Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Ex:
Commenting on -t graph.
(t)
m
1. Production
AC generator:
T/2
3T/4
T/4
A
N
m
=m Sin(t)
=
(t) =
output
2fT
[Contrary to a direct current voltage source, we do notVoltage output of an AC generator is given by:
Ex:
have (+) and (-) terminals of the output voltage. Each
(t)=400 Sin(150t).
terminal becomes (+) and (-) many times in a second]
a) Find m=?, =?, f=?
Finding output voltage:
(
BACos
BA
t (Cos
) t
= =t
t =)
t
Cos t
= BA = ( BA
) Sin
( )t
(
)
Ex:
AC generator has output voltage =m Sin(t).
The coil rotates 50 times in a second.
a) Find =? at t=1/300 s, if m=310 V.
b) Find =? at t=T/4
2. AC Circuits
[We will learn R, L, C, RLC circuits in turn]
=
NBA Sin t
{You may find using phasor diagrams too difficult for
means
is a function
of time (changes withhigh school level, but still I think there is no point in
[Change
ofemf
Cosine
equals Sine]
Therefore:
time).
gives us value of at any given
If thereThis
are formula
N loops rotating:
memorizing formulas having no practical use, without
(=) (=instant).]
((
)) twhere
Sin
= t
NBAm
time
m
knowing their derivation from general rules. What
(t)m is called the instantaneous value of emf.
physics education contributes to a student who will not
[ (m )is the maximum value of emf.
t
be a scientist or engineer should definitely not be a
collection of formulas, but a general understanding of
I = R or Vm=ImR
nature along with the method and practice of finding
practical methods for applying general rules to specific
situations.}
In resistive circuit current and potential are in phase
(Increase and decrease together)
(t)
" Resistive circuit
m
Graph:
t
R
v(t) = Vm Sin(t)
i(t) = ImSin(t)
m
v(t) = Vm Sin(t)
(t)
A coil having 100
m loops and 0.05 m2 area is
rotating in magnetic
(t2) field B=0.2 T at a rate 50
revolution/second.
the expression for
(t3Write
)
instantaneous value of emf.
{=2f}
(t1)
instantaneous
Ex:
t
t1 t2www.highschoolphysics.net
t3
values
v(t)
Vm
Im
1
i(t)
t
" Inductive
circuit
L
v(t)
i(t)
Vm
i(t)
t Im
v(t)
In inductive circuit current and potential are out of
phase by 90
v(t)
Vm
Im
i(t)
t
"
maximum
effective
Phasor diagram:
v(t)
Vm
t
instantaneous
For sinusoidal functions
i(t)
maximum value
effective value =
2
Im
So:
m
=2
I = 2V and
m
e
We can say:
Current is 90 ahead of potential:
v(t) = Vm Sin(t)
)
i(t) = ImSin(t +
2
a) Write i(t)=?
Effective
(rms) value
Or, [We
b) Find readings
of is something like average.
had
definition
of rms in molecular physics] Potential is 90 behind current:
voltmeter,
ampermeter
Rule:
AC
voltmeters
)
c) Heat in 1 minute and ampermeters measure
=
effective value.
2
i(t) = Im Sin(t)
v(t) = VmSin(t [Effective value of AC is the value of DC that would
[Which
(t)running
which is
a question
[This is like
twoismen
in(t)
a circle.isYou
can sayof
produce the same amount energy on the same resistor]
choosing
a
starting
point]
B is behind A, or, A is in front of B]
Electricity from a wall socket is 220 Volts and 50
Ex:
e
Hz. Write v(t)=?
V
I m= and I =
V
X
X or Vm=Im XL m
e
L
L
Ex:
V
XL is called inductive reactance. Unit: Ohm(&).
