Vibration white fingers

Hand arm vibration syndrome

Cause and Effects
HAV Management & Control
Standards, limits and criteria for hand-arm
vibration
Hand-tool vibration measurements.

Hand-arm Vibration

1839 - Pneumatic tools were first used in French mines

1862 - Primary Raynaud's Phenomenon (Raynaud's
Disease) identified.
1911 - Professor Loriga first described vascular spasm in
the hands of Italian miners using pneumatic tools.
1918 - Alice Hamilton studied miners using drills in
limestone quarries describing spastic anaemia of the
hands.
1930-40s - Cases of white finger were identified studies in
fettlers, riveters, boot and shoe industry workers
and users of electrical powered rotating tools
1950s - Research links signs and symptoms in nerves,
bones, joints and muscles with vibrating tools.
1968-69 - After 12-14 years of continuous chain saw use
widespread complaints of VWF in operators.
1975 - Scale for assessing the extent of vascular injury
associated with vibration white finger published by
Taylor-Pelmear

Occupational Vibration - A Short History

1985 - VWF becomes a prescribed disease for Industrial

Injuries Disablement Benefit purposes
1987 - Stockholm scale for assessment of VWF published.
Standard for measurement of vibration published in BS
6842.
1988 UK HSE research on exposure to HAV in a number of
industries in Great Britain published.
1989 - EC Machinery Directive adopted; includes requirements
on HAV.
1992 UK HSE produce guidance on VWF in Foundries
1994 UK HSE publish generic guidance on HAV
1997 UK HSE publish a book of vibration-reduction case
studies.
30 September 1997 UK High Court awards 127,000
compensation for VWF to 7 miners, 12,500 more cases in
the pipeline
2002 - Directive 2002/44/EC on the minimum health and safety
requirements regarding the expo-sure of workers to the
risks arising from physical agents (vibration) was published
in the Official Journal of the European Communities.
Member States have 3 Years from 6 July 2002 to implement the Directive.
2006 - Introduction of New Irish Regulations to implement the
Physical Agents(Vibration) Directive 2002/44/EC.

Acceleration

Amplitude

Frequency

What is Vibration?

Vibration is
motion caused
by forces
applied onto
structures and
machines.

How Vibration Can Affect us?

Contact with Vibrating Machine:

Segmental Vibration
Segment of body such as handtransmitted vibration (known as hand-arm
vibration or HAV)

Vibration Exposure

Hand-Arm Vibration

Chain Saw, Chipping Hammer, Grinder, Jigsaw ..

Impact Drill, Grass Cutter, High Speed Cut.

10

 Segmental Vibration Exposure

- Vibration transmitted to a specific
part of the body, i.e. the hand, arm,
or leg.
- Caused by the use of vibrating handheld tools.
- Vibration which is transmitted from
the tool to the hands and arms of the
person holding the tool and this is
called Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV)

EFFECTS OF VIBRATION

11

WHEN IS IT HAZARDOUS?
Regular and frequent exposure to high levels of
vibration can lead to permanent injury. This is
most likely when contact with a vibrating tool or
process is a regular part of a persons job.

WHAT IS HAV?
HAV is vibration transmitted from work processes
into workers hands and arms. It can be caused by
operating hand-held power tools such as road
breakers, hand-guided equipment such as lawn
mowers, or by holding materials being processed
by machines such as pedestal grinders.

12

WHICH JOBS AND INDUSTRIES ARE MOST LIKELY TO BE

AFFECTED BY HAV?
Jobs requiring regular and frequent use of vibrating tools
and equipment are found in a wide range of industries, for
example:
Building and maintenance of roads and railways
Concrete products
Construction
Forestry
Foundries
Heavy engineering
Mines and quarries
Plate and sheet metal fabrication;
Public services
Public utilities
13

Chainsaws
Concrete breakers/road drills
Hammer drills
Hand-held grinders
Hand-held sanders
Pedestal grinders
Power hammers and chisels
Powered lawnmowers
Riveting hammers and bolsters
Strimmers/brush cutters
14

WHAT SORT OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT CAN CAUSE VIBRATION INJURY?

