Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.
Cylinder head. This is the top cover of the cylinder and holds the inlet and exhaust
valves, their operating mechanisms, and the spark plug or fuel injector, as the case may be. The
valves along with their operating mechanism are together called the valve gear.
2.
Cylinder block and cylinder liner. The cylinder head is fitted over the cylinder block
and liner. The space between the block wall and cylinder liner acts as the cooling water jacket.
3.
Piston. The piston is of cylindrical shape to fit the inside bore of the cylinder. Gas
tightness is ensured by means of the piston rings in the slots on the outer cylindrical surface of
the piston.
4.
Connecting rod. This is the link connecting the piston to the crankshaft for transmission
of the forces from and to the piston. The pin connecting it to the piston is called the gudgeon pin
and that connecting it to the crankshaft as the crank pin.
5.
Crankshaft. This is a shaft with radial cranks, which converts the reciprocating motion of
Crank case and sump. Crank case is the engine casing having the main bearings in
which the crank shaft rotates. The bottom cover of the engine is the sump which usually acts as a
lubricating oil reservoir.
DIESEL ENGINE
Works on Diesel cycle.
2. Fuel is mixed with air in a Fuel is injected directly using an injection nozzle
carburettor and the mixture at the end of compression stroke.
is admitted during suction.
3. Spark ignition is used.
4. Has low compression ratios Has high compression ratios (10 to 20).
(6 to 10).
5. Lower engine efficiency.
horizontal engine the respective positions are the outer dead centre and the inner dead centre.
The distance between the two dead centres is the stroke length of the piston which will be two
times the crank length or the crank radius.
The four strokes making up a thermodynamic cycle of a four-stroke I.C. engine are (i)
suction stroke, (ii) compression stroke, (iii) expansion or power stroke and (iv) exhaust stroke.
(i) Suction Stroke
Piston movement :
Valve position
Process
vacuum created inside the cylinder draws the charge into the
cylinder through inlet valve.
(iii)
Piston movement :
Valve position
Process
Piston movement :
Valve position
Process : 1.
(iv)
At the end of the compression stroke a spark is struck by the spark plug in SI
engines. This causes the combustion of the fuel in the charge and the
instantaneous increase of pressure. In CI engines, fuel is sprayed into the hot
compressed air resulting in combustion of fuel. During the period of fuel
injection the piston moves in its expansion stroke and so there is minimal
pressure increase.
2.
As the charge in the cylinder burns it pushes the piston from TDC to BDC;
expansion of combustion products (gas) takes place; power is produced. A
fraction of the power is used for the other strokes, the balance being supplied to
the surrounding (useful power output of the engine).
Exhaust Stroke
Piston movement :
Valve position
Process
Transfer port
admits the charge from the crank case into the cylinder.
Exhaust port
Working principle
Please refer to the sketches giving the different positions of the piston in the two stroke
engine cylinder shown on the diagram sheet.
Stroke 1
Piston movement
Processes
The charge is air-fuel mixture in petrol engines or atmosphere air in diesel engines.
Stroke 2
Piston movement
Processes
Thus in a two-stroke engine, both faces of the piston are effective, unlike in a 4-stroke
engine.
A two-stroke engine has a power stroke every revolution of the crankshaft. Therefore its
power to weight ratio is higher than that of a four-stroke engine.
2.
The torque is more uniform in a two-stroke engine, hence it requires a lighter flywheel
than that for a four-stroke engine.
3.
Two-stroke engines are simpler in construction than four-stroke engines due to the
absence of valves and their operating mechanism.
4.
The friction loss is less in two-stroke engines, therefore it gives higher mechanical
efficiency than four-stroke engines.
5.
The capital cost of two-stroke engines is less than that of four-stroke engines.
6.
The overall efficiency is less than that of four-stroke engines due to (i) inadequate
scavenging as some combustion products are left in the cylinder (ii) loss of fresh charge
during scavenging, and (iii) less effective compression ratio for same stroke long.
2.
3.
4.
The exhaust of two-stroke engines is noisier needing more baffling in the silencers.
1. One cycle in four strokes of the One cycle in two strokes of the piston or
piston or two revolutions of the one revolution of the crankshaft.
crankshaft.
2. Valves are used for charge admission No valves but ports are used for charge
and exhaust.
admission an exhaust.
3. One power stroke per two One power stroke in one revolution of
revolutions of crankshaft resulting in crankshaft causing smoother torque and
torque fluctuations needing heavier consequent lighter flywheel.
flywheel.
4. Low power to weight ratios.