Types of Risk - Systematic and Unsystematic Risk in Finance

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Risk Management

Types of Risk - Systematic and

Unsystematic Risk in Finance
Post: Gaurav Akrani.
Date: 1/25/2012 08:36:00 AM IST.
Comments (3)
Label: Finance.

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First let's revise the simple meaning of two words, viz., types and risk.

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In general and in context of this finance article,

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1. Types mean different classes or various forms / kinds of something or

someone.
2. Risk implies the extend to which any chosen action or an inaction that

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may lead to a loss or some unwanted outcome. The notion implies that a
choice may have an influence on the outcome that exists or has existed.

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However, in financial management, risk relates to any material loss attached to

the project that may affect the productivity, tenure, legal issues, etc. of the
project.

MANAGEMENT

In finance, different types of risk can be classified under two main groups, viz.,
Management Functions And
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(MBO) - Peter Drucker MBO
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1. Systematic risk.
2. Unsystematic risk.
The meaning of systematic and unsystematic risk in finance:
1. Systematic risk is uncontrollable by an organization and macro in nature.

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Types of Risk - Systematic and Unsystematic Risk in Finance

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2. Unsystematic risk is controllable by an organization and micro in nature.

A. Systematic Risk

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Systematic risk is due to the influence of external factors on an organization.

Such factors are normally uncontrollable from an organization's point of view.

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It is a macro in nature as it affects a large number of organizations operating

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under a similar stream or same domain. It cannot be planned by the

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organization.

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The types of systematic risk are depicted and listed below.

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1. Interest rate risk,

2. Market risk and

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3. Purchasing power or inflationary risk.

Now let's discuss each risk classified under this group.

BANKING
1. Interest rate risk
Interest-rate risk arises due to variability in the interest rates from time to time.

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It particularly affects debt securities as they carry the fixed rate of interest.
The types of interest-rate risk are depicted and listed below.

Volatility Risk

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1. Price risk and
2. Reinvestment rate risk.

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The meaning of price and reinvestment rate risk is as follows:

1. Price risk arises due to the possibility that the price of the shares,

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commodity, investment, etc. may decline or fall in the future.

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2. Reinvestment rate risk results from fact that the interest or dividend

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earned from an investment can't be reinvested with the same rate of return

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as it was acquiring earlier.

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2. Market risk
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Market risk is associated with consistent fluctuations seen in the trading price of

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any particular shares or securities. That is, it arises due to rise or fall in the
trading price of listed shares or securities in the stock market.

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The types of market risk are depicted and listed below.

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1. Absolute risk,

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2. Relative risk,

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Types of Risk - Systematic and Unsystematic Risk in Finance

3. Directional risk,
4. Non-directional risk,
5. Basis risk and
6. Volatility risk.

Page 3 of 7

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The meaning of different types of market risk is as follows:

1. Absolute risk is without any content. For e.g., if a coin is tossed, there is
fifty percentage chance of getting a head and vice-versa.
2. Relative risk is the assessment or evaluation of risk at different levels of

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business functions. For e.g. a relative-risk from a foreign exchange

fluctuation may be higher if the maximum sales accounted by an
organization are of export sales.
3. Directional risks are those risks where the loss arises from an exposure
to the particular assets of a market. For e.g. an investor holding some
shares experience a loss when the market price of those shares falls down.
4. Non-Directional risk arises where the method of trading is not
consistently followed by the trader. For e.g. the dealer will buy and sell the
share simultaneously to mitigate the risk
5. Basis risk is due to the possibility of loss arising from imperfectly
matched risks. For e.g. the risks which are in offsetting positions in two
related but non-identical markets.
6. Volatility risk is of a change in the price of securities as a result of
changes in the volatility of a risk-factor. For e.g. it applies to the portfolios of
derivative instruments, where the volatility of its underlying is a major
influence of prices.

3. Purchasing power or inflationary risk

Purchasing power risk is also known as inflation risk. It is so, since it emanates
(originates) from the fact that it affects a purchasing power adversely. It is not
desirable to invest in securities during an inflationary period.
The types of power or inflationary risk are depicted and listed below.

1. Demand inflation risk and

2. Cost inflation risk.
The meaning of demand and cost inflation risk is as follows:
1. Demand inflation risk arises due to increase in price, which result from
an excess of demand over supply. It occurs when supply fails to cope with
the demand and hence cannot expand anymore. In other words, demand
inflation occurs when production factors are under maximum utilization.
2. Cost inflation risk arises due to sustained increase in the prices of goods
and services. It is actually caused by higher production cost. A high cost of
production inflates the final price of finished goods consumed by people.

B. Unsystematic Risk
Unsystematic risk is due to the influence of internal factors prevailing within an
organization. Such factors are normally controllable from an organization's
point of view.
It is a micro in nature as it affects only a particular organization. It can be
planned, so that necessary actions can be taken by the organization to mitigate
(reduce the effect of) the risk.
The types of unsystematic risk are depicted and listed below.

