r®,liifjcif;? taqmuftOD;rsm;udk
zsufqD;jcif;? ppfonfr[kwfMuaomolrsm;\ Opömypönf;rsm;udk xdcdkufepfemqHk;½IH;apjcif;rjyK&[líjzpfonf/
(qG[D;[ftvf-Akcg&D?tAl'g0k'f) þtcsufudk wrefawmf\atmufygtrdefYawmfwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
]]olwpfyg;\Opöm"ersm;udk vk,ufwdkufckdufjcif;onf taoaumifykyfudkpm;jcif;xuf ydkíw&m;r0ifaom
vkyf&yfjzpfonf/}}(tAl'g0k'f) or®wBuD;tAlAu&fonfvnf; ppfcsDwuf&mvrf;aMumif;wpfavQmufwGif
ol\ppfonfrsm;tm; tm;ay;avh&SdaomtrdefYrSm ]]NrdKU&Gmrsm;udk rzsufqD;Muukefvifh/ xdkYtwl xGef,uf
pdkufysdK;xm;aom v,fuGif;jyifrsm;ESifh O,smOfNcHajrrsm;udkvnf; rzsufqD;&/ xdkYtwl uRJEGm;paom
wd&pämefrsm;udkvnf; owfjzwfjcif;rsdK;udkrjyKvkyf&}}[kjzpfonf/
ppfajrjyifrS ypönf;rsm;odrf;qnf;&,laom vuf&oHkYyef;ypönf;rsm;ESifh vk,ufcdk;,l&&Sdaom
ypönf;rsm;rSm rwlEdkif/ vuf&oHkYyef;ypönf;rsm;rSm ppfpcef;rsm;ESifh &efolXmecsKyfrsm;rS odrf;qnf;&&Sdaom
Opöm"ersm;? pm;eyf&du©mrsm;? ppfvufeufud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;yg0ifonf/ ,if;wdkYESifhywfoufí
oD;jcm;pm&if;xm;&Sd&rnf/

ppfEdkifiHwpfckrS rGwfpvifrfrsm;taeESifh ppf½IH;aomEdkifiHwpfck\ omrefjynfolvlxk\ "eOpömypönf;

rsm;udk tcaMu;aiGray;bJ,ljcif;udk rjyKvkyf&efwm;jrpfxm;onf/ tu,fí rGwfpvifrfppfwyfwpfckrS
&efolEdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ a'owpfckudk odrf;ydkufrdaomtcg xdkt&yfa'o&Sd vlxkrsm;ydkifqdkifaomypönf;rsm;udk
xdkolrsm;\ cGifhjyKcsufr&&SdbJ &,lydkifcGifhr&Sd/ ppfwyftaeESifh vdktyfaomypönf;wpfpHkwpf&m&Sdvmygu
oufqdkif&ma'ocHrsm;xHrS 0,f,ljcif; (0g) a'ocHrsm;\cGifhjyKcsuf&,lNyD;rS awmif;cH&,ljcif;jyK&rnf/
cvDz[fBuD;tAlAu&fonf rGwfpvifrfppfwyftm; ajymavh&SdonfhtcsufrSm ]]tu,fíxdkppfonfrsm;onf
ppf\a&SUwef;rsufESmpmodkY tydkYcH&yguvnf; ydkif&Sifrsm;cGifhrjyKbJ uRJEGm;rsm;\EdkY&nfudkyif aomufcGifhr&Sd}}
[líjzpfonf/

tpövmrfjyefvnfrxGef;um;rDumvu tma&AD;,m;uRef;qG,fa'owGif jyKrlcJhMuonfh

tavhtusifhqdk;wpfckrSm &efol\½kyftavmif;udk udk,fvuft*Fgrsm; jzwfawmufzsufqD;ypfjcif; jzpfonf/
tpövmrfbmom jyefvnfay:xGef;vmNyD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif rGwfpvifrfrsm;u &efol\½kyftavmif;udk
udk,ft*Fg jzwfawmuf zsufqD;jcif;rjyK&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf/ þodkYwm;jrpfaMumif;udk atmufazmfjyyg
['D;qfMo0g'awmfwGif awGUEdkifonf/ ]]wrefawmfjrwfonf &efolrsm;\½kyftavmif;aumifrsm;udk
udk,fvuft*FgjzwfawmufzsufqD;jcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;onf/}} (qG[D[ftvf-Akcg&D? tAl'g0k'f) þ

