Sterling Price

Sterling Price (September 20, 1809 September 29,

1867) was a lawyer, planter, and politician from the
U.S. state of Missouri, who served as the 11th Governor of the state from 1853 to 1857. He also served
as a United States Army brigadier general during the
Mexican-American War, and a Confederate Army major
general in the American Civil War. Price is best known
for his victories in New Mexico and Chihuahua during
the Mexican conict, and for his losses at the Battles of
Pea Ridge and Westport during the Civil Warthe latter
being the culmination of his ill-fated Missouri Campaign
of 1864. Following the war, Price took his remaining
troops to Mexico rather than surrender, unsuccessfully
seeking service with the Emperor Maximillian there. He
ultimately returned to Missouri, where he died in poverty
and was buried in St. Louis.

18401844, and was chosen as its speaker. He was then

elected as a Democrat to the 29th United States Congress,
serving from March 4, 1845, to August 12, 1846, when
he resigned from the House to participate in the MexicanAmerican War.[2]

2 Mexican-American War
Price raised the Second Regiment, Missouri Mounted
Volunteer Cavalry and was appointed its colonel on August 12, 1846.[6] He marched his regiment with that of
Alexander Doniphan to Santa Fe, where he assumed command of the Territory of New Mexico after his superior,
Gen. Stephen W. Kearny, departed for California. Price
served as military governor of New Mexico, where he put
down the Taos Revolt, an uprising of Native Americans
and Mexicans in January 1847.

Early life and career

President James K. Polk promoted Price to brigadier general of volunteers on July 20, 1847.[6] Price was named
as military governor of Chihuahua that same month, and
commanded 300 men from his Army of the West at the
Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales on March 16, 1848,
where he defeated a Mexican force three times his size.[2]
The battle was the last battle of the war, taking place days
after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been ratied
by the United States Congress on March 10. Although
reprimanded by Secretary of War William L. Marcy for
his action and ordered to return with his army to New
Mexico, Price was never court-martialed or otherwise
punished; he was honorably discharged on November 25,
1848, and went home to Missouri a hero.[7]

Sterling Old Pap Price was born near Farmville, in

Prince Edward County, Virginia, into a family of Welsh
origin. His mother was Elizabeth Williamson, and his father was Pugh Price, whose ancestor John Price[1] was
born in Brecknock, Wales, in 1584 and settled in the
Virginia Colony. Price attended Hampden-Sydney College in 1826 and 1827,[2] where he studied law and
worked at the courthouse near his home. He was admitted to the Virginia bar and established a law practice.
In the fall of 1831, Price and his family moved to Fayette,
Missouri. A year later, he moved to Keytesville, Missouri, where he ran a hotel and mercantile. On May
14, 1833, Price married Martha Head from Randolph
County, Missouri. They had seven children, ve of whom
survived to adulthood;[3] Edwin Williamson, Herber, Celsus, Martha Sterling, and Quintus.

3 Governor of Missouri

During the Mormon War of 1838, Price served as a member of a delegation sent from Chariton County, Missouri
to investigate reported disturbances between Latter Day
Saints and anti-Mormon mobs operating in the western
part of the state. His report was favorable to the Mormons, stating that they were not guilty, in his opinion,
of the charges levied against them by their enemies.[4]
Following the Mormon capitulation in November 1838,
Price was ordered by Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs
to Caldwell County with a company of men to protect the Saints from further depredations following their
surrender.[5] He was elected to the Missouri State House
of Representatives from 18361838, and again from

Back in his home state, Price became a slave owner, and

farmed tobacco on the Bowling Green prairie. Popular
due to his war service, he was easily elected Governor
of Missouri in 1852, serving from 1853 to 1857. During his tenure, Washington University in St. Louis was
established, the states public school system was restructured, the Missouri State Teachers Association was rst
initiated, the railroad network was expanded and a state
geological survey was created.[8] Although the state legislature passed an act during his tenure to increase the
governors salary, he refused to accept any more remuneration than he had been receiving prior to the laws
adoption.[9] After the expiration of his term, Price be1

4 CIVIL WAR SERVICE

came the states Bank Commissioner from 1857 to 1861.

He also secured construction of a railroad through his
home county, which now forms part of the Norfolk and
Western Railway.

Civil War service

at the Battle of Wilsons Creek, August 10, 1861, which

resulted in Lyons death and temporary Confederate ascendancy in southwestern Missouri. However, growing
Union numbers and power in the state ultimately negated
his triumph.

