Tunablemetamaterials

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Atunablemetamaterialisametamaterialwithavariableresponsetoanincidentelectromagnetic
wave.Thisincludesremotelycontrollinghowanincidentelectromagneticwave(EMwave)interacts
withametamaterial.ThismeansthecapabilititytodeterminewhethertheEMwaveistransmitted,
reflected,orabsorbed.Ingeneral,thelatticestructureofthetunablemetamaterialisadjustableinreal
time,makingitpossibletoreconfigureametamaterialdeviceduringoperation.Itencompasses
developmentsbeyondthebandwidthlimitationsinlefthandedmaterialsbyconstructingvarioustypesof
metamaterials.Theongoingresearchinthisdomainincludeselectromagneticbandgapmetamaterials
(EBG),alsoknownasphotonicbandgap(PBG),andnegativerefractiveindexmaterial(NIM).[1][2][3]

Contents
1Overview
2Tuningstrategiesforsplitringresonators
2.1Singleelementcontrol
2.2Multielementcontrol
2.3Electricaltuning
2.4Magnetostaticcontrol
2.5Opticalpumping
3TunableNIMsusingferritematerial
3.1Metamaterialphaseshifter
4Liquidcrystaltuningformetamaterials
4.1Liquidcrystalmetamaterialtunableinthenearinfrared
4.2Tunabilityofwiregridmetamaterialimmersedintonematicliquidcrystal
4.3TuninigNIMswithliquidcrystals
4.4Liquidcrystaltuningofsilicononringresonators
5Structuraltunabilityinmetamaterials
6Hybridmetamaterialcomposites
7Tunablespectralrangeviaelectricfieldcontrol
8Frequencyselectivesurfacebasedmetamaterials
8.1ArtificialmagneticconductorsandHighimpedancesurfaces
8.2Description
8.3AMCasanFSSbandgap
9Uniplanarcompactphotonicbandgap
10Seealso
11Notes
12References
13Externallinks

Overview
Sincenaturalmaterialsexhibitveryweakcouplingthroughthemagneticcomponentofthe
electromagneticwave,artificialmaterialsthatexhibitastrongmagneticcouplingarebeingresearched
andfabricated.Theseartificialmaterialsareknownasmetamaterials.Thefirstofthesewerefabricated
(inthelab)withaninherent,limited,responsetoonlyanarrowfrequencybandatanygiventime.Its
mainpurposewastopracticallydemonstratemetamaterials.Theresonantnatureofmetamaterialsresults
infrequencydispersionandnarrowbandwidthoperationwherethecenterfrequencyisfixedbythe
geometryanddimensionsoftherudimentaryelementscomprisingthemetamaterialcomposite.These
werefollowedbydemonstrationsofmetamaterialsthatweretunableonlybychangingthegeometry
and/orpositionoftheircomponents.Thesehavebeenfollowedbymetamaterialsthataretunablein
widerfrequencyrangesalongwithstrategiesforvaryingthefrequenciesofasinglemedium
(metamaterial).Thisisincontrasttothefixedfrequencymetamaterial,whichisdeterminedbythe
imbuedparametersduringfabrication.[3][4]

Tuningstrategiesforsplitringresonators
Metamaterialbaseddevicescouldcometoincludefilters,modulators,amplifiers,transistors,and
resonators,amongothers.Theusefulnessofsuchadevicecouldbeextendedtremendouslyifthe
metamaterialsresponsecharacteristicscanbedynamicallytuned.Controloftheeffective
electromagneticparametersofametamaterialispossiblethroughexternallytunablecomponents.