Whole body

Whole body
Hand-arm

Whole body
Hand-arm

Hand-arm

Hand-arm

Hand-arm

Whole body

Whole body
Hand-arm

Construction

Forestry

Furniture manufacture

Machine tools

Textile

Transportation

Mining

Type of Vibration

Agriculture

Industry

Vehicle operation
Rock drills

Vehicles

Sewing machines, Looms

Vibrating hand tools

Pneumatic chisels

Tractors
Chain saws

Heavy equipment vehicles

Pneumatic tools, Jackhammers

Tractors

15

Common Source of Vibration

jig saws

sanders

grinders

Moderate vibration

jack hammers

riveting or chipping
hammers

scalers

percussive tools

chain saws

carpet strippers

impact wrenches

High vibration

16

17

Various terms have been used to describe vibration-induced

vascular disorders:
-Vibration-induced dead or white finger.
- Raynaud's syndrome of occupational
origin.
Initially attacks of whitening or blanching of the fingers
involve the tips of one or more fingers, but, with continued
exposure to vibration, the blanching can extend to the base
of the fingers.

Vascular disorders

HEALTH RISKS, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

- Carpal-Tunnel Syndrome (CTS).

18

- Vibration-Induced White Fingers (VWF)

- Dead Fingers or Dead Hand.
- Raynaud's Disease.

Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)

Segmental Vibration Exposure

 VWF also known as "Dead Finger" or "Dead

Hand due to poor blood supply in the fingers,
caused by the prolonged use of vibrating
tools.
Harmful health effects of vibrating tools are
related to the length of time and the
frequency of the vibration (how fast the tool
goes back and forth).
The longer a person uses a vibrating tool, and
the faster the tool vibrates, the greater the
risk of health effects.

Vibration-induced White or Dead Finger, Raynaud's Disease

19

20

Vibration-induced White or Dead Finger, Raynaud's

Disease.

21

Workers exposed to hand-arm vibration may experience

tingling and numbness in their fingers and hands.
Temporary tingling or numbness during or soon after use of
a vibrating hand tool is not considered to be VWF, however
tingling and numbness in the fingers lasting more than an
hour after finishing work may indicate early stages of VWF.
If vibration exposure continues, these symptoms tend to
worsen. The affected worker can experience a complete loss
of touch sensation and manipulative skill, which can
interfere with work and life activity, thus increasing the risk
for injuries due to accidents.

Neurological disorders

22

exposure to vibration may complain of muscular weakness,

pain in the hands and arms, and diminished muscle strength.
Hardening of soft tissue at the sites of tendon attachment,
mostly at the elbow.

Musculoskeletal disorders

WHAT INJURIES CAN HAV CAUSE?

Regular exposure to HAV can cause a range of permanent
injuries to hands and arms including damage to the:
Blood circulatory system (e.g. vibration white finger)
Sensory nerves
Muscles
Bones
Joints

Hand Arm Vibration

Causes & Effects

23

Tingling and numbness in the fingers.

A loss of feeling in the fingers.
Loss of strength in the hands.
Painful and disabling disorders of the
blood vessels, nerves, joints and
muscles of the hands and arms.
The fingers turning white (only in the
tips at first) and becoming red and
painful on recovery.

Symptoms?

24

25

Grip forces - how hard the worker grasps the

vibrating equipment

Surface area, location, and mass of parts of

the hand in contact with the source of
vibration

Hardness of the material being contacted by

the hand-held tools, for example metal in
grinding and chipping

Position of the hand and arm relative to the

body

Texture of handle-soft and compliant versus

rigid material

Medical history of injury to fingers and hands,

particularly frostbite

Frequency of vibration

Duration of exposure each

workday

Years of employment involving

vibration exposure

State of tool maintenance

Protective practices and

equipment including gloves,
boots, work-rest periods.

Biodynamic Factors

Acceleration of vibration

Physical Factors

26

Disease or prior injury to the

fingers or hands

Smoking and use of drugs.

Exposure to other physical
and chemical agents.

Individual susceptibility to
vibration

Skill and productivity

Machine work rate

Operator's control of tool

Individual Factors

Factors that Influence the Effect of Vibration on the Hand

Grinder

Chain saw operator

Ship Yard worker

Foundry worker

Occupation

16.8
4

Blanching
Numbness

Blanching

9.1
12.0

Tingling
Numbness

13.7

1.8
2.2
2.0

Latency (years)

Tingling
Numbness
Blanching

Stage of VWF

diseases in different occupations

Average latent periods for vibrationvibration-induced

27

WHAT EFFECTS DO THESE INJURIES HAVE ON PEOPLE?

