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Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 308314

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Eect of curing conditions on the mortars with and without GGBFS

. C
O
akr *, F. Akoz
_
Division of Construction Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yldz Technical University, 34349 Istanbul,
Turkey
Received 25 October 2005; received in revised form 27 March 2006; accepted 30 August 2006
Available online 16 October 2006

Abstract
The eect of curing conditions on properties of mortars with and without ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) was studied.
In the present work, cement was replaced by ground granulated blast furnace slag 0% (control), 30%, and 60% by weight, and mortars
were produced. One of the two groups of mortars was kept in water at 20 C standard conditions, and the other was kept in moisture
cabinet at 40 C temperature and approximately at 100% relative humidity (RH). Flexural strength, compressive strength, ultrasonic
pulse velocity, capillarity coecient, and volumetric water absorption were investigated at the ages of 7, 28, 56, 90, and 180 days.
The results obtained indicate that elevated temperature increases performance of mortar at early ages but decreases at later-age, and this
aect is more signicant at slag replaced mortars.
 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Curing condition; Ground granulated blast furnace slag; Mechanical properties, Physical properties

1. Introduction
Concrete is the most important element of the infrastructure and well-designed concrete can be a durable construction material. However, the environmental aspects of
Portland cement are a growing concern, as cement manufacturing is responsible for about 2.5% of total worldwide
emissions from industrial sources [1]. One of the eective
ways to reduce the environmental impact is to use mineral
admixtures, as a partial cement replacement. This strategy
will have the potential to reduce costs, conserve energy,
and waste minimization [1,2]. Mineral admixtures such as
ground granulated blast furnace slag, y ash, and silica
fume are silica-based pozzolanic materials so they can partially replace Portland cement [1]. The use of mineral
admixtures improve the compressive strength, pore structure, and permeability of the mortars and concretes with

Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 212 2507070/2764; fax: +90 212

2364177.
. C
E-mail address: cozgur@yildiz.edu.tr (O
akr).
0950-0618/$ - see front matter  2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.013

time [3], because the total porosity decrease with increasing

hydration time [4].
One of the main environmental impacts of steeliron
production industry is slag which is a mixture of lime, silica, and alumina that is the same oxides that make up Portland cement, but not in the same proportions. For use in
the manufacture of blast furnace slag has to be quenched
with water so that it solidies as a glass [5]. Disadvantages
of blast furnace slag cement are the slower rate of strength
gain especially at lower temperatures, longer curing period
and carbonation [6].
The necessity for curing arises from the fact that hydration of cement can take place only in water-lled capillaries
so in order to obtain good concrete, the placing of an
appropriate mix must be followed by curing in a suitable
environment during the early stages of hardening and a loss
of water by evaporation from capillaries must be prevented
[5]. The temperature of curing and the duration of moist
curing are the key factors for proper curing. Because, the
rate of hydration is controlled by the quality and quantities
of the cementitious materials present in mix as well as the
ambient temperature and the availability of moisture in

 . Cakr, F. Akoz / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 308314

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the mix [7]. It has generally been accepted that curing is

more important for concrete with mineral admixtures than
for normal concrete [8]. The period of curing is usual to
specify a minimum of seven days for ordinary Portland
cement concrete but with slower-hardening cements a
longer curing period is desirable [5]. A higher temperature
during placing and setting increases the very early strength
but adversely aect the strength at later ages although they
are continuously cured in water at 21 C [9].
It is known that an increase in the curing temperature
increases its rate of development of strength so two types
of steam curing processes in prefabrication are developed
such as steam curing at both atmospheric pressure and high
pressure. In atmospheric pressure steam curing, the temperature between 40 and 100 C is mentioned but especially
temperature between 65 and 85 C is widely applied. Steam
pressure is between 6 and 10 atmospheres and the temperature is between 160 and 220 C in high-pressure steam curing and this process is often referred to as autoclaving [9].
In this study, the aects of dierent curing condition on
the mechanical and physical properties of mortars with and
without ground granulated blast furnace slag were investigated. In the framework of experimental study; mortars
which were produced with dierent slag replacement ratios
were kept at two dierent curing conditions, and mechanical and physical properties were investigated during 180
days.

309

2. Experimental procedure
2.1. Materials
Experimental study was carried out on mortars with and
without ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS).
An ordinary Portland cement (CEM I 42.5) [10], a siliceous
sand according to the RILEM guidelines and GGBFS were
used for the mortar mixtures. Cement and GGBFS properties are indicated in Table 1. A modify polycarboxylatebased superplasticizer (SP) was used to adjust the ow
within 105115 mm. Density of SP was 1.10 kg/l and its
pH was 7.3.
2.2. Mix proportion and curing
Table 2 presents the mix designs for three dierent mortars. The sand/cementitious ratio was 3, and water/cementitious material ratio was 0.5. Cement was replaced by
GGBFS 0% (0), 30% (3), and 60% (6) by weight. Bulk densities of the fresh mortars are also presented in Table 2.
After production of mortars, the molded specimens were
covered with a plastic sheet and left in the casting room for
24 h. Then the specimens were demolded and divided into
two groups. First group specimens were stored in lime-saturated water (W) at 20 2 C, and second group specimens were put into temperature and humidity controlled