Singleelementcontrol
Studieshaveexaminedtheabilitytocontroltheresponseofindividualparticlesusingtunabledevices
suchasvaractordiodes,semiconductormaterials,andbariumstrontiumtitanate(BST)thinfilms.[5]
Forexample,H.T.Chen,in2008,wereabletofabricatearepeatingSRRcellwithsemiconductor
materialaligningthegaps.Thisinitialstepinmetamaterialresearchexpandedthespectralrangeof
operationforagiven,specific,metamaterialdevice.Alsothisopenedthedoorforimplementingnew
deviceconcepts.Theimportanceofincorporatingthesemiconductormaterialthiswayisnotedbecause
ofthehigherfrequencyrangesatwhichthismetamaterialoperates.Itissuitableatterahertz(THz)and
higherfrequencies,wheretheentiremetamaterialcompositemayhavemorethan104unitcells,along
withbulkverticalintegrationofthetuningelements.Stragtegiesemployedfortuningatlower
frequencieswouldnotbepossiblebecauseofthenumberofunitcellsinvolved.Thesemiconductor
material,suchassilicon,iscontrolledbyphotoexcitation.Thisinturncontrols,oralters,theeffective
sizeofthecapacitorandtunesthecapacitance.Thewholestructureisnotjustsemiconductormaterial.
Thiswastermeda'hybrid',becausethesemiconductormaterialwasfusedwithdielectricmateriala
silicononsapphire(SOS)wafer.Waferswerethenstackedfabricatingawholestructure.[6]A.Degiron
etal.,appeartohaveusedasimilarstrategyin2007.[note1]

Multielementcontrol
AmultielementtunablemagneticmediumwasreportedbyZhaoetal.ThisstructureimmersedSRRsin
liquidcrystals,andachieveda2%tunablerange.[note2]

BSTloadedSRRscomprisingtunablemetamaterial,encapsulatesallofthetunabilitywithintheSRR
circuit.[5]
Inasectionbelow,aresearchteamreportedatunablenegativeindexmediumusingcopperwiresand
ferritesheets.Thenegativepermeabilitybehaviorappearstobedependentonthelocationand
bandwidthoftheferrimagneticresonance,abreakfromwhollynonmagneticmaterials,whichproduces
anotablenegativeindexband.Interestingly,acoilorpermanentmagneticisneededtosupplythe
magneticfieldbiasfortuning.

Electricaltuning
Electricaltuningfortunablemetamaterials.[6]

Magnetostaticcontrol
Magnetostaticcontrolfortunablemetamaterials.[6]

Opticalpumping
Opticalpumpingfortunablemetamaterials.[6]

TunableNIMsusingferritematerial
TheYIGfilmallowedforacontinuouslytunablenegativepermeability,whichresultedinatunable
frequencyrangeoverthehigherfrequencysideoftheferromagneticresonanceofthe(YIG).
Complementarynegativepermittivityisachievedusingasingleperiodicarrayofcopperwires.Eight
wireswerespaced1mmapartandaferromagneticfilmofamultilayeredYIGat400mmthicknesswas
placedinaKbandwaveguide.TheYIGfilmwasappliedtobothsidesofagadoliniumgalliumgarnet
substrateof0.5mmthickness.FerromagneticresonancewasinducedwhentheexternalHmagneticfield
wasappliedalongtheXaxis.[3]
Theexternalmagneticfieldwasgeneratedwithanelectromagnet.PairsofEHtunerswereconnected
beforeandafterthewaveguidecontainingtheNIMcomposite.Thetunabilitywasdemonstratedfrom18
to23GHz.Theoreticalanalysis,whichfollowed,closelymatchedtheexperimentalresults.[3]
AnairgapwasbuiltintothestructurebetweenthearrayofcopperwiresandtheYIG.Thisreduces
couplingwiththeferrite,YIGmaterial.Whennegativepermeabilityisachievedacrossarangeof
frequencies,theinteractionoftheferritewiththewiresincloseproximity,reducesthenetcurrentflow
inthewires.Thisisthesameasmovingtowardpositivepermittivity.Thiswouldbeanundesiredresult
asthematerialwouldnolongerbeaNIM.Theseparationalsoreducestheeffectivelossofthe
dielectric,inducedbytheinteractionofthewire'sselffieldwithpermeability.Furthermore,thereare
twosourcesofconductioninthecopperwire.First,theelectricfieldina(microwave)waveguidecreates
acurrentinthewire.Second,anyarbitrarymagneticfieldcreatedbytheferritewhenitmovesintoa
perpendicularconfigurationinducesacurrent.Additionally,atfrequencieswhereisnegative,the
inducedmicrowavemagneticfieldisoppositetothefieldexcitedinaTE10modeofpropagationina
waveguide.Hence,theinducedcurrentisoppositetothecurrentresultingfromtheelectricfieldina
waveguide.[3]