Painful finger blanching attacks (triggered by cold
or wet conditions)
Loss of sense of touch and temperature
Numbness and tingling
Loss of grip strength
Loss of manual dexterity
Unable to work in cold/wet conditions
Unable to do leisure activities such as fishing, golf,
swimming
Need to avoid further exposure to vibration, or
cold and wet conditions
Have difficulty handling tools and materials and
with tasks requiring fine finger manipulation
UK 36,000 people advanced stage, 228,000 with
condition

Hand Arm Vibration - Causes & Effects

28

29

Another health problem that linked to the use

of smaller hand-held vibrating tools.
Arise due to pressure on the median nerves.
The tissues around the median nerve swell and
press on the nerve.
Due to repetitive motion of the wrist or
fingers; using small vibrating hand tools like
pneumatic screwdrivers, computer keyboards,
cash register.
Forceful motion of the wrist; using a wrench,
forceful gripping, pinching or flexing with the
wrist bent upwards, downwards, or sideways.

Carpal-Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

 Affecting the hand

and wrist. The
carpal tunnel is a
space in the wrist
surrounded by wrist
bones and by a
rigid ligament that
links the bones
together.

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

30

The median nerve carries signals from the brain to

control the actions of the fingers and hand. The
thumb, index, middle and ring fingers are under the
control of the median nerve.
31

 Sensations of numbness,
tingling and pain in the
fingers .
Weakness and pain in
the hand and wrist.
This combination of
symptoms is called
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
CTS occurs in the
nerves of the hands
not the muscles..

Symptoms

32

33

Surgery may be required to release the compressed

median nerve. The open release procedure involves
simply cutting the transverse carpal ligament.

Treatment

Assess
Exposures

Identify
Sources

Implement
Controls

Risk Management Process

Monitor &
Evaluate

Hand Arm Vibration Management &

Control

34

 Prevent and/or control the risk

The level, type and duration of exposure

Any effects concerning the health and safety of workers at particularly
sensitive risk
Any indirect effects from interactions between vibration and the
workplace/other work equipment
Information provided by the manufacturers of work equipment
The existence of replacement equipment
Specific working conditions such as low temperatures
Appropriate information obtained from health surveillance

Identify those at risk from occupational vibration

Assess the risk involved:

Hand Arm Vibration Management & Control

35

Replace vibration mounts before they are worn out;

Ensure rotating parts are checked for balance and replace them if necessary;
Keep tools sharp.
Get advice from your trade association on best practice.
Get advice from the equipment manufacturer on safe use of the equipment.

36

Mechanise or automate the work or change the way of working

Ask the manufacturer to add anti-vibration mounts to isolate the operator from the vibration
source
Provide tool support to take the weight of the tool allowing the operator to reduce grip and
feed force
Introduce a purchasing policy specifying low vibration performance for new equipment

Look for alternative ways of working which eliminate the vibrating equipment altogether
Make sure your employees use the most appropriate equipment for each job
Minimise the time individuals use the equipment
Break up periods of continuous equipment use by individuals
Design the job so that poor posture is avoided.
Construct jigs to hold materials or tools.
Maintain tools to the manufacturers specifications to avoid worsening vibration for example:

WHAT CAN I DO TO CONTROL THE RISK?

 Workers can reduce the risk of hand-arm vibration syndrome

(HAVS) by following safe work practices:
Employ a minimum hand grip consistent with safe operation
of the tool or process.
Wear sufficient clothing, including gloves, to keep warm.
Avoid continuous exposure by taking rest periods.
Rest the tool on the work piece whenever practical.
Refrain from using faulty tools.
Maintain properly sharpened cutting tools.
Consult a doctor at the first sign of vibration disease and ask
about the possibility of changing to a job with less exposure

Hand Arm Vibration Management & Control

37

Employees should also have access to a proactive health surveillance

programme.

Potential sources of hand-arm vibration

The health effects of hand-arm vibration;
Risk factors (e.g. high levels of vibration, daily length/regularity of exposure);
How to recognise and report signs of injury;
Ways to minimise risk, including:
Changes to working practices to reduce vibration exposure;
Correct selection, use and maintenance of equipment;
How to use tools to reduce grip force, strain etc;
Maintenance of good blood circulation at work, eg by keeping warm,
exercising fingers and not smoking.