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Types of Risk - Systematic and Unsystematic Risk in Finance

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1. Business or liquidity risk,

2. Financial or credit risk and
3. Operational risk.
Now let's discuss each risk classified under this group.

1. Business or liquidity risk

Business risk is also known as liquidity risk. It is so, since it emanates
(originates) from the sale and purchase of securities affected by business
cycles, technological changes, etc.
The types of business or liquidity risk are depicted and listed below.

1. Asset liquidity risk and

2. Funding liquidity risk.
The meaning of asset and funding liquidity risk is as follows:
1. Asset liquidity risk is due to losses arising from an inability to sell or
pledge assets at, or near, their carrying value when needed. For e.g. assets
sold at a lesser value than their book value.
2. Funding liquidity risk exists for not having an access to the sufficientfunds to make a payment on time. For e.g. when commitments made to
customers are not fulfilled as discussed in the SLA (service level
agreements).

2. Financial or credit risk

Financial risk is also known as credit risk. It arises due to change in the capital
structure of the organization. The capital structure mainly comprises of three
ways by which funds are sourced for the projects. These are as follows:
1. Owned funds. For e.g. share capital.
2. Borrowed funds. For e.g. loan funds.
3. Retained earnings. For e.g. reserve and surplus.
The types of financial or credit risk are depicted and listed below.

1. Exchange rate risk,

2. Recovery rate risk,
3. Credit event risk,
4. Non-Directional risk,
5. Sovereign risk and
6. Settlement risk.
The meaning of types of financial or credit risk is as follows:

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Types of Risk - Systematic and Unsystematic Risk in Finance

Page 5 of 7

1. Exchange rate risk is also called as exposure rate risk. It is a form of

financial risk that arises from a potential change seen in the exchange rate
of one country's currency in relation to another country's currency and viceversa. For e.g. investors or businesses face it either when they have assets
or operations across national borders, or if they have loans or borrowings in
a foreign currency.
2. Recovery rate risk is an often neglected aspect of a credit-risk analysis.
The recovery rate is normally needed to be evaluated. For e.g. the expected
recovery rate of the funds tendered (given) as a loan to the customers by
banks, non-banking financial companies (NBFC), etc.
3. Sovereign risk is associated with the government. Here, a government is
unable to meet its loan obligations, reneging (to break a promise) on loans it
guarantees, etc.
4. Settlement risk exists when counterparty does not deliver a security or
its value in cash as per the agreement of trade or business.

3. Operational risk
Operational risks are the business process risks failing due to human errors.
This risk will change from industry to industry. It occurs due to breakdowns in
the internal procedures, people, policies and systems.
The types of operational risk are depicted and listed below.

1. Model risk,
2. People risk,
3. Legal risk and
4. Political risk.
The meaning of types of operational risk is as follows:
1. Model risk is involved in using various models to value financial
securities. It is due to probability of loss resulting from the weaknesses in the
financial-model used in assessing and managing a risk.
2. People risk arises when people do not follow the organizations
procedures, practices and/or rules. That is, they deviate from their expected
behavior.
3. Legal risk arises when parties are not lawfully competent to enter an
agreement among themselves. Furthermore, this relates to the regulatoryrisk, where a transaction could conflict with a government policy or particular
legislation (law) might be amended in the future with retrospective effect.
4. Political risk occurs due to changes in government policies. Such
changes may have an unfavorable impact on an investor. It is especially
prevalent in the third-world countries.

C. Conclusion
Click on this image to get a complete view of the types of risk in finance.

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Types of Risk - Systematic and Unsystematic Risk in Finance

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Following three statements highlight the gist of this article on risk:

1. Every organization must properly group the types of risk under two main
broad categories viz.,
01. Systematic risk and
02. Unsystematic risk.
2. Systematic risk is uncontrollable, and the organization has to suffer from
the same. However, an organization can reduce its impact, to a certain
extent, by properly planning the risk attached to the project.
3. Unsystematic risk is controllable, and the organization shall try to
mitigate the adverse consequences of the same by proper and prompt
planning.
So these are some basic types of risk seen in the domain of finance.

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3 Comments:
Anonymous said...
December 5, 2012 at 5:59 PM

wowww.. dats really great.. never had such a broad n proper knowledge
about types of risk.. thnks a lot..

Anonymous said...
February 12, 2013 at 7:00 PM

This is really awesome,Big thanx to you,you really helped me out from my

troubles.this is good to recommend to people

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Types of Risk - Systematic and Unsystematic Risk in Finance

Page 7 of 7

Idowu Samson said...

April 24, 2014 at 9:20 PM

This is indeed informative and edifying. Kindly add some references

(textbooks) in your subsequent posts. Thanks

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