Metamaterialphaseshifter

Inaerospaceapplications(forexample)negativeindexmetamaterialsarelikelycandidatesfortunable,
compactandlightweightphaseshifters.Becausethedesignatedmetamaterialscanhandlethe
appropriatepowerlevels,havestrongdispersioncharacteristics,andaretunableinthemicrowaverange
theseshowpotentialtobedesirablephaseshifters.[7]
TheYIGnegativeindexmetamaterialisacompositewhichactuallyutilizesferritematerial.Asa
metamaterial,theferriteproducesaresonant,(real)magneticpermeability'thatislargeenoughtobe
comparabletotheconventionalferritephaseshifter.TheadvantageofusingaferriteNIMmaterialfor
phaseshifterapplicationisthatitallowsuseofaferriteinthenegativemagneticpermeabilityregion
neartheFMR(ferromagneticresonancefrequency)whenisrelativelyhighandstillmaintainslow
losses.NeartheFMRfrequency,themagnitudeof'islargerthanthatatfrequenciesawayfromit.
AssumingthelossfactortobeaboutthesamefortheNIMandtheconventionalferritephaseshifter,we
wouldexpectamuchimprovedperformanceusingtheNIMcomposite,sincethephaseshiftswouldbe
significantlyhigherowingtohigherdifferential'.[7]

Liquidcrystaltuningformetamaterials
Liquidcrystalmetamaterialtunableinthenearinfrared
Tuninginthenearinfraredrangeisaccomplishedbyadjustingthepermittivityofanattachednematic
liquidcrystal.Theliquidcrystalmaterialappearstobeusedasbothasubstrateandajacketfora
negativeindexmetamaterial.Themetamaterialcanbetunedfromnegativeindexvalues,tozeroindex,
topositiveindexvalues.Inaddition,negativeindexvaluescanbeincreasedordecreasedbythis
method.[8][9]

Tunabilityofwiregridmetamaterialimmersedintonematicliquidcrystal
Subwavelengthmetalarrays,essentiallyanotherformofmetamaterial,usuallyoperateinthe
microwaveandopticalfrequencies.Aliquidcrystalisbothtransparentandanisotropicatthose
frequencies.Inaddition,aliquidcrystalhastheinherentpropertiestobebothintrinsicallytunableand
providetuningforthemetalarrays.Thismethodoftuningatypeofmetamaterialcanbereadilyusedas
electrodesforapplyingswitchingvoltages.[10]

TuninigNIMswithliquidcrystals
Areasofactiveresearchinopticalmaterialsaremetamaterialsthatarecapableofnegativevaluesfor
indexofrefraction(NIMs),andmetamaterialsthatarecapableofzeroindexofrefraction(ZIMs).
Complicatedstepsrequiredtofabricatethesenanoscalemetamaterialshaveledtothedesirefor
fabricated,tunablestructurescapableoftheprescribedspectralrangesorresonances.
Themostcommonlyappliedschemetoachievetheseeffectsiselectroopticaltuning.Herethechange
inrefractiveindexisproportionaltoeithertheappliedelectricfield,orisproportionaltothesquare
modulusoftheelectricfield.ThesearethePockelseffectandKerreffect,respectively.However,to
achievetheseeffectselectrodesmustbebuiltinduringthefabricationprocess.Thisintroduces
problematiccomplexityintomaterialformationtechniques.Anotheralternativeistoemployanonlinear
opticalmaterialasoneoftheconstituentsofthissystem,anddependontheopticalfieldintensityto
modifytherefractiveindex,ormagneticparameters.[11]

Liquidcrystaltuningofsilicononringresonators

Ringresonatorsareopticaldevicesdesignedtoshowresonanceforspecificwavelengths.Insiliconon
insulatorlayeredstructures,theycanbeverysmall,exhibitahighQfactorandhavelowlossesthat
makethemefficientwavelengthfilters.Thegoalistoachieveatunablerefractiveindexoveralarger
bandwidth.[12]

Structuraltunabilityinmetamaterials
Anovelapproachisproposedforefficienttuningofthetransmissioncharacteristicsofmetamaterials
throughacontinuousadjustmentofthelatticestructure,andisconfirmedexperimentallyinthe
microwaverange.[13]