Employee Information and Training

Hand Arm Vibration Management & Control

38

Have your fingers gone white on exposure to cold?

Have you had any tingling or numbness in your fingers after using
vibrating equipment?
Are you experiencing any problems with muscles or joints in your
hands or arms?
Do you have any difficulty picking up small objects such as screws or
nails?
Is it difficult to tell if something is hot or cold to the touch?
If the answer to any of these questions is yes, assume that there
is a risk from HAV to your employees.You should refer the
employee to a doctor and take action to reduce exposure.

Regular Employees Checks:

Employees should also have access to a proactive health surveillance

programme.

Hand Arm Vibration Management & Control

39

Manufacturers vibration data needs careful interpretation

Tool & Machine Manufacturers are required by law to:

Design and construct equipment which will cause the minimum
risk of vibration injury;
Provide you with warning of any residual risks from vibration;
Provide you with information on vibration levels;
Provide you with instructions on how to use the equipment to
avoid risks from vibration.

Hand Arm Vibration Management & Control

40

Remote control vibratory plate

Operator vibration exposure - Zero

41

Machine-mounted pick replaces hand-operated breakers

Mechanisation removes the risk

42

Use hydraulic crushers instead of demolition

hammers

Demolition without vibration

43

The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application)

Regulations 2007 (S.I. No 299 of 2007) revoke and replace the
Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Control of Vibration)
Regulations 2006. Part 5 Chapter 2 of the 2007 Regulations
addresses Control of Vibration at Work.
EU Physical Agents (Vibration) Directive 2002/44/EC

The daily exposure limit value standardised to an eight-hour

reference period shall be 5 m/s 2.
The daily exposure action value standardised to an eight-hour
reference period shall be 2,5 m/s 2.

For Hand Arm Vibration:

Occupational Vibration
Control Standards

44

Evaluation of human exposure

to whole-body vibration
ISO 2631:1997

Human Response to Vibration

Measuring Instrumentation
ISO 8041:2005

Measurement and evaluation of human

exposure to hand-transmitted vibration
ISO 5349:2001

2002/44/EC

EC Vibration Protection Directive

Legislation and Standards

45

T0 is the reference duration of 8 hours

Te is the total duration of exposure during one work day

ahv is the total vibration value of the frequency weighted acceleration during the
exposure,
exposure, calculated on the basis of the standards ISO 5349 for hand-arm
vibration and ISO 2631 for whole-body vibration

where

For evaluation daily vibration exposure A(8) is used:

The directive defines minimum requirements for employers and manufacturers of

machines.

Since the implementation of the EC Vibration Protection Directive 2002/44/EC

there has been an obligation on companies throughout Europe to assess the
risks of jobs involving vibration.

EC Directive 2002/44/EC

46

Hand-Arm
HandVibration
2.5 m/s
5 m/s

A(8) limit values

Exposure Action
Value (EAV)

Exposure Limit
Value (ELV)

1.15 m/s

0.5 m/s

Whole-Body
WholeVibration

The directive lays down the following limit values

for the daily vibration exposure A(8):

EC Directive 2002/44/EC

47

48

In any event, workers shall not be exposed above the exposure limit value.
value. If this should
be the case, the employer shall take immediate action to reduce exposure below the
exposure limit value.

Once the exposure action value is exceeded, the employer shall establish and implement
a program of technical and and organizational measures intended to reduce to a
minimum exposure to mechanical vibration, taking into account in particular:
Other working methods that require less exposure to mechanical vibration
Appropriate work equipment of ergonomic design, producing the least possible
vibration
Provision of auxiliary equipment that reduces the risk of injuries, such as protective
gloves or special seats
Appropriate maintenance programs for work equipment
Design and layout of workplaces
Adequate information and training to instruct workers to use work equipment correctly
and safely
Limitation of the duration and intensity of the exposure
Work schedules with adequate rest periods
Provision of clothing to protect workers from cold and damp

EC Directive 2002/44/EC

49

Measurement is the interval RMS of frequency

frequency--weighted acceleration
in m/s

In the case of machines which need to be held with both hands,

measurements must be made on each hand. The exposure is
determined by reference to the higher value of the two