X L
L from here,
start
start from here,
R=5 &
A
www.highschoolphysics.net
Vm=20 2 V, f =50Hz
function is
2
Sin(t)
function is
Cos(t)
circuit
VC(max) VL(max)
i(t)
vC(t)
v(t)
In capacitive circuit current and potential are out of
phase by 90
[help remembering: current comes, fills capacitor,
potential then is.]
vL(t)
v(t)
VR(max)
vR(t)
Im
Phasor diagram:
v(t)
Im
i(t)
t
Vm
v(t)
We can say:
Current is 90 behind potential:
v(t) = Vm Sin(t)
)
i(t) = ImSin(t -
Or,
=
Potential is 90 ahead of current:
i(t)
= Im series
Sin(t)circuitv(t) = VmSin(t
Z +
3. RLC
VIm=
V
mX
C
e
and I =
X
or Vm=ImXC
e
C
t
2
So we found v(t)
When i(t)=ImSin(t) v(t)=VmSin(t+)
Or equally
) we can say:
2
Z or Vm( =I
mZ
)V
v (t ) Sin( t) i(t- I) =
Sin
t =m
m
VC
Vm
VL
Lv(t)=?
C
VR
R=40&
Ex:
R=12&
XL=55
XC=25&
&
i(t)=?
C=1.25 mF
L=0.045 H
A
P
a) Find Z=? =?
b) Write i(t)=?
VR
R=40&
v(t)
2 Sin(200t)
= 260
VC
4. Power
Instantaneous power = P(t)=v(t) i(t)
[But instantaneous power is a useless quantity as it
XL=55X&
C=25&
keeps changing instant by instant. What we need is
average power:]
V
=AV e Pe V I Cos
Cos is called power factor
v(t) = 100 2 Sin(300t)
From triangle of effective voltages:
VC(eff)
R=80&
Ve
VL(eff)
VR(eff)
L=0.2 H
PAVI V=e Cos
e
R
V eff
()
2
AV
eR
P I V= I R=
A 20
/ 50power
Hz power
source is(turned
connected
to series
So:
AllVthe
is dissipated
into heat)
on the
v(t) = 150 2 Sin(300t)
a) Find impedance.
RLC
circuit
L=0.15 H,and
C=capacitor
220 F. Find
resistor
in a with
RLCR=40&,
circuit. [Inductor
do not
b) Write i(t)=?
power
released.
factor.
(=3)
use energy,
onlyFind
storepower
energy
and give
it back during
c) Im=? Ie=? VR(eff)=?, VL(eff)=?
the next half-cycle.]
H)
{A question like: what happens to the difference between
Ex:
(IEx:
eVe) and (IeVeCos)? is meaningless. IeVe is the formula of
R=3&
XL=6&
X
C=2&
[Question: i(t)=I
mSin(t-).
Does
the (-)power
sign when
in thecurrent and voltage pass through their maximum
formula mean that potential is always ahead
of values together. When there is a phase difference,
and zero
L
M
N
formula of both produced power by a AC source and used
current?]K
A
power on a resistor are IeVeCos, which are naturally equal.
Butby
suppose
Rule: If XL>XC Pthen Rvoltage leads current
. we have a small factory which requires 100kW
constant
power
[Because is (+) itself from
When placed
in input. Now if Cos H 1we can draw this
v(t) =triangle.
42 Sin(200t)
power under -say- 380 Volt electric input by 263 A. But if
its place, phase of i(t) formula is (t-(+))]
Cos is smaller (say 0.5) we will need 526 A to draw the
if
C>Xphase
L thenbetween
current leads
voltage
by .
a) X
Z=?,
current
and voltage=?
same power. Problem is, larger current will cause more heat
[Because
is (-)
itself
from
placed
b) VKM(eff)=?,
VLN
(eff)=?
( triangle.
2 1.4 When
loss (by
I2R)in
along the transmission lines, a loss which we
its place, phase of i(t) formula becomeswill
(t-(-))]
not pay for, because it just heats the air, is not used in
{Show this on the triangle}
our factory. Therefore it is generally forbidden to have Cos
Z R X etc..}
X
values smaller than 1 for factories
2 =
+2 ( )
5. Resonance
2
www.highschoolphysics.net
Z is not constant, but a function
Z R4 Lof2C=.
Z+=Z().
1L C
R=5&
K
L=0.04
C= 100F
H
V2
VN
V =N
2
www.highschoolphysics.net