Hybridmetamaterialcomposites
Metamaterialswereoriginallyresearchedasapassiveresponsematerial.Thepassiveresponsewasand
stillisdeterminedbythepatterningofthemetamaterialelements.Inotherwords,themajorityof
researchhasfocusedonthepassivepropertiesofthenoveltransmission,e.g.,thesizeandshapeofthe
inclusions,theeffectsofmetalfilmthickness,holegeometry,periodicity,withpassiveresponsessuchas
anegativeelectricresponse,negativeindexorgradientindexetc.Inaddition,theresonantresponsecan
besignificantlyaffectedbydepositingadielectriclayeronmetalholearraysandbydopinga
semiconductorsubstrate.Theresultissignificantshiftingoftheresonancefrequency.However,even
theselasttwomethodsarepartofthepassivematerialresearch.[14]
Electromagneticmetamaterialscanbeviewedasstructuredcompositeswithpatternedmetallic
subwavelengthinclusions.Asmesoscopicphysicalsystems,thesearebuiltstartingfromtheunitcell
level.Theseunitcellsaredesignedtoyieldprescribedelectromagneticproperties.Acharacteristicof
thistypeofmetamaterialisthattheindividualcomponentshavearesonant(coupling)responsetothe
electric,magneticorbothcomponentsoftheelectromagneticradiationofthesource.TheEM
metamaterialasanartificiallydesignedtransmissionmedium,hassofardelivereddesiredresponsesat
frequenciesfromthemicrowavethroughtothenearvisible.[6]
Theintroductionofanaturalsemiconductormaterialwithinoraspartofeachmetamaterialcellresults
inanewdesignflexibility.Theincorporation,application,andlocationofsemiconductormaterialis
strategicallyplannedsoastobestronglycoupledattheresonancefrequencyofthemetamaterial
elements.Thehybridmetamaterialcompositeisstillapassivematerial.However,thecouplingwiththe
semiconductormaterialthenallowsforexternalstimulusandcontrolofthehybridsystemasawhole,
whichproducesalterationsinthepassivemetamaterialresponse.Externalexcitationisproducedinthe
form,forexample,photoconductivity,nonlinearity,orgaininthesemiconductormaterial.[6]

Tunablespectralrangeviaelectricfieldcontrol
Terahertz(THz)metamaterialscanshowatunablespectralrange,wherethemagneticpermeability
reachesnegativevalues.Thesevalueswereestablishedboththeoreticallyandexperimentally.The
demonstratedprinciplerepresentsastepforwardtowardametamaterialwithnegativerefractiveindex
capableofcoveringcontinuouslyabroadrangeofTHzfrequenciesandopensapathfortheactive
manipulationofmillimeterandsubmillimeterbeams.[15]

