Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WINDOWS
Old factories had to have small windows because of the cost of construction . The introduction of
large, steel-sash windows brought their cost down . Today windows are often cheaper than walls. On
the other hand, windows make buildings more subject to changes in outside temperature. Plants
having products or processes especially subject to changes in temperature, light or humidity find it
better to have no windows at all. Chocolate factories, for
instance, have to watch temperatures . Many of these plants control this condition by ventilating and
air conditioning . Their light is artificial . Other plants reject windows because of the dust they let in,
even with slightly pressurized
air inside .
The layout man who must contend with windows recognizes that they may both help and
hinder his arrangement (see Fig. 5) .
The following is a list of points to check where windows may affect the layout:
" Brightness or glare
" Angle of light-morning and evening,
winter and summer
" Heat effects to personnel and/or materials
from sun on windows
" Resistance to wind, shock, fire, acids,
rust
" Drafts on personnel when opened
" Access for washing or repair
FLOORS
The levels and strengths of floors are the most important floor influence on layout . Adjoining
buildings, and even those far removed that may someday be connected to the main plant,
should have floors at the same level. Handling systems can then be tied in without ramps or
elevators. As for floor strength, it should be checked with the architect.
Early factories had dirt or wood floors . Today, various combinations of steel and concrete
give the least expensive floor. It wears well ; it is strong and easy to clean. But workers
who stand or walk a great deal object to the hardness of concrete floors . Also, certain
materials dropped on concrete are likely to be damaged. Concrete is difficult to cut into
to rearrange wiring or piping in the floor.
Workers' foot fatigue is overcome by providing wooden or rubber mats. The objections
of damage to dropped parts and difficulty of rearrangement can be met by covering the concrete with
wood block, wood flooring, or composition
block or coating.
The following list gives floor characteristics desired, though no floor will have them all:
" Various buildings at the same level
" Strong enough to carry machines and equipment
" Made from inexpensive materials
" Inexpensive to install
" Immediately ready for use
" Resistant to shock, abrasion, conducting heat, vibration
" Not slippery under any condition
" Noiseless and sound absorbing
" Attractive to the eye
" Numerous colors available
" Unaffected by changes in temperature and humidity, or by oils, acids, alkalies, salts,solvents, or
water
" Odorless and sanitary
" Resilient enough to seem soft underfoot and to minimize damage to articles dropped on
It
" Easy to fasten machines and equipment to
" Will dissipate static electricity and is nonsparking when struck
" Easily kept clean
" Large sections easily and quickly removed and replaced
ROOFS AND CEILINGS
Roofs and ceilings affect layouts chiefly by their height above the floor. Table 1 has some
generally recommended heights for use as a rule of thumb.
Roofs and ceilings are also affected in many cases by the type of construction . Figure 6
shows the several types of roof construction most commonly used .
The usefulness of overhead space may be limited by what can be attached to the roof
or ceiling. Very few plants hang their machinery from the roof or ceiling . But a great
many suspend material-handling equipment, service pipes or wiring, and other equipment.
Such considerations as natural light, heat conduction, and dust accumulation also relate
to the type and condition of the roof .
SITE FEATURES
Features of the site are important in any layout that involves expansion of buildings or a layout of
more than one building . Rail lines and supportings, roadways, canals, and outbuildings may have to
be provided, or, if they exist, may limit the layout or may have to be moved or altered .
For railroad car and highway truck dimensions that may affect building features, see the data
in Tables 2 to 4 .
The location of an underground storage tank will limit construction or heavy outside storage
in that area ; dust and smoke from a foundry building should blow away from the main administration
building ; rail siding curves can occupy an unusually large area . These and
many features of the site may be involved in any layout other than those strictly within one
building (see Fig. 8) .
Clearances for Curves Allowances must be made on curves, due to the increase in effective
width of equipment . The increase inside curves depends on the distance between truck
centers and the increase outside curves depends on length beyond trucks . Tilt of equipment
toward inside of curve due to banking of rails must be included as well as any stewing
action caused by tire wear and other lateral play . As a rule, the front of a locomotive will
govern effective width for a foot above top of the rail and the rear of the cab for the remainder of the
height.
