Theadulthumanbrainweighsbetween1200to1500gandcontainsaboutonetrillioncellsMidBrain

Activation.7FisasectionthatshowsthemainMidbrainnucleiwhichincludethetectumthe
periaqueductalgraytherednucleisubstantianigraandthecerebralpeduncles.Theinferiorcolliculus
consistsofacompactnucleusofgraysubstancecontaininglargeandsmallmultipolarnervecellsand
moreorlesscompletelysurroundedbywhitefibersderivedfromthelaterallemniscusMidBrain
Activation.Thebaseofthemedullaisformedbythepyramidaldescendingfibersfromthecerebral
cortex.TheMidbrainalsocalledthemesencephalonisasmallregionofthebrainthatservesasa
relaycenterforvisualauditoryandmotorsysteminformation.Themediallemniscusormedialfillet.
Theinsulaliesinthedepthsofthelateralsulcus.Thebrainandthespinalcordariseinearly
developmentfromtheneuraltubewhichexpandsinthefrontoftheembryotoformthethreeprimary
braindivisions:theprosencephalonmesencephalonandrhombencephalon.Thesefibersfromthe
superiorcolliculusprobablypassintotheventrallongitudinalbundle.Thisisduetoextrapyramidal
nonvolitionalcontrol.
ThePNSincludes31pairsofspinalnerves12pairsofcranialnervestheautonomicnervoussystem
andthegangliaassociatedwiththem.Ithasatriangularcorticalareawithgyriandsulci.Blood
vesselslocatedonthesurfaceofthebrainandthespinalcordarefoundontopofthepiamatter.The
twohemispheresaredividedbythelongitudinalcerebralfissureandconnectedbyamassivebundle
offiberscalledthecorpuscallosum.Themesencephalonmetencephalonandthemyelencephalon
comprisethebrainstem.TheCSFisproducedbythechoroidplexuswhichiscomposedofa
specializedsecretoryependymallayerlocatedintheventricularsystem.Therednucleusissituatedin
theanteriorpartofthetegmentumandiscontinuedupwardintotheposteriorpartofthesubthalamic
region.Typicallyaspartofthelowerbraincentresthemidbrainisnotsubjecttoanseparate
consciousawareness.Theconnectionsofthecellsofthesubstantianigrahavenotbeendefinitely
establishedMidBrainActivationForAdults.Sixcorticallobes:DorsalviewLateralviewMid
sagittalsectionshowingthelimbiclobeandHorizontalsectionshowingtheinsularcortex.
Insomecasesadevicecanbeplacedinthebraintostimulatetheareasrelatedtomovementandhelp
controlsymptomsbutthisisusuallyonlyrecommendedforpatientswhodontrespondtomedications.
Wearegoingtobreaktheforebraindownintothreeparts.Itiscontinuouswiththespinalcordjust
abovetoforamenmagnumandthefirstspinalnerve.The12cranialnervesenterthebraindirectlyand
arenotconnectedtothespinalcordMidBrainActivationForAdults.Fromanevolutionary
perspectivethehindbrainistheoldestpartofourbrainandislocateddeepwithinourheadandontop
ofourspinalcordMidBrainActivationForAdults.Ventriclesarefluidfilledcavitiesinthebrain
therearefourofthem.Thebackareasofthefrontallobespecializeinmotorfunctionsincluding
languageandvoluntarymovementthefrontareasareinvolvedinlearningplanningandotherhigher
psychologicalprocesseslikeourpersonalityandbehaviour.Itisinvolvedinmemoryattention
languagethinkingandvoluntarymovement.Itislinedbyciliatedcolumnarepitheliumandis
surroundedbyalayerofgraysubstancenamedthecentralgraystratum:thisiscontinuousbelowwith
thegraysubstanceintherhomboidfossaandabovewiththatofthethirdventricle.Theanteriorwhite
commissurejoinsthetwohalvesofthespinalcordandislocatedventraltotheintermediategray.
