Kingdom of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1 of 10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially Great Britain

/ret br.tn/,[1][2][3] was a sovereign state in western Europe
from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800. The state came into being
following the Treaty of Union in 1706, ratified by the Acts of
Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland
to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great
Britain and its outlying islands. It did not include Ireland, which
remained a separate realm within the British Empire. The unitary
state was governed by a single parliament and government, based
at Westminster. The former kingdoms had been in personal union
since James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King
of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I,
bringing about a "Union of the Crowns". Also, after the accession
of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, the kingdom
was in personal union with the Electorate of Hanover.

Great Britain

17071800

Flag

Royal coat of arms

The early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite

risings which ended with defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in
1746. Later, in 1763, victory in the Seven Years' War led to the
dominance of the British Empire, which was to be the foremost
global power for over a century and later grew to become the
largest empire in history.
On 1 January 1801, the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland
merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland.[4] In 1922, five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United
Kingdom, and the state was renamed the "United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland" its formal name at present.

Location of Great Britain in 1800 (green)

in Europe (green & grey)

Capital

London
5130N 07W

1 Etymology
2 Extent
3 Political structure
4 Relationship with Ireland
5 Great Britain in the 18th century
5.1 Integration
5.2 Wars against France and Spain
5.3 Mercantilism
5.4 American Revolution
5.5 Canada
5.6 Second British Empire
5.7 India
5.8 Australia and New Zealand

Languages

English (official), Scots,

Norn, Welsh, Cornish,
Scottish Gaelic,
Angloromani

Religion

Christianity

Government

Unitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy

Monarch
- 17071714[a]
- 17141727
- 17271760
- 17601800[b]
Prime Minister

Anne
George I
George II
George III

7/11/2015 3:16 PM

Kingdom of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2 of 10

5.9 Battling the French Revolution and Napoleon

6 Monarchs
7 Parliament of Great Britain
8 Peerage of Great Britain
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links

The name Britain descends from the Latin name for the island of
Great Britain, Britannia or Brittnia, the land of the Britons via
the Old French Bretaigne (whence also Modern French Bretagne)
and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The term Great Britain
was first used officially in 1474, in the instrument drawing up the
proposal for a marriage between Cecily the daughter of Edward IV
of England, and James the son of James III of Scotland.
The Treaty of Union and the subsequent Acts of Union state that
England and Scotland were to be "United into one Kingdom by the
Name of Great Britain".[5] The websites of the UK parliament, the
Scottish Parliament, the BBC, and others, including the Historical
Association, refer to the state created on 1 May 1707 as the
United Kingdom of Great Britain.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Additionally, the term united kingdom is found in informal use
during the 18th century to describe the state.[13][14] However, the
state created by the union of England and Scotland in 1707 is
named in the treaty as Great Britain; and is usually referred to by
that name or as the Kingdom of Great Britain.[1][2][3][15][16][17]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain

17211742
17421743
17571762
17661768
17701782
17831800

Legislature
- Upper house
- Lower house
History
- Treaty of
Union
- Acts of
Union
- Union with
Ireland

Robert Walpole
Spencer Compton
Duke of Newcastle
William Pitt the Elder
Lord North
William Pitt the Younger
Parliament
House of Lords
House of Commons

22 July 1706
1 May 1707
1 January 1801

Area
- Total

230,977 km
(89,181 sq mi)

Population
- 1707 est.
Density
- 1800 est.
Density

7,000,000
30.3 /km (78.5 /sq mi)
10,500,000
45.5 /km (117.7 /sq mi)

Currency

Pound sterling

Today part of

United Kingdom

a. ^ Monarch of England and Scotland from 1702 to

1707.
b. ^ Continued as monarch of the United Kingdom
until 1820.