The sensor should be mounted as close as possible to the center of

the handle without affecting normal use of the machine

The sensor must be capable of measuring the highest peak

acceleration magnitudes

Vibration should be measured in three orthogonal directions

simultaneously

The used measuring equipment must conform to ISO 8041

General Requirements:

Hand--Arm Vibration Standard ISO 5349

Hand

The weighting filter Wh represents the relative health

risk of certain vibration frequencies for the handhand-arm
system

Weighting Filter:

Hand--Arm Vibration Standard ISO 5349

Hand

50

is the duration of measurement i

ti

51

The measuring time shall be sufficiently long to provide representative

values for a machine or activity. The duration of one measurement should be
more than 8 seconds. The total measuring time should be at least 1 minute.

is the number of measurements

ahwi is the interval RMS of measurement i

where

To minimize variation, vibration should be measured, if possible, several

times during a work day and averaged:

Interval RMS:
Interval RMS values awx, awy and awz should be measured and reported for X,
Y and Z separately

Hand--Arm Vibration Standard ISO 5349

Hand

where
awmeas is the measured RMS value

for three similar axes

for one dominating axis

In certain cases it may be not possible or not necessary to measure the

RMS in three axes for the calculation of ahv. The results of uniaxial
measurements must be multiplied with a correction factor. The factor can
vary from 1.0, if there is only one dominating axis, to 1.7, if all three axes
have similar values:

52

Total Vibration Value:

Evaluation is performed on the basis of Total Vibration Value ahv, which is
the square root of the sum of the squares (vector sum) of the interval RMS
values awx, awy and awz:

Hand--Arm Vibration Standard ISO 5349

Hand

is the total duration of exposure during one work day

is the reference duration of 8 hours

Te

T0

ahv is the total vibration value of the frequency weighted acceleration

during the exposure

where

53

Daily Exposure:
The health risk depends on the duration of vibration exposure during a work
day
Daily exposure A(8) is the equivalent continuous acceleration over an eighteighthour work period. For the determination of A(8) it is not necessary to
measure over eight hours. It is sufficient to make shortshort-term measurements
during representative work steps. The results are normalized to eight hours.
Daily exposure is calculated as follows:

Hand--Arm Vibration Standard ISO 5349

Hand

is the duration of activity i

Ti

To compare the contributions of different activities, it may be useful to

calculate partial exposure values:

is the number of activities

54

ahvi is the total vibration value of the frequency weighted acceleration of

activity i

where

Combined Daily Exposure:

If a daily exposure consists of more than one activity with different vibration
magnitudes, daily exposure is calculated:

Hand--Arm Vibration Standard ISO 5349

Hand

Measuring Report:
The result of measurements to ISO 5349 shall be a report including the
following data:
Names of company / contractor and operating person
Purpose of measurement
Date
Location
Temperature, humidity, noise
Description of activities
Work procedure (working time, interruptions, breaks)
Tested equipment (model, serial no., condition, age, weight, rotary speed,
handle type), tools and work pieces
Measuring equipment (type, serial no., calibration date, function chaeck
Sensor positions and directions, mounting method
Measured interval RMS in X / Y / Z direction for each activity
Total vibration value Ahv for each activity
Duration Ti of each activity for one work day
Daily vibration exposure A(8)
Partial Daily vibration exposure Ai (8), if measured

Hand--Arm Vibration Standard ISO 5349

Hand

55

56

It is recommended to perform a function check of the

sensor and the measuring instrument before and after each
measurement by means of a vibration calibrator
Calibration should be performed in regular intervals, e.g.
after 2 years, in order to check that the equipment is within
the specification to ISO 8041

Function Check and Calibration:

Hand--Arm Vibration Standard ISO 5349

Hand

Chipping hammer
Steering wheel

57

Grinding machine

More examples of measuring points can be found in ISO 8662 for various handheld machines, ISO 7505 for chain saws and ISO 7916 for portable brush saws.

Straight handle

Chain saw

Angle grinder

Practical sensor locations for various machine tools:

Hand--Arm Vibration Standard ISO 5349

Hand

 Vibration is defined by its magnitude and frequency.

The magnitude of vibration could be expressed as the
vibration displacement (in meters), the vibration
velocity (in meters per second) or the vibration
acceleration (in meters per second per second or m/s).
Most vibration transducers produce an output that is
related to acceleration; so acceleration has
traditionally been used to describe vibration.