4.2 Pea Ridge, Iuka, and Corinth

Main article: Battle of Pea Ridge
Still operating as a Missouri militia general (rather than
as a commissioned Confederate ocer), Price was unable to agree with his Wilsons Creek colleague, Brigadier
General Benjamin McCulloch, as to how to proceed following the battle; this led to the splitting of what might
otherwise have become a sizable Confederate force in the
West. Price and McCullough became bitter rivals, leading to the ultimate appointment of Maj. Gen. Earl Van
Dorn as overall commander of the Trans-Mississippi district. Van Dorn reunited Prices and McCulloughs formations into a force he named the Army of the West,
and set out to engage Unionist troops in Missouri under
the command of Brig. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis. Now under Van Dorns command, Price was commissioned in the
Confederate States Army as a major general on March 6,
1862.[6]

General Sterling Price in his U.S. uniform before the Civil War

4.1

Early months

At the beginning of the Civil War, Price was personally opposed to secession. He was elected presiding ofcer of the Missouri State Convention on February 28,
1861, which voted against the state leaving the Union.
Things changed drastically, however, when Francis Preston Blair, Jr. and Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon seized
the state militia's Camp Jackson at St. Louis. Outraged by this act, Price threw in his lot with the Southerners, and was assigned by pro-Confederate Governor
Claiborne Fox Jackson to command the newly reformed
Missouri State Guard in May 1861, leading his young recruits (who aectionately nicknamed him Old Pap) in
a campaign to secure Missouri for the Confederacy. One
of the major engagements in this endeavor was fought at
Lexington, where Price defeated Colonel James A. Mulligan's Union force in the battle of the hemp bales and
secured the city for the Southalbeit only temporarily, as
it turned out. An even greater victory was won by Price

Outnumbering Curtiss forces, Van Dorn attacked the

Northern army at Pea Ridge on March 78. Although
wounded in the fray, Price pushed Curtiss force back at
Elkhorn Tavern on the March 7, only to see the battle lost
on the following day after a furious Federal counterattack. Price next crossed the Mississippi River to reinforce
Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard's army at Corinth, Mississippi.
Price was able to seize the Union supply depot at nearby
Iuka, but was driven back by Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans at the Battle of Iuka on September 19, 1862. A few
weeks later, on October 34, Price (under Van Dorns
command once more) was defeated with Van Dorn at the
Second Battle of Corinth.
Van Dorn was replaced by Maj. Gen. John C. Pemberton, and Price, who had become thoroughly disgusted
with Van Dorn and was eager to return to Missouri, obtained a leave to visit Richmond, the Confederate capital.
There, he obtained an audience with Confederate President Jeerson Davis to discuss his grievances, only to
nd his own loyalty to the South sternly questioned by
the Confederate leader. Price only barely managed to
secure Daviss permission to return to Missouriminus
his troops. Unimpressed with the Missourian, Davis pronounced him the vainest man I ever met.[7]

4.3 Arkansas and Louisiana

Price was not nished as a Confederate commander, however. He contested Union control over Arkansas in the

4.5

Notable battles

summer of 1863, and while he won some of his engagements, he was not able to dislodge Northern forces from
the state. In early 1864, Confederate General Edmund
Kirby-Smith, in command of the Western Louisiana campaign, ordered General Price in Arkansas to send all
of his infantry to Shreveport. Confederate forces in
the Indian Territory were to join Price in the endeavor.
General John B. Magruder in Texas was instructed to
send infantry toward Marshall, Texas, west of Shreveport. General St. John R. Liddell was instructed to proceed from the Ouachita River west toward Natchitoches.
With a force of ve thousand, Price reached Shreveport
on March 24. However, Kirby-Smith detained the division and divided it into two smaller ones. He hesitated to
send the men south to ght Union General Nathaniel P.
Banks, whom he believed outnumbered the Confederate
forces, a decision which drew the opposition of General
Richard Taylor. But the western campaign was nearing
its conclusion.[10]

3
City, Missouri and nearby Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
Forced to bypass his secondary target at heavily fortied
Jeerson City, Price cut a swath of destruction across
his home state, even as his army steadily dwindled due
to battleeld losses, disease, and desertion. Although he
defeated inferior Federal forces at Glasgow, Lexington,
the Little Blue River and Independence, Price was ultimately boxed in by two Northern armies at Westport, located in todays Kansas City, and forced to ght against
overwhelming odds. This unequal contest, known afterward as The Gettysburg of the West, did not go his way,
and he was forced to retreat into hostile Kansas. A new
series of defeats followed, as Prices battered and broken
army was pushed steadily southward towards Arkansas,
and then further south into Texas, where Price remained
until the war ended. Prices Raid would prove to be his
last signicant military operation, and the last signicant
Confederate campaign west of the Mississippi.