The new state created in 1707 included the island of Great Britain, together with the many smaller islands that
were part of the kingdoms of England and Scotland. The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man were never part of
the kingdom of Great Britain, although by the Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765 the British Crown acquired
suzerainty over the island from Charlotte Murray, Duchess of Atholl.[18]

The kingdoms of England and Scotland, both in existence from the 9th century, were separate states until 1707.
However, they had come into a personal union in 1603, when James VI of Scotland succeeded his cousin
Elizabeth I as King of England under the name of James I. This Union of the Crowns under the House of Stuart
meant that the whole of the island of Great Britain was now ruled by a single monarch, who by virtue of holding
the English crown also ruled over the Kingdom of Ireland. Each of the three kingdoms maintained its own

7/11/2015 3:16 PM

Kingdom of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

3 of 10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain

parliament and laws (although there was a brief attempted union during the Interregnum in the mid-17th
century).
This disposition changed dramatically when the Acts of Union 1707 came into force, with a single unified
Crown of Great Britain and a single unified parliament.[19] Ireland remained formally separate, with its own
parliament, until the Acts of Union 1801. The Treaty of Union provided that succession to the British throne
(and that of Ireland) would be in accordance with the English Act of Settlement of 1701; rather than Scotland's
Act of Security of 1704, which ceased to have effect.[20] The Act of Settlement required that the heir to the
English throne be a descendant of the Electress Sophia of Hanover who was not a "Papist"; this brought about
the Hanoverian succession only a few years after the Union.
Legislative power was vested in the Parliament of Great Britain, which replaced both the Parliament of England
and the Parliament of Scotland.[21] In practice it was a continuation of the English parliament, sitting at the same
location in Westminster, expanded to include representation from Scotland.
As with the former Parliament of England and the modern Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Parliament of
Great Britain was formally constituted of three elements: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the
Crown. The right of the English peerage to sit in the House of Lords remained unchanged, while the
disproportionately large Scottish peerage was permitted to send only 16 representative peers, elected from
amongst their number for the life of each parliament. Similarly, the members of the former English House of
Commons continued as members of the British House of Commons, but as a reflection of the relative tax bases
of the two countries the number of Scottish representatives was reduced to 45.[22] Newly created peers in the
Peerage of Great Britain were given the automatic right to sit in the Lords.
Despite the end of a separate parliament for Scotland, it retained its own laws and system of courts.

As a result of Poynings' Law of 1495, the Parliament of Ireland was subordinate to the Parliament of England,
and after 1707 to the Parliament of Great Britain. The British parliament's Dependency of Ireland on Great
Britain Act 1719 noted that the Irish House of Lords had recently "assumed to themselves a Power and
Jurisdiction to examine, correct and amend" judgements of the Irish courts and declared that as the Kingdom of
Ireland was subordinate to and dependent upon the British crown, the King, through the Parliament of Great
Britain, had "full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient validity to bind the Kingdom and
people of Ireland".[23] The Act was repealed by the Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act
1782.[24] The same year, the Irish constitution of 1782 produced a period of legislative freedom. However, the
Irish Rebellion of 1798, which sought to end the subordination and dependency upon the British crown and
establish a republic, was one of the factors that led to the union between the kingdoms of Great Britain and
Ireland in 1801.

The 18th century saw England, and after 1707 Great Britain, rise to become the world's dominant colonial
power, with France its main rival on the imperial stage.[25] The pre-1707 English overseas possessions became
the nucleus of the British Empire.

Integration

7/11/2015 3:16 PM

Kingdom of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

4 of 10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain

The deeper political integration of her kingdoms was a key policy of Queen Anne, the last Stuart monarch of
England and Scotland and the first monarch of Great Britain. A Treaty of Union was agreed in 1706 following
negotiations between representatives of the parliaments of England and Scotland, and each parliament then
passed separate Acts of Union to ratify it. The Acts came into effect on 1 May 1707, uniting the separate
Parliaments and crowns of England and Scotland and forming a single Kingdom of Great Britain. Anne became
the first occupant of the unified British throne, and in line with Article 22 of the Treaty of Union, Scotland sent
45 Members to join all of the existing members of the Parliament of England in the new House of Commons of
Great Britain.[26]

