Tire Terminology

Camber angle
angle between the wheel plane and the vertical
taken to be positive when the wheel leans outwards from the vehicle
kingpin inclination
angle between the swivel pin axis and the vertical
kingpin offset
distance between the centre of the tire contact patch and
intersection of the swivel pin axis and the ground plane
Castor angle
inclination of the king pin axis plane through the wheel centre
provides a self-aligning torque for non-driven wheels.
Toe-in and Toe-out
difference between the front and rear distances separating the centre plane of a
pair of wheels,
toe-in is when the wheel centre planes converge towards the front of the
vehicle

SUSPENSION
It is a system which is responsible for forcing car to be on the ground and
making the ride of the occupants comfortable.

Objectives :
To provide good ride and handling performance
To ensure that steering control is maintained during all scenarios.
To ensure that the vehicle responds properly to control forces produced by the
tires during
longitudinal braking
accelerating forces,
lateral cornering forces and
braking and accelerating torques
this requires the suspension geometry to be designed to resist squat, dive and
roll of the vehicle body

The mobility of suspension mechanisms :

It guides motion of each wheel along vertical path relative to the vehicle body
without significant change in camber.

Suspension Types Dependent

Motion of a wheel on one side of the vehicle is dependent on the motion of its
partner on the other side
Cannot give good ride
Cannot control high braking and accelerating torques

Semi-dependent Suspension :
the rigid connection between pairs of wheels is replaced by a compliant link.
a beam which can bend and flex controls the position of the wheels
lacks scope for design flexibility

Trailing twist axle suspension

Suspension Types - Independent
motion of wheel pairs is independent, so that a disturbance at one wheel is not
directly transmitted to its partner
Better ride and handling

Macpherson Strut

Multi link

Double wishbone

MacPherson suspension
It is most widely used front suspension system in cars .The system basically
comprises of a strut-type spring and a shock absorber combo, the upper part of
the coil is supported on the body of the car, and the lower part on a cup integral
with the body of the shock absorber, which also constitutes the pivotal axis of
the steering. When you steer, it physically twists the strut and shock absorber
housing to turn the wheel, the whole assembly turns on a bearing plate or ball
race at the top, and on the bottom ball joint of the lower arm. This allows a
twisting motion to take place.

Chassis :
FUNCTIONS:
To safely carry the maximum load.

 Holding all components together while driving.

Take care shock loading.
It must absorb torque which get applied.

Types of Chassis frame:

Conventional Frame
Integral Frame
Semi Integral frame
Conventional Frame: It is also known as non load carrying frame. Here loads on
thevehicles are transferred to the suspensions by frame. This type of frame is not
suited to resist torsion
Semi Integral Frame:In this type of frame load is transferred to the body
structure
also. This Frame is heavy.In semi integral frame half frame is fixed in the front
end on
which engine gear box and front suspension is mounted.

Integral Frame: In this type of construction there is no frame and all assembly
units are attached to the body.The chassis , floor and body are assembled by
from a large
number of mild steel pressings.
Some of important Chassis are:
Ladder Frame
Tabular Space Frame
Monocoque Frame
ULSAB Monocoque
Backbone Frame
Aluminum Space Frame
Carbon Fibre
Ladder frame:

 The ladder frame is the simplest and oldest of all designs.

This design offers good beam resistance because of its continuous rails from
front to
rear, poor resistance to torsion.

Tubular space frame:

It is 3-dimensional design.Tubular space frame chassis employs dozens of
circular section tube, positions in different directions to provide
mechanicalstrength against force from anywhere.These tubes are welded &
forms a very complex structure.

Very strong in any direction

Very complex , costly and time consuming to be built.
Monocoque:
Monocoque is a one-piece structure which defines overall shapeof the car.
while ladder , tabular & backbone provide only stress members. Monocoque
chassis are made by welding of several pieces.
Backbone chassis:
A strong tubular backbone connects the front & rear axle & provide nearly all
mechanical strength. The whole drivetrain , engine & suspensions are connected
to both ends ofthe backbone. The body is built on backbone are usually made of
glass-fibre.

 Eassy to be made by hand

Spce efficient
Good crash production

TRANSMISSION

: The mechanism that transmits the power

developed by the engine of

automobile to the engine to the driving wheels is called the TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM .
It is consists of
Clutch
The gear box
Propeller shaft
Universal joints
Rear axle
Wheel
Tyres

Requirements Of Transmission System :-

 Provide means of connection and disconnection of engine with rest of

power train without shock and smoothly.
Provide a varied leverage between the engine and the drive wheels
Provide means to transfer power in opposite direction.
Enable power transmission at varied angles and varied lengths.
Enable speed reduction between engine and the drive wheels in the ratio
of 5:1.
Enable diversion of power flow at right angles.
Provide means to drive the driving wheels at different speeds when
required.
Bear the effect of torque reaction , driving thrust and braking effort effectively.
CLUTCH
A clutch is a mechanism which enables the rotary motion of one shaft to be
transmitted at will to second shaft ,whose axis is coincident with that of first.
Clutch is located between engine and gear box. When the clutch is engaged, the
power flows from the engine to the rear wheels through the transmission system
and the vehicle moves . when the clutch is disengaged ,the power is not
transmitted to the rear wheels and the vehicle stops, while the engine is still
running.
Clutch is disengaged when
a)Starting the engine,
b) Shifting the gears,
c) Idling the engine
clutch is engaged only when the vehicle is to move and is kept engaged when
the vehicle is

moving.
GEAR BOX:
gear box provides varying speed and torque. it provides high torque at the time
of starting, vehicle acceleration, climbing up a hill. To provide speed more than
forward speeds by providing more than one gear ratios.Gear box provides a
reverse gear for driving the vehicle in reverse direction.
TYPES OF GEAR BOXES
(a) Selective type gear boxes :
(i) Sliding mesh gear box
(ii) Constant mesh gear box
(iii) Synchromesh gear box
(b) Progressive type gear box
(c) Epicyclic type gear box.

GEAR TRAINS
A combination of two or more gears, which mesh in such a way that power is
transmitted from driving shaft to driven shaft, is known as gear train.
TYPES OF GEAR TRAINS
There are three types of gear trains :
(a) Simple gear train,
(b) Compound gear train, and
(c) Epicyclic gear train.