Scatteredthroughoutthecentralgraystratumarenumerousnervecellsofvarioussizesinterlacedbya

networkoffinefibersMidBrainActivation.Therearesubcorticalareasinthetelencephalonlike
thebasalgangliaandtheamygdaloidnucleuscomplex.Serotoninissaidtobeverycloselyrelatedto
theevolutionofspeciesandhasthecapacitytoincreasetheintelligenceoftherightbrain.The
neuronsinturnprojecttothecellsoftheparsreticulatewhichbyprojectingfibrestothethalamusare
partoftheoutputsystemofthecorpusstriatum.Thecorpuscallosumisdividedintorostrumbodythe
mostrostrallypartisthegenuwithconnectingtherostrumandthebodyandthespleniumatthe
caudalextremity.Parkinsonsdiseaseiscausedbythedeathofdopaminergicneuronsinthepars
compacta.Thecorpuscallosumisabundleofaxonswhichconnectsthesetwohemispheres.Inorder
toawakenthispartofthebrainitisnecessarytostimulateahormonaldischargebysendingaspecial
vibration.Thisareaofthebrainreceivesinformationfromvariouslobesofthebrainandutilizesthis
informationtocarryoutbodymovements.Withinthisregionistherednucleuswhichisinvolvedin
motorcoordinationandthesubstantianigrathebrainslargestdopamineproducingcenter.
Thesuperiorcolliculusiscoveredbyathinstratumofwhitefibersthemajorityofwhicharederived
fromtheoptictractMidBrainActivation.MedullaOblongata.Damagetothetemporallobecan
leadtoproblemswithmemoryspeechperceptionandlanguageskills.Themetencephalonincludesthe
ponsandthecerebellum.Motortractsincludingthefibersofthepyramidalsystempassdownwardon
theMidbrainsanteriorsurface.Thedeephumanconsciousnesscontrolstheinterbrain.Thebasal
gangliaisfoundinthewhitematter.TheVentraltegmentalareaorventraltegmentumisagroupof
dopaminergiccellsthataretheoriginofthemesolimbicdopaminepathwaythatishighlysignificant
inrewardandsensationsofpleasure.Thetemporallobeisformedbythreeobliquelyorientedgyri:
thesuperiormiddleandinferiortemporalgyri.ThePNScomponentofthesomaticsystemincludes
thesensoryreceptorsandtheneuronsinnervatingthemandtheirnervefibersenteringthespinalcord.
CoronalSectionthroughtheMidbrainDiencephalonJunction.Theyemergefromtheuppersurfaceof
theponsoneoneithersideofthemiddlelineanddivergingastheypassupwardandforward
disappearintothesubstanceofthecerebralhemispheresMidBrainActivation.Thecerebellumis
involvedinmovementandcoordinationwalkingposturereflexeseyeandheadmovement.Spinal
AccessoryNerveXIisresponsibleforshruggingtheshouldersandrotatingtheheadHypoglossal
NerveXIIisresponsiblefornormalspeechandswallowingAsaresultofTBItherecanbeinjuriesto
anypartofthebrainandcranialnervesaswellasmolecularandcellularchangesalteredcerebral
hemodynamicscerebraledemacerebralischemiaincreasedICPandpotentialforherniationwhichcan
causesecondaryneuronaldemise.Amygdala:Theamygdalahandlessomememoryprocessingbutfor
themostparthandlesbasicemotionslikeangerandjealousy.Themesencephalonisthemostsuperior
partofthebrainstem.Whitenervefibersunderneathcarrysignalsbetweenthenervecellsandother
partsofthebrainandbody.Therednucleusisinvolvedinmotorcoordinationparticularlythe
shoulderandupperarm.Severalpathwaysconnectthebrainstemtothelowermotorcentersinthe
spinalcordandthehigheronesintheforebrain.Thetemporopontinefibersarelateraltothe
cerebrospinalfiberstheyoriginateinthetemporallobeandendinthenucleipontis.
Italsointerpretssizeshapedistancevibrationsandtexture.Itsspinalportionislocatedintheanterior
funiculusandisknownasthevestibulospinalfasciculus.Itreceivesfibersfromtheoppositeterminal
sensorynucleiofthevagusglossopharyngealfacialtrigeminalandprobablythevestibularnerves.