For preliminary calculations of clearance outside curves, it will usually be ample to allow 1 in . per
degree of curve plus 2 in . for all curves . For inside clearance, a general allowance of 1'/ in . i n
addition to the middle ordinate distance for a 45-ft chord will be sufficient .
In cases involving new construction, a sketch of clearances should be submitted to
the railroad for approval .
Tracks Entering Building Some railroads permit special clearances when tracks enter coal
lipples and buildings . Railroad company engineers can be contacted for requirements .
7 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS
7.0 Buildings are classified based on occupancy and
types of construction.
7.1 For the purpose of the Code, the following shall be the occupancy classification and types of
construction; for more detailed information, reference may be made to Part 4 Fire and Life Safety.
7.1.1 Occupancy Classification
a) Residential;
b) Educational;
c) Institutional;
d) Assembly;
e) Business;
f) Mercantile (will include both retail and
wholesale stores);
g) Industrial (will include low, moderate and
high fire hazards);
h) Storage; and
j) Hazardous.
8.3 Other Occupancies
8.3.1 Open spaces for other occupancies shall be as
below:
a) Educational buildings Except for nursery schools, the open spaces around
the building
shall be not less than 6 m.
b) Institutional buildings The open spaces around the building shall be not less
than 6 m.
c) Assembly buildings The open space at front shall be not less than 12 m and
the other open
spaces around the building shall be not lessthan 6 m.
NOTE However, if assembly buildings are permitted in purely residential zones,
the open spaces around the building shall be not less than 12 m.
d) Business, mercantile and storage buildings The open spaces around the
building shall be
not less than 4.5 m. Where these occur in a purely residential zone or in a
residential with shops line zone the open spaces may be
relaxed.
e) Industrial buildings The open spaces around the building shall be not less
than
4.5 m for heights up to 16 m, with an increase of the open spaces of 0.25 m for
every increase of 1 m or fraction thereof in height above 16 m.
NOTE Special rules for narrow industrial plots in the city, namely plots less
than 15 m in width, and with appropriate set-backs from certain streets and
highways,
shall be applicable.
f) Hazardous occupancies The open spaces around the building shall be as
specified for
industrial buildings [see 8.3.1 (e)].
Further, in no case shall the means of access be lesser in width than the internal
accessways in layouts and subdivision.
5 COMMUNITY OPEN SPACES AND AMENITIES
5.4 Industrial Zones
In the case of sub-division of land in industrial zones of area 0.8 hectare or more, 5 percent of the total
area shall be reserved as amenity open space which shall also serve as a general parking space; when
such amenity open space exceeds 1 500 m2, the excess area could be utilized for the construction of
buildings for banks, canteens, welfare centres and such other common purposes considered necessary
for the industrial user, as approved by the Authority.
5.4.1 In all industrial plots measuring 1 000 m2 or more in area, 10 percent of the total area shall be
provided as an amenity open space to a maximum of 2 500 m2. Such an amenity open space shall
have a means of access and shall be so located that it could be conveniently utilized as such by the
persons working in the industry.
LIGHTING
12.18.1 The minimum clear width, minimum tread width and maximum riser of
staircases for buildings shall be as given in 12.18.1.1 to 12.18.1.3 (see alsoPart
4 Fire and Life Safety).
12.18.1.1 Minimum width The minimum width ofstaircase shall be as follows:
a) Residential buildings (dwellings) 1.0 m
NOTE For row housing with 2 storeys,
the minimum width shall be 0.75 m.
b) Residential hotel buildings 1.5 m
c) Assembly buildings like 2.0 m
auditoria, theatres and cinemas
d) Educational building 1.5 m
e) Institutional buildings 2.0 m
f) All other buildings 1.5 m
12.18.1.2 Minimum tread
The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 250 mm for residential
buildings. The minimum width of tread for other buildings shall be 300 mm.
12.18.1.3 Maximum riser
The maximum height of riser shall be 190 mm for residential buildings and 150
mm for other buildings and these shall be limited to 12 per flight.