MedullaOblongata.Theefferentprojectionsincludecorticobulbarcortextobrainstemandcortico
spinalcortextospinalcordaxons.ThePNScomponentofthesomaticsystemincludesthesensory
receptorsandtheneuronsinnervatingthemandtheirnervefibersenteringthespinalcordMidBrain
ActivationForAdults.Thelimbiclobeconsistsofseveralcorticalandsubcorticalareas.Thebrain
isthecontrolcenterofthebodyandcontainsbillionsofnervecells.TheMidbrainevolvedafterthe
hindbrainandisthesecondstructuretodevelopprenatally.Thesecontrolcentersrelaythe
informationtheyreceivetothethalamuswhichinturnsendsittothecerebralcortexMidBrain
Activation.Schemeshowingthecourseofthefibersofthelemniscusmediallemniscusinblue
lateralinred.Bothofthesecranialnervesprovideinnervationformotormovementsoftheeyes.
Therearesubcorticalareasinthetelencephalonlikethebasalgangliaandtheamygdaloidnucleus
complexMidBrainActivationForAdults.

Hippocampus:Thehippocampusisinvolvedinmemoryprocessing.Thepostcentralgyrusis
immediatelybehindthecentralsulcuswhichformsitsanteriorboundary.Parkinsonsdiseaseisoneof
themostcommondisordersoftheMidbrainMidBrainActivationForAdults.Thelargestand
mostobviouspartsofthehumanbrainarethecerebralhemispheres.TheCerebellumislocatedatthe
bottomrearorourbrainandlookslikealittleversionofourwholebrainlikeminime.Themotor
systemconsistsofmotorunitsandthesomaticsystemthespinalreflexesthevisceralsystemthe
cerebellumseveralsubcorticalandcorticalsitesaswellasthebrainstemocularmotorcontrolsystem.
Theautonomicnervoussystem.Intheponsitassumesaflattenedribbonlikeappearanceandis
placeddorsaltothetrapezium.Thesubstantianigraplaysanimportantroleinmovementlearningand
addiction.Itcontainstheoriginsoftheninthtentheleventhandtwelfthcranialnerves.
Theparietallobeiscomprisedofthreegyri:postcentralgyrussuperiorandinferiorparietalgyri.
Damagetotheparietallobecanresultinproblemswithverbalmemoryanimpairedabilitytocontrol
eyegazeandproblemswithlanguage.Theinferiorpartofthetemporallobeisinvolvedinvisualand
cognitiveprocessing.Mostofthesefibersendinthegraynucleusofthesamesidebutsomecrossthe
middlelineandendinthatoftheoppositeside.Scatteredthroughoutthecentralgraystratumare
numerousnervecellsofvarioussizesinterlacedbyanetworkoffinefibersMidBrainActivation
ForAdults.Theparsreticulateservesastheoutputportionofthecircuitandtransmitssignalsfrom
thebasalgangliatotherestofthebrain.Asinthespinalcordsectionthefibertractstheinferior
cerebellarpeduncleandpyramidsappearlightinthissectionwhereasthenucleiintheinferiorolivary
complexappeardark.Theoxygensupplyforthebraincomesfrom4majorarteriestwovertebral
arteriesandtwocarotidarteries.Thecerebralcortexiswhatweseewhenwelookatthebrain.It
housesthenervecenterthatcontrolssensorymotoractivitiesandintelligence.
Damagetothehippocampusisassociatedwithdeficitsindeclarativememorybutnotprocedural
memoryMidBrainActivationForAdults.Thisisasixlayeredstructureofthecerebralcortex
whichisonlyfoundinmammals.Thissystemcontainsthethalamushypothalamusamygdalaand
hippocampus.Thecerebellumiscomprisedofsmalllobesandreceivesinformationfromthebalance
systemoftheinnerearsensorynervesandtheauditoryandvisualsystemsMidBrainActivation.
Otherstructuresintheponscontrolsleepandexcitement.Theventralsurfaceofeachpeduncleis
crossedfromthemedialtothelateralsidebythesuperiorcerebellarandposteriorcerebralarteriesits
lateralsurfaceisinrelationtothegyrushippocampiofthecerebralhemisphereandiscrossedfrom
behindforwardbythetrochlearnerve.Themedullaoblongatacontrolsheartrateandisalsoinvolved
inthecontrolofbreathingswallowinganddigestion.Thetermscaudalandposteriorrefertoa
directiontowardsthebuttockstail.WhenviewedincrosssectiontheMidbraincanbedividedinto
threeportions:Sittingposteriorlythetectumiscomposedofthetectalquadrigeminalplate
andsuperiorandinferiorcolliculi.TheCerebellum:Thecerebellumorlittlebrainissimilartothe
cerebruminthatithastwohemispheresandhasahighlyfoldedsurfaceorcortex.