Theythenpassintheinterolivarystratumupwardthroughthemedullaoblongatainwhichtheyare
situatedbehindthecerebrospinalfibersandbetweentheolives.TheCerebrum:Thecerebrumor
cortexisthelargestpartofthehumanbrainassociatedwithhigherbrainfunctionsuchasthoughtand
action.Lastlythehippocampusplaysanimportantroleinmemoryformation.Themetencephalonand
myelencephalontogethercomposetherhombencephalonwhichdividesintoponsandmedulla
oblongata.Thecerebellumisconstantlyreceivingupdatesaboutthebodyspositionandmovement.It
consistsoftheamygdalatheseptumandthehippocampusMidBrainActivationForAdults.The
descendingreticularformationisinvolvedinpostureandequilibriumaswellasautonomicnervous
systemactivity.

Themediallemniscusmaybeconsideredastheupwardcontinuationoftheposteriorfuniculusofthe
spinalcordandtoconveyconsciousimpulsesofmusclesenseandtactilediscriminationMidBrain
Activation.TheCSFservestosupporttheCNSandtocushionaswellasprotectitfromphysical
shockandtrauma.Oculomotornervewith8itsnucleusoforiginMidBrainActivation.BrainStem:
Underneaththelimbicsystemisthebrainstem.Ifsomeonehocksalugiatyourheadandyouwatch
thegoobertravelthroughtheairandtracktheincomingwithyoureyesatitracesatyourheadyouare
usingyourvisionandeyeandneckmusclestogether.Theadulthumanbrainweighsbetween1200to
1500gandcontainsaboutonetrillioncells.Thecerebralhemispheresarepartiallyseparatefromeach
otheralongthemidlinebytheinterhemisphericfissurethefalxcerebriPosteriorlythereisa
transversefissurethatseparatesthecerebralhemispherefromthecerebellumandcontainsthe
tentoriumcerebellum.Theefferentprojectionsincludecorticobulbarcortextobrainstemandcortico
spinalcortextospinalcordaxons.Onceyoulearnhowtoaccesstheinterbrainyoucanbecomea
superhuman.TheprimaryfunctionoftheANSistoregulateandcontrolunconsciousnessfunctions
includingvisceralsmoothmusclecardiacmusclevesselsandglandularfunction.
ThetectumisinthedorsalpartoftheMidbrain.TheMidbraincontainsanumberofstructures
includingthesuperiorcolliculiwhichisinvolvedinvisiontheinferiorcolliculiwhichareinvolvedin
hearingandthegreymatterrednucleussubstantianigraandventralregionwhichareallimportant
forthecontrolofmovement.Dorsallyitispartlyseparatedfromthegraysubstanceofthe
quadrigeminalbodiesbythefibersofthelemniscusventraltoitarethemediallongitudinal
fasciculusandtheformatioreticularisofthetegmentum.Projectionsfromtheaxonsofthesepontine
neuronsformlargetransversefiberbundlesthattraversetheponsandascendtothecontralateral
cerebellumviathemiddlecerebellarpeduncles.TherednucleusandsubstantianigraoftheMidbrain
haveconnectionswiththebasalganglia.Itisessentiallyarelaystationtakinginsensoryinformation
andthenpassingitontothecerebralcortex.Themyelencephalonincludestheopenandclosed
medullasensoryandmotornucleiprojectionofsensoryandmotorpathwaysandsomecranialnerve
nuclei.TheMidbrainalsocalledthemesencephalonisasmallregionofthebrainthatservesasa
relaycentreforvisualauditoryandmotorsysteminformation.Therepresentativesectionsare
transversesectionsthroughthespinalcordandbrainstemandcoronalsectionsthroughthe
telencephalonanddiencephalon.Otherareasofthebrainalsoaffectmemory.
ThenucleiofcranialnervesVandVIarelocatedinthepons.Theinsulaliesinthedepthsofthe
lateralsulcus.Thissystemisaninterconnectedseriesofspaceswithinthebrainwhichcontainsthe
CSF.7Aillustratesasectiontakenatthelevelofthethoracicspinalcord.Thelargestareaofthe
brainisthecerebrumwhichconsistsoftheleftandrightcerebralhemispheres.Theinsulalobeis
locateddeepinsidethelateralfissureandcanbeseenonlywhenthetemporalandthefrontallobesare
separated.Theuppersurfaceofthesuperiortemporalgyruswhichextendsintothelateralfissureis
calledthetransversetemporalgyrusandistheprimaryauditorycortex.Itislocatedbehindandbelow
thecerebrumandatthebackofthebrainstemandattachedtotheMidbrain.Itisthoughtthatthe
neocortexisarecentlyevolvedstructureandisassociatedwithhigherinformationprocessingbymore
fullyevolvedanimalssuchashumansprimatesdolphinsetc.Insteadthegoalofthisbraintouristo
familiarizeyouwithmajorbrainstructuresandtheirfunctions.