ABSTRACT

The main aim of the project is to develop a speed control system for DC motor using four-quadrant
chopper. Using four-quadrant chopper it is possible to demonstrate forward & reverse motoring and
braking. The purpose of the project is to implement a simple and cost effective process to control
the speed of DC motors using the most popular technique four-quadrant chopper method.
The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and
as per requirement as they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply brakes
immediately in both the directions. There are several applications with dc motors in our daily life.
We require different speeds at different instants depending on the applications.
The speed of separately excited DC motor can be controlled from below and up to rated speed using
chopper as a converter. The chopper firing circuit receives signal from controller and then chopper
gives variable voltage to the armature of the motor for achieving desired speed. There are two
control loops, one for controlling current and another for speed. The controller used is ProportionalIntegral type which removes the delay and provides fast control. Modeling of separately excited DC
motor is done.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER
CHAPTER-1

TITLE

PAGE NO.
1-3

CHAPTER-2

Introduction
1.1. Project Background
1.2. Objectives
1.3. Problem statement
1.4. Project Scope
Literature review

CHAPTER-3

Chopper & Power MOSFET

7-24

4-6

3.1. D.C. Chopper

3.2. Types of Chopper
3.3. Principle of operation
3.4. Control strategies
CHAPTER-4

(A) D.C. Motor

25-34

4.1. Advantages of DC Motor

4.2. Disadvantages of DC Motor
4.3. Classification of DC Motor

(B) Separately excited DC Motor

4.3.1. Basics Of Motor
4.3.2. Operation of separately excited dc motor
4.3.3. Field And Armature Equation
4.3.4. Basic Torque Equation
4.3.5. Steady-State Torque And Speed
4.3.6. Torque And Speed Control
4.3.7. Variable Speed Operation
4.3.8. Base Speed And Field-Weakening
CHAPTER-5

Four quadrant CHOPPER Operation

35-48

CHAPTER-6

Advantages, Disadvantages &

Application
Conclusion

49-50

CHAPTER-7

51-52

7.1. Discussion
7.2. Future Scope
REFERENCES

53

LIST OF FIGURE
Fig: 3.1. Step Dream Chopper With Resistive Load.
Fig: 3.2. Step Down Chopper Output And Current Waveform.
Fig: 3.3. Pulse Width Modulation Control.
Fig. 3.4: Output Voltage Waveforms For Time Ratio Control
Fig: 3.5. Step Up Chopper.
Fig: 3.6. Chopper Circuit And Voltage And Current Waveform.
Fig: 3.7. Circuit Symbol Of MOSFET
Fig: 3.8. P- Channel MOSFET - Enhancement Mode
Fig: 3.9. P- Channel MOSFET Depletion Mode
Fig: 3.10. N- Channel MOSFET - Enhancement Mode
Fig: 3.11. N- Channel MOSFET Depletion Mode
Fig: 4.1. Equivalent Circuit Of Separately Excited DC Motor
Fig: 4.2. Separately Exited Dc Motor.
Fig: 4.3. Torque v s Speed And Char. For Different Armature Voltage.
Fig: 4.4. Torque v s Speed And Power v s Speed C/S Of Separately Excited Dc Motor.
Fig: 4.5. Typical Operating Region Of Separately Excited Dc Motor.
Fig: 5.1. Operation Of Dc Motor (A) 4a (B) 4q.
Fig: 5.2. Conventional Dc Motor (A) 2a, (B) 4q.
Fig: 5.3. 4q Converter.
Fig: 5.4. Equivalent Circuit During Forward Motoring Mode.
Fig: 5.5. Nine Topological Stages During Forward Motoring Mode.
Fig: 5.6. Key Waveform During Forward Motoring Mode.

Fig: 5.7. Equivalent Circuit Design Forward Regenerating (Breaking) Mode.

Fig: 5.8. Nine Topological Stages During Forward Regenerating (Breaking) Mode.
Fig: 5.9. Key Waveform During Forward Regenerating (Breaking) Mode.
Fig: 5.10. Equivalent Circuit During Reverse Motoring Mode.
Fig: 5.11. Nine Topological Stages During Reverse Motoring G Mode.
Fig: 5.12. Key Waveform During Reverse Motoring Mode.
Fig: 5.13. Equivalent Cut During Reverse Breaking Mode.
Fig: 5.14. Nine Topological Stages During Reverse Breaking Mode.
Fig: 5.15. Key Waveform During Reverse Breaking Mode.