4.5 Notable battles

Some of Prices notable battles during the Civil War are
listed here in order of occurrence, and indicating whether
he was in overall command and where the battle was won
or lost:

Prices Raid in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, 1864 (upper left,

in red)

5 Post-war activities and death

4.4

Prices Missouri Raid

Main article: Prices Raid

Despite his disappointments in Arkansas and Louisiana,
Price managed to convince his superiors to permit him
to invade Missouri in the fall of 1864, hoping to yet
seize that state for the Confederacy or at the very least
imperil Abraham Lincoln's chances for reelection that
year. Confederate General Kirby Smith agreed, though
he was forced to detach the infantry brigades originally
detailed to Prices force and send them elsewhere, thus
changing Prices proposed campaign from a full-scale invasion of Missouri to a large cavalry raid. Price amassed
12,000 horsemen for his army, and fourteen pieces of
artillery.[11]
The rst major engagement in Prices Raid occurred at
Pilot Knob, where he successfully captured the Unionheld Fort Davidson but needlessly slaughtered many of
his men in the process, for a gain that turned out to be
of no real value. From Pilot Knob, he swung west, away
from St. Louis (his primary objective) and toward Kansas

Instead of surrendering at the wars end, Price led what

was left of his army into Mexico, where he unsuccessfully sought service with the Emperor Maximilian. This
episode of Prices life later became an inspiration for
the John Wayne and Rock Hudson lm The Undefeated.
Price became leader of a Confederate exile colony in Carlota, Veracruz, but when the colony proved to be a failure,
he returned to Missouri.
While in Mexico Price started having severe intestinal
problems, which grew worse in August 1866 when he
contracted typhoid fever. Impoverished and in poor
health, Price died of cholera (or cholera-like symptoms) in St. Louis, Missouri. The death certicate listed
the cause of death as chronic diarrhea.[12]
Prices funeral was held on October 3, 1867 in St. Louis,
at the First Methodist Episcopal Church (on the corner of
Eighth and Washington), and the funeral procession, with
his body carried by a black hearse drawn by six matching black horses, was the largest funeral procession in St.
Louis up to that point. He was buried in Bellefontaine
Cemetery.[13]

Modern assessment of Prices

Missouri campaign

In his paper Assessing Compound Warfare During

Prices Raid, written as a thesis for the U.S. Army
Command and General Sta College, Major Dale E.
Davis postulates that Prices Missouri Raid failed primarily due to his inability to properly employ the principles of compound warfare, which requires an inferior
power to eectively utilize regular and irregular forces in
concert (such as was done by the North Vietnamese and
Viet Cong against the French and Americans during the
Vietnam War) to defeat a superior army. He also blamed
Prices slow rate of movement during his campaign, and
the close proximity of Confederate irregulars to his regular force, for this outcome.
Davis observes that by wasting valuable time, ammunition and men in his relatively meaningless assaults on
Fort Davidson, Glasgow, Sedalia and Boonville, Price
oered Union General Rosecrans time he might not
otherwise have had to organize an eective response.
Furthermore, he says, Prices insistence on guarding an
ever-expanding wagon train of looted military supplies
and other items ultimately became an albatross to [his]
withdrawal.[14] Price, said Davis, ought to have used
Confederate bushwhackers to harass Federal formations,
forcing the Unionists to disperse signicant numbers of
troops to pursue them over wide ranges of territory
which in turn would have reduced the number of eectives available to ght against Prices main force. Instead,
Price kept many guerrillas close to his army, even incorporating some into his ranks, largely negating the value
represented by their mobility and small, independent formations. This in turn allowed Union generals to ultimately concentrate a force large enough to trap and defeat
Price at Westport, eectively ending his campaign.
While the scope of Davis research is necessarily limited
to Prices Missouri expedition, it does provide some overall insight into his tactical and strategic mindset, together
with a sense of some of his strengths and weaknesses as
a general. While devoted to the Southern cause, Price
generally saw Confederate military operations solely in
terms of liberating his home state of Missouri. Although
he achieved victories during all phases of the war, his
strategically most important battles (other than Wilsons
Creek) all ended in defeat.

IN POPULAR MEDIA

The CSS/USS General Sterling

Price

During the Civil War, a wooden river steamer built at

Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856 as the Laurent Millaudon was
taken into Confederate service and renamed the CSS General Sterling Price. Participating in actions near Fort Pil-

USS General Price on1 January 1864

low, Tennessee on May 10, 1862, she damaged two Federal gunboats before being temporarily put out of action.
The General Price was sunk during the Battle of Memphis, raised, repaired, and served in the Union Navy under the name USS General Price although she was still referred to as the General Sterling Price in Federal dispatches. As a Union ship, she served in the Vicksburg
and Red River campaigns. Price was sold for civilian use
after the war.