Wars against France and Spain

The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 and his bequeathal of Spain
and its colonial empire to Philip of Anjou, a grandson of the King of
France, had raised British fears of the unification of France, Spain
and their colonies. In 1701, England, Portugal, and the Dutch
Republic sided with the Holy Roman Empire against Spain and
France in the War of the Spanish Succession. The conflict lasted
until 1714, until France and Spain finally lost. At the concluding
Treaty of Utrecht, Philip renounced his and his descendants' right to
the French throne. Spain lost its empire in Europe, and although it
Lord Clive meeting Mir Jafar after the
kept its empire in the Americas and the Philippines, it was
Battle of Plassey, by Francis Hayman (c.
irreversibly weakened as a great power. The new British Empire,
1762)
based upon what until 1707 had been the English overseas
possessions, was enlarged: from France, Great Britain gained
Newfoundland and Acadia, and from Spain Gibraltar and Minorca. Gibraltar, which is still a British overseas
territory, became a major naval base and allowed Great Britain to control the strait connecting the Atlantic to
the Mediterranean.[27]
The Seven Years' War, which began in 1756, was the first war waged on a global scale and saw British
involvement in Europe, India, North America, the Caribbean, the Philippines, and coastal Africa. The signing of
the Treaty of Paris of 1763 had important consequences for Great Britain and its empire. In North America,
France's future as a colonial power was effectively ended with the ceding of New France to the British, leaving
a sizeable French-speaking population under British control, and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to
Britain. In India, the third Carnatic War had left France still in control of its enclaves, but with military
restrictions and an obligation to support the British client states, effectively leaving the future of India to Great
Britain. The British victory over France in the Seven Years' War therefore left Great Britain as the world's
dominant colonial power.[28]

Mercantilism
Mercantilism was the basic policy imposed by Great Britain on its overseas possessions.[29] Mercantilism meant
that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private
wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchantsand kept others outby
trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries to maximise exports from and minimise imports
to the realm. The government had to fight smugglingwhich became a favourite American technique in the
18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch. The goal of
mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took
its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in London and other British ports. The
government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies

7/11/2015 3:16 PM

Kingdom of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

5 of 10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain

but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the Royal Navy captured
New Amsterdam (later New York) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal
was to enrich the mother country.[30]

American Revolution
During the 1760s and 1770s, relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain became increasingly
strained, primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament's ability to tax American colonists without
their consent. Disagreement turned into a violent insurrection. In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began,
as the Americans trapped the British army in Boston and suppressed the Loyalists who supported the Crown. In
1776 the Americans declared the independence of the United States of America. Under the military leadership
of General George Washington, and, with economic and military assistance from France, the Dutch Republic
and Spain, the United States held off successive British invasions. The Americans captured two main British
armies in 1777 and 1781. After that King George III lost control of Parliament and was unable to continue the
war. It ended with the Treaty of Paris by which Great Britain relinquished the Thirteen Colonies and recognised
the United States. The war was expensive but the British financed it successfully.[31]

Canada
After a series of "French and Indian wars," the British took slices of France's North American colonies, finally
acquiring all of them (except two small islands) in 1763. London's policy was to respect Quebec's religious
heritageeven though it was Catholicas well as its legal, economic and social systems. By the Quebec Act of
1774, Canada was enlarged to include the western holdings of the American colonies. In the American
Revolutionary War starting in 1775, the British made Canada its major base for naval action and for an invasion
in 1777 that led to the surrender of General Burgoyne's army. However American efforts to invade Canada also
failed.[32]
After the American victory between 40,000 and 60,000 defeated Loyalists migrated, some bringing their slaves.
Most were given free land to compensate their losses. The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and
Saint Croix river valleys, then part of Nova Scotia, were not welcome by the locals. Therefore, London split off
New Brunswick as a separate colony in 1784. The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper
Canada (mainly English-speaking) and Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking) to defuse tensions between the
French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Great
Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of
government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution.[33]

Second British Empire

The loss of the Thirteen Colonies, Great Britain's most populous overseas possessions, which became the United
States, marked the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention
away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa.[34] Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, published in
1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies
that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the protectionism of Spain and
Portugal. The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Great Britain after 1781[35]
confirmed Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success.

India
During its first century of operation the focus of the East India Company had been trade, not the building of an

7/11/2015 3:16 PM

Kingdom of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

6 of 10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain

empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire
declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the French East India
Company (Compagnie franaise des Indes orientales) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. The
Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar, which saw the British, led by Robert Clive, defeat the Indian powers, left
the Company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India. In the following decades it
gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control, ruling either directly or indirectly via local
puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies, much of which were composed of native Indian
sepoys.