Frequencyselectivesurfacebasedmetamaterials

Frequencyselectivesurfaces(FSS)hasbecomeanalternativetothefixedfrequencymetamaterial
wherestaticgeometriesandspacingsofunitcellsdeterminethefrequencyresponseofagiven
metamaterial.Becausearrayedunitcellsmaintainstaticpositionsthroughoutoperation,anewsetof
geometricalshapesandspacingswouldhavetobeembeddedinanewlyfabricatedmaterialforeach
differentradiatedfrequencyandresponse.Instead,FSSbasedmetamaterialsallowforoptionalchanges
offrequenciesinasinglemedium(metamaterial)ratherthanarestrictiontoafixedfrequency
response.[4]
Frequencyselectivesurfacescanbefabricatedasplanar2dimensionalperiodicarraysofmetallic
elementswithspecificgeometricalshapes,orcanbeperiodicaperturesinametallicscreen.The
transmissionandreflectioncoefficientsforthesesurfacesaredependentonthefrequencyofoperation
andmayalsodependonthepolarizationandtheangleofthetransmittedelectromagneticwavestriking
thematerialorangleofincidence.Theversatilityofthesestructuresareshownwhenhavingfrequency
bandsatwhichagivenFSSiscompletelyopaque(stopbands)andotherbandsatwhichthesame
surfaceallowswavetransmission.[16]
Anexampleofwherethisalternativeishighlyadvantageousisindeepspaceorwithasatelliteor
telescopeinorbit.Theexpenseofregularspacemissionstoaccessasinglepieceofequipmentfor
tuningandmaintenancewouldbeprohibitive.Remotetuning,inthiscase,isadvantageous.[4]
FSSwasfirstdevelopedtocontrolthetransmissionandreflectioncharacteristicsofanincidentradiation
wave.Thishasresultedinsmallercellsizealongwithincreasesinbandwidthandthecapabilitytoshift
frequenciesinrealtimeforartificialmaterials.[4]
Thistypeofstructurecanbeusedtocreateametamaterialsurfacewiththeintendedapplicationof
artificialmagneticconductorsorapplicationsforboundaryconditions.Anotherapplicationisasstop
banddeviceforsurfacewavepropagationalongtheinterface.Thisisbecausesurfacewavesarea
createdasaconsequenceofaninterfacebetweentwomediahavingdissimilarrefractiveindices.
Dependingontheapplicationofthesystemthatincludesthetwomedia,theremaybeaneedtoattenuate
surfacewavesorutilizethem.[17]
AnFSSbasedmetamaterialemploysa(miniature)modelofequivalentLCcircuitry.Atlowfrequencies
thephysicsoftheinteractionsisessentiallydefinedbytheLCmodelanalysisandnumericalsimulation.
ThisisalsoknownasthestaticLCmodel.AthigherfrequenciesthestaticLCconceptsbecome
unavailable.Thisisduetodependenceonphasing.WhentheFSSisengineeredforelectromagnetic
bandgap(EBG)characteristics,theFSSisdesignedtoenlargeitsstopbandpropertiesinrelationto
dispersive,surfacewave(SW)frequencies(microwaveandradiofrequencies).Furthermore,asanEBG
itisdesignedtoreduceitsdependenceonthepropagatingdirectionofthesurfacewavetravelingacross
thesurface(interface).[17]

ArtificialmagneticconductorsandHighimpedancesurfaces
AtypeofFSSbasedmetamaterialhastheinterchangeablenomenclatureArtificialMagneticConductor
(AMC)orHighImpedanceSurface(HIS).TheHIS,orAMC,isanartificial,metallic,electromagnetic
structure.Thestructureisdesignedtobeselectiveinsupportingsurfacewavecurrents,differentfrom
conventionalmetallicconductors.Ithasapplicationsformicrowavecircuitsandantennas.[18][19][20]
Asanantennagroundplaneitsuppressesthepropagationofsurfacewaves,anddeployedasan
improvementovertheflatmetalsheetasagroundplane,orreflector.Hence,thisstrategytendsto
upgradetheperformanceoftheselectedantenna.[18][19][20]

Strongsurfacewavesofsufficientstrength,whichpropagateonthemetalgroundplanewillreachthe
edgeandprogagateintofreespace.Thiscreatesamultipathinterference.IncontrasttheHISsurface
suppressesthepropagationofsurfacewaves.Furthermore,controloftheradiofrequencyormicrowave
radiationpatternisefficientlyincreased,andmutualcouplingbetweenantennasisalso
reduced.[18][19][20]
Whenemployingconventionalgroundplanesastheexperimentalcontrol,theHISsurfaceexhibitsa
smootherradiationpattern,anincreaseinthegainofthemainlobe,adecreaseinundesirablereturn
radiation,andadecreaseinmutualcoupling.[18]