8 In memoriam
Sterling Price Camp #145, Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV), in St. Louis is named in Prices honor.
There is a statue of Price in Keytesville, Missouri,
and a Sterling Price Museum. The tiny city park
where it stands is named after him, and the towns
chapter of the SCV Post #1743 annually hosts the
Sterling Price Days, with a festival and parade.
Another monument to Price stands in the Springeld
National Cemetery (Springeld, Missouri). Dedicated August 10, 1901, the bronze gure honors all
Missouri soldiers and General Price. It was commissioned by the United Confederate Veterans of Missouri.

9 In popular media
Prices exodus to Mexico together with that of his
subordinate, General Jo Shelby, provided one inspiration for the plot of the Western lm The Undefeated, starring John Wayne and Rock Hudson.
In the 1968 novel True Grit by Charles Portis,[15]
and the subsequent 1969 feature lm based on the
novel and its 1975 sequel Rooster Cogburn, one of
the characters is a ginger cat named General Sterling Price.
In Old Pap, an episode of The Pinkertons, Price is
depicted as a villain who plans to create a new Con-

5
federacy by destabilizing Missouri's economy with
counterfeit money.

10

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

11

Notes

[1] Familysearch.org
[2] Dupuy, p. 612.
[3] Dictionary of Missouri Biography (Univ. of Missouri
Press, 1999).
[4] LeSueur, Stephen C. The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri.
University of Missouri Press, 1987. pp. 8485.
[5] LeSueur, p. 233.
[6] Eicher, p. 440.
[7] Sterling Price. Retrieved on 2009-11-22.
[8] Governors Information: Sterling Price. Retrieved on
2009-11-22.
[9] Pictorial and Genealogical Record of Greene County,
Missouri, entry: General Sterling Price. Retrieved on
2009-11-24.
[10] Winters, John D. (1963). The Civil War in Louisiana.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 328
329, 336, 361, 382. ISBN 0-8071-0834-0.
[11] Sterling Price (18091867). Retrieved on 2009-11-26.
[12] Welsh, Jack D. (1995). Medical Histories of Confederate
Generals. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p.
177. ISBN 0-87338-505-5.
[13] Shalhope, Robert E. (1971). Sterling Price: Portrait of a
Southerner. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri
Press. pp. xi,290. ISBN 978-0-8262-0103-4.
[14] Davis, Dale E. Assessing Compound Warfare During
Prices Raid. Ft. Leavenworth: U.S. Army Command
and General Sta College, 2004, pg. 55.
[15] Portis, Charles (1968). True Grit: A Novel. New York,
New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 58, 78, 95. ISBN
978-0-671-20301-6.

12

References

Davis, Dale E. Assessing Compound Warfare During Prices Raid. Ft. Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army
Command and General Sta College, 2004. OCLC
70153559.

Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, and David L. Bongard. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 9780-06-270015-5.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War
High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Giord, Douglas L. The Battle of Pilot Knob: Sta
Ride and Battleeld Tour Guide. Wineld, MO:
D.L. Giord, 2003. ISBN 978-1-59196-478-0.
LeSueur, Stephen C. The 1838 Mormon War in
Missouri. Columbia: University of Missouri Press,
1987. ISBN 978-0-8262-6103-8.
Lexington Historical Society. The Battle of Lexington, .... Lexington, MO: Lexington Historical Society, 1903. OCLC 631462805.
Rea, Ralph R. Sterling Price, the Lee of the West.
Little Rock, AR: Pioneer Press, 1959. OCLC
2626512.
Twitchell, Ralph Emerson. The History of the Military Occupation of the Territory of New Mexico from
1846 to 1851. Denver, CO: Smith-Brooks Company Publishers, 1909. OCLC 2693546.

13 Further reading
Forsyth, Michael J. The Great Missouri Raid: Sterling Price and the Last Major Confederate Campaign
in Northern Territory (McFarland, 2015) viii, 282
pp.
Geiger, Mark W. (2010). Financial Fraud and
Guerrilla Violence in Missouris Civil War, 1861
1865. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
ISBN 978-0-300-15151-0.

14 External links
Sterling Price Camp #145, Sons of Confederate Veterans[1]
History of the ship, CSS General Sterling Price
Greene County biography of Price
Biographic sketch at U.S. Congress website
Charter, constitution and by-laws, ocers and members of Sterling Price Camp, United Confederate Veterans, Camp No. 31: organized, October 13, 1889,
in the city of Dallas, Texas. published 1893, hosted
by the Portal to Texas History.
[1] May be wrong link rather than dead link.

15

15
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Sterling Price Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Price?oldid=661503297 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Ahoerstemeier, LouI,

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