Australia and New Zealand

In 1770, British explorer James Cook had discovered the eastern coast of Australia whilst on a scientific voyage
to the South Pacific. In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the
government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement. Australia marks the
beginning of the Second British Empire. It was planned by the government in London and designed as a
replacement for the lost American colonies.[36] The American Loyalist James Matra in 1783 write "A Proposal
for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales" proposing the establishment of a colony composed of
American Loyalists, Chinese and South Sea Islanders (but not convicts).[37] Matra reasoned that the land
country was suitable for plantations of sugar, cotton and tobacco; New Zealand timber and hemp or flax could
prove valuable commodities; it could form a base for Pacific trade; and it could be a suitable compensation for
displaced American Loyalists. At the suggestion of Secretary of State Lord Sydney, Matra amended his proposal
to include convicts as settlers, considering that this would benefit both "Economy to the Publick, & Humanity to
the Individual". The government adopted the basics of Matra's plan in 1784, and funded the settlement of
convicts.[38]
In 1787 the First Fleet set sail, carrying the first shipment of convicts to the colony. It arrived in January 1788.

Battling the French Revolution and Napoleon

With the regicide of King Louis XVI in 1793, the French Revolution represented a contest of ideologies
between the two nations.[39] It was not only Britain's position on the world stage that was threatened: Napoleon,
who came to power in 1799, threatened invasion of Great Britain itself, and with it, a fate similar to the
countries of continental Europe that his armies had overrun. The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which
the British invested large amounts of capital and resources. French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy.[40]
The French Revolution revived religious and political grievances in Ireland. In 1798, Irish nationalists launched
the Irish Rebellion of 1798, believing that the French would help them to overthrow the British.[41][42]
William Pitt the Younger, the British prime minister, firmly believed that the only solution to the problem was a
union of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the defeat of the rebellion, which had had some assistance from
France, he advanced this policy. The union was established by the Act of Union 1800; compensation and
patronage ensured the support of the Irish Parliament. Great Britain and Ireland were formally united on 1
January 1801.[43]

Anne (17071714) (previously Queen of England, Queen of Scots, and Queen of Ireland since 1702)
George I (17141727)

7/11/2015 3:16 PM

Kingdom of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7 of 10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain

George II (17271760)
George III (17601801) (continued as King of the United Kingdom until his death in
1820)

The Parliament of Great Britain consisted of the House of Lords, an unelected upper house
of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the House of Commons, the lower chamber, which
was elected periodically. In England and Wales parliamentary constituencies remained
unchanged throughout the existence of the Parliament.[44]

The coat of arms

of the House of
Hanover

During the 18th century, the British Constitution developed

significantly.

As a result of the Union of 1707, no new peerages were created in

the Peerage of England or the Peerage of Scotland. English
peerages continued to carry the right to a seat in the House of
Lords, while the Scottish peers elected representative peers from
Pitt addressing the Commons in 1793
among their own number to sit in the Lords. Peerages continued to
be created by the Crown, either in the new Peerage of Great
Britain, which was that of the new kingdom and meant a seat in its House of Lords, or in the Peerage of Ireland,
giving the holder a seat in the Irish House of Lords.

Great Britain in the Seven Years' War

Timeline of British history (17001799)
1st Parliament of Great Britain
2nd Parliament of Great Britain
List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain
List of Parliaments of Great Britain
Early Modern Britain
Georgian era
Jacobitism

1. "After the political union of England and Scotland in 1707, the nation's official name became 'Great Britain'", The
American Pageant, Volume 1, Cengage Learning (2012)
2. "From 1707 until 1801 Great Britain was the official designation of the kingdoms of England and Scotland". The
Standard Reference Work: For the Home, School and Library, Volume 3, Harold Melvin Stanford (1921)