58
wm;jrpfcsufudk xkwfjyefcsrSwfaomtcsdefwGif jyif;jyif;xefxef trdefYay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tl[k'fppfyGJwGif
r,HkMunfolrsm;u ppfyGJ\atmifyGJ&txdrf;trSwftjzpf rGwfpvifrfppfonfrsm;\ ESmacgif;?em;&Gufrsm;udk
jzwfawmufí BudK;ESifhoDNyD; olwkdY\vnfyif;wGif csdwfqGJjcif; jyKcJhMuonf/ wrefawmfjrwf()\OD;&D;awmf
[rfZmocif\0rf;ydkufudkqkwfNzJNyD; ukd½dkuf&Sfacgif;aqmiftAlpkzf,ef()\ZeD;u [rfZmocif()\
tonf;udkxkwfNyD; 0g;pm;cJhavonf/ þrQaMumufrufzG,faumif;aom jrifuGif;udkjrif&aomtcg
rGwfpvifrfppfonfrsm;u tvGefa'goxGufMuonfrSm obm0yif jzpfonf/ odkYaomf wrefawmfjrwf()rS
ol\ aemufvdkufqG[mA[fBuD;rsm;tm; &efol\½kyftavmif;rsm;udk tvm;wljyKrlNyD; jypf'PfpD&ifcsufrsdK;
rcsatmif awmif;qdkcJhonf/
þodkYwrefawmfjrwfBuD; ()\ atmifhtnf;onf;cHrI? xdef;csKyfrIrsdK;udk aMumif;usdK;qifjcif
a0zefwwfaom vlrSefvQif tpövmrfonf pMu0Vm\zefqif;&SifrScsrSwfay;aomomoemjzpfaMumif; vufcH
,HkMunf&ef vHkavmufaomOyrmjzpfonf/ tu,fí tpövmrfrS vlom;wdkY\ pdwfobm0udk vGwfvyfcGifh
ay;NyD; pdwfvIyf&Sm;rItwdkif; vkyfcGifhay;vdkufvQif tl[k'fppfyGJtwGif; awGUBuHKcJh&onfhjzpf&yfonf
wrefawmf()tm; ol\aemufvdkufrsm;tm; &efolrsm;\½kyftavmif;udk cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;
jzwfawmufzsufqD;cGifhay;vkdufatmif wGef;ydkYae aomjzpf&yfjzpfonf/

t[fZmAf[laomppfyGJwGif ausmfMum;aom&efol&JrufwpfOD;usqHk;cJhNyD; ol\½kyftavmif;rSm

rGwfpvifrfrsm; r'De[frSckcHumuG,f&efwl;xm;aom uwkwfusif;twGif;usoGm;cJhonf/ r,HkMunfolrsm;
(&efolrsm;)zufrS xdktavmif;udk ¤if;wdkYtm;vTJtyfay;&ef 'Dem (10000) ay;tyfrnfjzpfaMumif; wrefawmf
()xH urf;vSrf;vmcJhonf/ xdktcgwrefawmf()rS wHkYjyefajymqdkonfrSm ]]uREkfyfonf vlao
tavmif;aumifrsm;udk a&mif;rnfr[kwf/ oifwdkYtaeESifh oifwdkY\usqkH;oGm;aom&Jabmf&Jzuf\
½kyftavmif;udk tvdk&Sdygu ,laqmifoGm;Edkifonf}}[k jzpfonf/

tpövmrfwGif opömazmufrIudk txl;ydwfyifwm;jrpfonf/ ppfajrjyifodkYxGufcGmrnfh rGwfpvifrf