Description
AnHIS,orAMC,canbedescribedasatypeofelectromagneticbandgap(EBG)materialoratypeof
syntheticcompositethatisintentionallystructuredwithamagneticconductorsurfaceforanalloted,but
definedrangeoffrequencies.AMC,orHISstructuresoftenemergefromanengineeredperiodic
dielectricbasealongwithmetallizationpatternsdesignedformicrowaveandradiofrequencies.The
metalizationpatternisusuallydeterminedbytheintendedapplicationoftheAMCorHISstructure.
Furthermore,twoinherentnotableproperties,whichcannotbefoundinnaturalmaterials,haveledtoa
significantnumberofmicrowavecircuitapplications.[19][20]
First,AMCorHISsurfacesaredesignedtohaveanallotedsetoffrequenciesoverwhich
electromagneticsurfacewavesandcurrentswillnotbeallowedtopropagate.Thesematerialsarethen
bothbeneficialandpracticalasantennagroundplanes,smallflatsignalprocessingfilters,orfiltersas
partofwaveguidestructures.Forexample,AMCsurfacesasantennagroundplanesareableto
effectivelyattenuateundesirablewavefluctuations,orundulations,whileproducinggoodradiation
patterns.Thisisbecausethematerialcansuppresssurfacewavepropagationwithintheprescribedrange
offorbiddenfrequencies.
Second,AMCsurfaceshaveveryhighsurfaceimpedancewithinaspecificfrequencyrange,wherethe
tangentialmagneticfieldissmall,evenwithalargeelectricfieldalongthesurface.Therefore,anAMC
surfacecanhaveareflectioncoefficientof+1.[19][20]
Inaddition,thereflectionphaseofincidentlightispartoftheAMCandHIStoolbox.[note3]Thephase
ofthereflectedelectricfieldhasnormalincidencethesamephaseoftheelectricfieldimpingingatthe
interfaceofthereflectingsurface.Thevariationofthereflectionphaseiscontinuousbetween+180to
180relativetothefrequency.Zeroiscrossedatonefrequency,whereresonanceoccurs.Anotable
characteristicisthattheusefulbandwidthofanAMCisgenerallydefinedas+90to90oneitherside
ofthecentralfrequency.[21]Thus,duetothisunusualboundarycondition,incontrasttothecaseofa
conventionalmetalgroundplane,anAMCsurfacecanfunctionasanewtypeofgroundplaneforlow
profilewireantennas(wirelesscommunicationsystems).Forexample,eventhoughahorizontalwire
antennaisextremelyclosetoanAMCsurface,thecurrentontheantennaanditsimagecurrentonthe
groundplaneareinphase,ratherthanoutofphase,therebystrengtheningtheradiation.[20][21]
[22]

AMCasanFSSbandgap
Frequencyselectivesurfaces(FSS)materialscanbeutilizedasbandgapmaterialinthesurfacewave
domain,atmicrowaveandradiofrequencywavelengths.Supportofsurfacewavesisagivenpropertyof
metals.Thesearepropagatingelectromagneticwavesthatareboundtotheinterfacebetweenthemetal

surfaceandtheair.Surfaceplasmonsoccuratopticalfrequencies,butatmicrowavefrequencies,they
arethenormalcurrentsthatoccuronanyelectricalconductor.[17][19]Atradiofrequencies,thefields
associatedwithsurfacewavescanextendthousandsofwavelengths
intothesurroundingspace,andtheyareoftenbestdescribedas
surfacecurrents.Theycanbemodeledfromtheviewpointofan
effectivedielectricconstant,oraneffectivesurfaceimpedance.[19]
Forexample,aflatmetalsheetalwayshaslowsurfaceimpedance.
However,byincorporatingaspecialtextureonaconducting
surface,aspeciallydesignedgeometry,itispossibletoengineera
highsurfaceimpedanceandalteritselectromagneticradio
frequencyproperties.Theprotrusionsarearrangedinatwo
dimensionallatticestructure,andcanbevisualizedasthumbtacks
protrudingfromthesurface.[19]
Becausetheprotrusionsarefractionallysmallerthantheoperating
wavelength,thestructurecanbedescribedusinganeffective
mediummodel,andtheelectromagneticpropertiescanbedescribed
usinglumpedcircuitelements(capacitorsandinductors).They
behaveasanetworkofparallelresonantLCcircuits,whichactasa
twodimensionalelectricfiltertoblocktheflowofcurrentsalong
thesheet.[19]
Thisstructurecanthenserveasanartificialmagneticconductor
(AMC),becauseofitshighsurfaceimpedancewithinacertain
frequencyrange.Inaddition,asanartificialmagneticconductorit
hasaforbiddenfrequencyband,overwhichsurfacewavesand
currentscannotpropagate.Therefore,AMCsurfaceshavegood
radiationpatternswithoutunwantedripplesbasedonsuppressing
thesurfacewavepropagationwithinthebandgapfrequency
range.[20]