Vibration Measurements

58

Vibration Must Be Measured In Three Axes

59

60

The value used for assessment of exposure is the

vibration total value, which combines the three ahw
values for the axes x, y and z, using:

Vibration parameters for exposure

assessment

44.8
128.0
256.0

8 hr

1 hr

15 minutes

32.0

16.0

5.6

4 years

8.0

4.0

1.4

61

16 years

Limits in m/s2 which may expect to result in finger blanching

in 10% of persons

BS 6842: 1987

6 months

Daily
Exposure

White Fingers Criteria

62

ACGIH is used as the main guidance in reducing the risk of Vibration

White Finger in the United States (USA). The standard is used to indicate
a range of safe exposure period in hours per day for machine operators
exposed to vibration.

The Standard American Conference of Goverment Industrial

Hygienists (ACGIH)

ISO 5349 Standard

63

 a daily exposure action value (EAV) of 2.5

m/s
a daily exposure limit value (ELV) of 5 m/s.

Requires the implementation of national

legislation to the member states of the
European Union started by 6th July 2005 which
workers must not be exposed to:

Vibration Directive

64

65

The exposure action value (EAV) is a daily amount of

vibration exposure above which employers are required to
take action to control exposure. For hand-arm vibration the
EAV is a daily exposure of 2.5 m/s2 A(8)- standardized to an
eight-hour reference period.
The exposure limit value (ELV) is the maximum amount of
vibration an employee may be exposed to on any single day.
For hand-arm vibration the ELV is a daily exposure of 5 m/s2
A(8)- standardized to an eight-hour reference period. It
represents a high risk above which employees should not be
exposed.

EAV & ELV

Exposure Action Value (EAV) and

Value (ELV)

Exposure Limit

66

where ahv is the vibration magnitude (in m/s), T is

the daily duration of exposure to the vibration
magnitude ahv and T0 is the reference duration of
eight hours.

The daily vibration exposure, A(8), for a worker

carrying out one process or operating one tool can
be calculated from a magnitude and exposure time,
using the equation:

Where just one machine is used

67

68

where A1(8), A2(8), A3(8), etc. are the partial

vibration exposure values for the different vibration
sources.

The overall daily vibration exposure can be

calculated from the partial vibration exposure
values, using:

Where more than one machine is used

Exposure Daily Graph

Exposure Daily Nomogram

Daily Vibration Exposure

69

All values are

exposure points
Colours show
exposures re.
EAV & ELV

UK HSE (Health Safety and Environment) HAV Exposure

Ready-Reckoner

70

The Regulations include requirements for an employer to:

Assess the vibration risk to their employees;
Decide if they are exposed above the daily exposure limit value (ELV); and if
so take immediate action to reduce their exposure below the ELV;
Decide if they are exposed above the daily exposure action value (EAV) and
if so - introduce a programme of controls to eliminate or reduce their daily
exposure so far as is reasonably practicable;
Provide appropriate health surveillance to employees who continue to be
exposed above the EAV;
Provide information and training to employees on health risks and controls
to employees at risk;
Keep a record of their risk assessment and control actions;
Review and update their risk assessment regularly.

The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations

2007, revoke and replace the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Control of
Vibration) Regulations 2006. Part 5 Chapter 2 of the 2007 Regulations
specifically addresses Control of Vibration at Work.

Occupational Vibration Legal Aspects

71

Pedestrian Vibratory Roller

16m/s2: 30 minutes use before exceeding EAV

72

73

HAVS is preventable, but once the damage is done it is permanent.

HAVS is serious and disabling.
Damage from HAVS can include the inability to do fine work and cold can trigger
painful finger blanching attacks.
The costs to employees and to employers of inaction could be high.
There are simple and cost-effective ways to eliminate risk of HAVS.
The 2007 Regulations focus on the elimination or control of vibration exposure.
The long-term aim is to prevent new cases of HAVS occuring and enable workers to
remain at work without disability.
The most efficient and effective way of controlling exposure to hand-arm vibration
is to look for new or alternative work methods which eliminate or reduce
exposure to vibration.
Health surveillance is vital to detect and respond to early signs of damage.

HAV Key Messages

HAV Legislation in Malaysia

- Industries / Govt and Private Sectors /
Individuals etc.
- Refer to available stds
- This legislation to be applied in Malaysia.
- Attach all the stds choosen.

Assignment 1

74