ppfonfawmfrsm;tm; wrefawmf()rSay;avh&Sdaom ñTefMum;csufrsm;teufwpfckrSm ]],HkMunfcsufudk
csdK;azmufolrjzpfMuukefvifh}} þrdefYMum;csufudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh ['D;qfawmfrsm;wGif tzefzef
wvJvJazmfjyxm;onf/ þudpöESifhywfoufí [k'dkifAD,mNidrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdktNyD; jzpfysufcJhaom
tjzpftysufrSm tvGefausmfMum;aomOyrmwpf&yf jzpfonf/ [k'dkifAD,mpmcsKyfESifhywfoufí tcsdefumv
udkowfrSwfNyD;aomtcg r,HkMunfolrsm;\udk,fpm;vS,f\om; tAl*sef',fvfqdkolrSm rGwfpvifrfrsm;ESifh
r,HkMunfolrsm;tMum; Mum;0ifaphpyfay;aomoljzpfí olYwpfudk,fvHk;aoG;rsm;ayvl;vsuf rGwfpvifrf
ppfonfrsm;\ wJrsm;teD;wGif[pfatmfvsuf tultnDawmif;cJhonf/ xdktcg wrefawmf()rS wkHYjyef
ajymMum;onfrSm ]]pmcsKyf\oufwrf;ESifh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk owfrSwfNyD;NyDjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfwdkYrSm
oifhudkulnDEdkifonfhtaetxm;wGifr&Sdyg/ toifonf oif\zcifxHodkYjyefoGm;yg/ þuJhodkYaom
zdpD;ESdyfpufrIrsdK;rS uif;vGwfcGifh&atmif udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS tjcm;aomtcGifhtvrf;rsm; toifhtwGuf
jznfhqnf;ay;vdrfhrnf/}}

59
 rGwfpvifrfppfwyfwpfckvHk;onf tAl*sef',fvf\tusyftwnf;twGuf tvGefpdwfraumif;jzpf&NyD;
rsuf&nfyifus&rwwfjzpfonf/ odkYaomf wrefawmfjrwf()rS atmufygtwdkif; aMumfjimvdkufaomtcg
]]uREkfyfwdkY taeESifh oabmwlnDcsufudk rcsdK;azmufEdkifyg}}[k rdefYqdkvdkuf&mwGif rnfonfh rGwfpvifrf
wpfOD;wpfa,mufurS a&SUodkYxGufNyD; xdkuHraumif;aomtusOf;om;udk ulnD&efxGufvmjcif;r&Sd/
r,HkMunfolrsm;rS xdktusOf;om;udk ruúm[fNrdKUqDodkY jyefqGJac:oGm;cJhonf/ þonfrSmrGwfpvifrfrsm;\
pmcsKyfoabmwlnDcsuftay: vdkufemrIESifhywfoufí NydKifbufuif;aomOyrm jzpfonf/ tpövmrfordkif;
wGif tvm;wlOyrmrsm;pGm jyEdkifcJhonf/

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif csrSwfxm;onfrSm

þusrf;ydk'fwGif rGwfpvifrfrsm;u rdrdwdkY\&efolrsm;tay: w&m;0ifppfaMunmjcif;r&SdbJ

ajymifajymifwif;wif; &efprI? &efvdkrIrsm;rjyKMu&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf/ xdkodkYwm;jrpf&onfhtcsufrSm
&efbuf? NydKifbuf[lonf &efpjcif;? &efvdkjcif;udk tvG,fwuljzpfapEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ,cktcg
tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'[lonfrSm EdkifiHwpfckESifhwpfck w&m;0ifppfaMunmjcif;rjyKbJ &efpjcif;rjyKEdkifatmif
csrSwfxm;aomOya'jzpfonf/ odkYaomf þOya'rSm vlvkyfOya'omjzpfaomaMumifh ,if;udk rMumcP
vspfvsL½IwwfMuonf/ wpfzufwGif rGwfpvifrfrsm;\ tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'[lonfrSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sif
tv’m[frS abmifuefYowfcsrSwfay;xm;aomOya'jzpfjcif;aMumifh vspfvsLjyKcsdK;azmufrnfr[kwfyg/

þpmtkyfwGifazmfjycJhaomtcGifhta&;rsm;onf vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;1400ausmfuwnf;u tpövmrf

rS vlom;tm; tyfESif;xm;cJhaomtcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif vlom;[lonfrSm tpövmrfEdkifiH
twGif; aexdkifaomEdkifiHom;rsm;yg0ifovkd ppfyGJwGif&ifqkdifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuaom &efolrsm;twGufvnf;
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