7/11/2015 3:16 PM

Kingdom of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

8 of 10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain

3. "In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so
continued until the union with Ireland in 1801". United States Congressional serial set, Issue 10; Issue 3265 (1895)
4. The Acts of Union 1801, which created the United Kingdom, came into effect on 1 January 1801.
5. Article 1 in each of:"The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706" (http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk
/union.html). Scots History Online. Retrieved 18 July 2011. /7/contents "Union with England Act 1707"
(http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aosp/1707). The national Archives. Retrieved 18 July 2011. "Union with Scotland
Act 1706" (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Ann/6/11/contents). Retrieved 18 July 2011.:
That the Two Kingdoms of Scotland and England, shall upon 1 May next ensuing the date hereof, and forever
after, be United into One Kingdom by the Name of GREAT BRITAIN.
6. Acts of Union 1707 (http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/)
parliament.uk, accessed 31 December 2010
7. Making the Act of Union 1707 (http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf)
scottish.parliament.uk, accessed 31 December 2010
8. England Profile (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm) BBC, 10 February 2011
9. Scottish referendum: 50 fascinating facts you should know about Scotland (see fact 27) (http://www.telegraph.co.uk
/news/uknews/scotland/scottish-politics/9007300/Scottish-referendum-50-fascinating-facts-you-should-know-aboutScotland.html) www.telegraph.co.uk, 11 January 2012
10. Uniting the kingdom? (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm)
nationalarchives.gov.uk, accessed 31 December 2010
11. The Union of the Parliaments 1707 (http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scotlandshistory/unioncrownsparliaments
/unionofparliaments/index.asp) Learning and Teaching Scotland, accessed 2 September 2010
12. The Creation of the United Kingdom of Great britain in 1707 (http://www.history.org.uk/resources
/he_resource_730_9.html) Historical Association, accessed 30 January 2011
13. Bamber Gascoigne. "History of Great Britain (from 1707)" (http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis
/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07). History World. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
14. William E. Burns, A Brief History of Great Britain, p. xxi (https://books.google.com/books?id=Fjf4YynnC90C&
pg=PT21#v=onepage&q&f=false)
15. Prakke, L.; Kortmann, C. A. J. M.; van den Brandhof, J. C. E. (2004). Constitutional law of 15 EU member states
(https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vZMPbnNXcC&pg=PA866&
dq=%22was+the+kingdom+of+Great+Britain+formed%22#v=onepage&
q=%22was%20the%20kingdom%20of%20Great%20Britain%20formed%22&f=false). p. 866.
ISBN 978-90-13-01255-2. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
16. Home Office (2007). Life in the United Kingdom: a journey to citizenship (https://books.google.com
/books?id=L4OQ-2zKji0C&pg=PT23&dq=%22became+the+Kingdom+of+great+Britain%22#v=onepage&
q=%22became%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20great%20Britain%22&f=false). ISBN 978-0-11-341317-1. Retrieved
18 July 2011.
17. Dickinson (ed.), H.T. (2002). A companion to eighteenth-century Britain (https://books.google.com
/books?id=41KQ_oc-JP0C&pg=PA381&dq=%22creating+the+Kingdom+of+great+Britain%22#v=onepage&
q=%22creating%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20great%20Britain%22&f=false). p. 381. ISBN 978-0-631-21837-1.
Retrieved 18 July 2011.
18. V. E. Hartley Booth & Peter Sells, British extradition law and procedure: including extradition between the United
Kingdom and foreign states, the Commonwealth and dependent countries and the Republic of Ireland (Alphen aan
den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1980; ISBN 978-90-286-0079-9), p. 5
19. Act of Union 1707, Article 1.
20. Treaty of Union 1706, Article 2.
21. Act of Union 1707, Article 3.
22. Act of Union 1707, Article 22.
23. W. C. Costin & J. Steven Watson, eds., The Law & Working of the Constitution: Documents 16601914, vol. I for
16601783 (A. & C. Black, 1952), pp. 128129
24. Costin Watson (1952), p. 147
25. Anthony, Pagden (2003). Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and
Conquest, from Greece to the Present. Modern Library. p. 90.
26. The Treaty or Act of the Union (http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html) scotshistoryonline.co.uk, accessed
2 November 2008
27. Julian Hoppit, A Land of Liberty?: England 16891727 (2000) ch 4, 8