Topimagecircuitboard.The
structureconsistsofalatticeof
metalplates,connectedtoasolid
metalsheetbyverticalconducting
vias.:BottomimageLooking
downontopofthehigh
impedancesurface,showinga
triangularlatticeofhexagonal
metalplates.Theconfiguration
createsacapacitiveandinductive
surface.Itcanbeutilizedasband
gapmaterialatprescribed
frequencies.Itisalsodesignedto
enhanceantennaoperationasa
novelperiodicmaterial. [19]

Thesurfaceimpedanceisderivedfromtheratiooftheelectricfieldatthesurfacetothemagneticfield
atthesurface,whichextendsfarintothemetalbeyondtheskindepth.Whenatextureisappliedtothe
metalsurface,thesurfaceimpedanceisaltered,anditssurfacewavepropertiesarechanged.Atlow
frequencies,itisinductive,andsupportstransversemagnetic(TM)waves.Athighfrequencies,itis
capacitive,andsupportstransverseelectric(TE)waves.NeartheLCresonancefrequency,thesurface
impedanceisveryhigh.Inthisregion,wavesarenotboundtothesurface.Instead,theyradiateintothe
surroundingspace.[19][23]
Ahighimpedancesurfacewasfabricatedasaprintedcircuitboard.Thestructureconsistsofatriangular
latticeofhexagonalmetalplates,connectedtoasolidmetalsheetbyverticalconductingvias.[19]

Uniplanarcompactphotonicbandgap
Theuniplanarcompactphotonicbandgap(UCPBG)isproposed,simulated,andthenconstructedinthe
labtoovercomeelucidatedlimitationsofplanarcircuittechnology.Likephotonicbandgapstructuresit
isetchedintothegroundplaneofthemicrostripline.Thegeometryissquaremetalpads.Eachmetalpad
hasfourconnectingbranchesformingadistributedLCcircuit.[24][25]

Seealso
Negativeindexmetamaterials
Historyofmetamaterials
Metamaterialcloaking
Photonicmetamaterials
Metamaterial
Metamaterialantennas
Nonlinearmetamaterials
Photoniccrystal
Seismicmetamaterials
Splitringresonator
Acousticmetamaterials
Metamaterialabsorber
Plasmonicmetamaterials
Superlens
Terahertzmetamaterials
Transformationoptics
Theoriesofcloaking
Academicjournals
Metamaterials(journal)
Metamaterialsbooks
MetamaterialsHandbook
Metamaterials:PhysicsandEngineeringExplorations

Notes
1. ^A.Degiron,J.J.Mock,andD.R.Smith,Opt.Express15,3(2007).
2. ^Q.Zhao,L.Kang,B.Du,B.Li,J.Zhou,H.Tang,X.Liang,andB.Zhang,Appl.Phys.Lett.90,011112
(2007)
3. ^Whenlightgoesfromonemedium(n1)toanother(n2),thereflectedlightatthatinterfaceundergoesa
phasechangeasfollows:ifn1<n2thereisa180degreephasechange.However,ifn1>n2:nophase
change.

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Externallinks
MURIproject:Tunable,reconfigurable,opticalNIMswithlowlosses
(http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~shalaev/MURI/publications.shtml)
TunableMetamaterialsBridgesTerahertzGap(http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?
newsID=6265)
Googlescholar(http://scholar.google.com/scholar?
as_q=&num=100&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors
=JB+Pendry&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en&lr=)ListofPapersby
JBPendry
ImperialCollege,DepartmentofPhysics,CondensedMatterTheoryGroup
(http://www.cmth.ph.ic.ac.uk/photonics/)
MetamaterialsandtheControlofElectromagneticFields
(http://www.cmth.ph.ic.ac.uk/photonics/Newphotonics/pdf/RochPaper.pdf)
Capacitorloadedsplitringresonatorsastunablemetamaterialcomponents
(http://www.fen.bilkent.edu.tr/~aydin/papers/aydin_jap_2007.pdf)
Ph.D.dissertationDan.Sievenpiper(http://optoelectronics.eecs.berkeley.edu/ThesisDan.pdf),
Highimpedanceelectromagneticsurfaces,Dept.Elect.Eng.,Univ.CaliforniaatLosAngeles,
LosAngeles,CA,1999
Modulatingandtuningtheresponseofmetamaterialsattheunitcelllevel
(http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/issue.cfm?volume=15&issue=3)OpticsExpressVol.15,Iss.3,
pp.11151127(2007)
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