7/11/2015 3:16 PM

Kingdom of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

9 of 10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain

28. Fred Anderson, The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War (2006)
29. Max Savelle, Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind (2005) pp. 204211 (https://books.google.com
/books?id=hIgl_HNozQsC&pg=PA204&
dq=mercantilism+%22colonial+OR+america%22+OR+%22American+OR+colonies%22&hl=en&
ei=5iDMTdXbKOniiAL7oeGABQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&
ved=0CFMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=mercantilism%20%22colonial%20OR%20america%22%20OR
%20%22American%20OR%20colonies%22&f=false)
30. William R. Nester, The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America,
16071755 (Praeger, 2000) p, 54.
31. Jeremy Black, War for America: The Fight for Independence, 17751783 (2001)
32. Phillip Buckner, Canada and the British Empire (2010) ch 2
33. Desmond Morton, A short history of Canada (2001).
34. Anthony, Pagden (1998). The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire. Oxford University
Press. p. 92.
35. James, Lawrence (2001). The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. Abacus. p. 119.
36. Deryck Schreuder and Stuart Ward, eds., Australia's Empire (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion
Series) (2010), ch 1
37. Harold B. Carter, "Banks, Cook and the Eighteenth Century Natural History Tradition", in Tony Delamotte and Carl
Bridge (eds.), Interpreting Australia: British Perceptions of Australia since 1788, London, Sir Robert Menzies
Centre for Australian Studies, 1988, pp.423.
38. Alan Atkinson, "The first plans for governing New South Wales, 178687", Australian Historical Studies, vol.24,
no.94, April 1990, pp. 2240, p.31.
39. James (2001), p. 152
40. David Andress, The Savage Storm: Britain on the Brink in the Age of Napoleon (2012)
41. "British History The 1798 Irish Rebellion" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower
/irish_reb_01.shtml). BBC. 5 November 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
42. Daniel Gahan, Rebellion!: Ireland in 1798 (1998)
43. John Ehrman, The Younger Pitt: The Consuming Struggle (1996), vol 3 cover 1797 to his death in 1806.
44. Chris Cook & John Stevenson, British Historical Facts 17601830 (The Macmillan Press, 1980)

Black, Jeremy. Britain as a Military Power, 16881815 (2002) excerpt and text search
(http://www.amazon.com/Britain-Military-Power-1688-1815-ebook/dp/B000FA5WTY/)
Brumwell, Stephen, and W.A. Speck. Cassell's Companion to Eighteenth Century Britain (2002), an
encyclopaedia
Colley, Linda. Britons: Forging the Nation 17071837 (2nd ed. 2009) excerpt and text search
(http://www.amazon.com/Britons-Forging-Nation-1707-1837-Revised/dp/0300152809/)
Daunton, Martin. Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain 17001850 (1995)
excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/Progress-Poverty-Economic-History-1700-1850
/dp/0198222815/)
Hilton, Boyd. A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 17831846 (New Oxford History of
England) (2008) excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/Mad-Bad-Dangerous-People1783-1846/dp/0199218919/)
Hoppit, Julian. A Land of Liberty?: England 16891727 (New Oxford History of England) (2000)
James, Lawrence. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (2001)
Langford, Paul. A Polite and Commercial People: England 17271783 (New Oxford History of England)
(1994) excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/Polite-Commercial-People-England-1727-1783
/dp/0192852531/)
O'Gorman, Frank. The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 16881832 (1997)
415pp
Porter, Roy. English Society in the Eighteenth Century (2nd ed. 1990) excerpt and text search

7/11/2015 3:16 PM

Kingdom of Great Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

10 of 10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain

(http://www.amazon.com/English-Society-Eighteenth-Century-Penguin/dp/0140138196/)
Rule, John. Albion's People: English Society 17141815 (1992)
Speck, W.A. Literature and Society in Eighteenth-Century England: Ideology, Politics and Culture,
16801820 (1998)
Watson, J. Steven. The Reign of George III, 17601815 (Oxford History of England) (1960)
Williams, Basil. The Whig Supremacy 17141760 (1939) online edition (https://archive.org/details
/whigsupremacy171001761mbp)

Media related to Kingdom of Great Britain at Wikimedia Commons

The Treaty of Union (http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/corporate/history/SPTradition/treaty.htm), the
Scottish Parliament
Text of Union with England Act (http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk
/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&
blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=0&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=1519711)
Text of Union with Scotland Act (http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk
/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&
blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=0&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=2078400)
Preceded by
Kingdom of England
12 July 927 1 May 1707
Kingdom of Scotland
c. 843 1 May 1707

Kingdom of Great Britain

1 May 1707 31 December 1800

Succeeded by
United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland
1 January 1801 6 December
1922

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&oldid=669794445"

Categories: Former countries in the British Isles States and territories established in 1707
States and territories disestablished in 1801 Kingdom of Great Britain 1801 disestablishments
Former monarchies of Europe History of Great Britain
This page was last modified on 3 July 2015, at 15:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

7/11/2015 3:16 PM