Table 1
Chemical and mechanical test results of OPC and slag
Chemical composition (%)

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

GGBFS

CaO
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
SO3
Cl
Na2O/K2O
Sulphur
Loss on ignition
Insoluble residue (max)
Specic gravity (g/cm3)

64.01
20.01
5.28
3.65
1.21
2.47
0.033
0.25/0.81

2.27
0.32
3.14

33.48
41.43
10.28
3.48
6.05

Blaine neness (cm2/g)

Setting time (min)

3570
Initial
Final

145
180

Mechanical properties
7 days
28 days

Flexural strength (N/mm2)

6.3
9.3

Compressive strength (N/mm2)

33.9
50.1

0.012
0.41/1.72
1.64
0.61

2.89
4730

Flexural strength (N/mm2)

2.6

Compressive strength (N/mm2)

9.3

Table 2
Mix proportions
Group

Cement (by weight)

GGBFS (by weight)

Aggregate (by weight)

w/c (by weight)

SP (by weight)

Unit weight (kg/m3)

0
3
6

1
0.70
0.40

0
0.30
0.60

0.5

0
0.028
0.028

2410
2310
2280

 . Cakr, F. Akoz / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 308314

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310

cabinet (H) at 40 2 C temperature and approximately at

100% relative humidity until the test age.

of specimen. Ultrasonic pulse velocity through mortar

specimens was determined according to ASTM C597-97
[12].

2.3. Specimens and testing

3. Experimental results and discussion
Compressive and exural strength, capillary coecient
and volumetric water absorption, and ultrasonic pulse
velocity were determined at the ages of 7, 28, 56, 90, and
180 days of the exposure.
Flexural strength test was carried out on three
40 40 160 mm prismatic specimens and then compressive strength test was conducted on six pieces of prisms
according to TS EN 196-1 [11]. The other tests were performed on 40 40 75 mm prismatic specimens. Three
prisms for the capillary water absorption and another three
for the volumetric water absorption tests were used for
each curing condition. Capillary coecient from capillary
water absorption test and appearing porosity (AP) from
volumetric water absorption test were determined. For
the capillary water absorption test, lower face (parallel to
the trowelled upper face) having 40 75 mm dimensions
was brought in contact with water in a tray. Environmental
temperature was 20 2 C during the test. Absorbed water
was measured at dierent intervals. Initial slope of the
curve of absorbed water-square root of time was calculated
representing the capillary water absorption coecient. For
the volumetric water absorption test, specimens were
immersed in water and the mass was measured until constant value was achieved. Absorbed water was calculated
as the dierence between saturated surface dry and dry
masses and the values were given as percent by the volume

Compressive strength, exural strength, capillary water

absorption, volumetric water absorption and ultrasonic
pulse velocity experiments were carried out at 7, 28, 56,
90 and 180 days for two curing conditions and the data
at 7 day are accepted initial values and are presented in
Table 3. The changes on physical and mechanical properties in time were studied; high determination coecient
(R2) values were obtained, and the results are shown in
Figs. 15.
3.1. Compressive strength
It can be seen from Table 3 that compressive strength of
mortars cured in elevated temperature aective condition is
higher than mortars cured in water, and control mortars
compressive strength is higher than slag replaced mortars.
As seen from Fig. 1, the compressive strength increases in
all specimens with time for both curing conditions. Compressive strengths of slag replaced mortars are lower but
increase ratios of slag replaced mortars are higher than
control mortars with time. The compressive strength of
control mortars cured in water (0 W) at 20 C temperature
increases by 54% and 109% at 28 and 180 day respectively,
if 7 days specimens are compared to 28 and 180 days. Slag
replaced mortars 3 W groups compressive strength

Table 3
Physical and mechanical properties at 7 day
Properties

0W

3W

6W

0H

3H

6H

Compressive strength (MPa)

Flexural strength (MPa)
Appearing porosity (%)
Capillarity coecient ( 10 6 cm2/s)
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (m/s)

33.7
6.8
20.4
4.6
3733

31.0
6.5
19.4
3.8
3600

26.3
6.0
18.6
3.2
3575

36.9
7.0
19.0
5.4
4033

34.1
6.3
18.2
5.0
3800

32.6
6.1
17.0
4.2
3633

Compressive Strength (fc, MPa)

80

fc(0W) = 11.255Ln(t) + 12.598 R = 0.9913

2
fc(3W) = 10.975Ln(t) + 10.562 R = 0.9867
2
fc(6W) = 11.290Ln(t) + 5.287 R = 0.9844

70
60
50

fc(0H) = 9.332Ln(t) + 18.507 R = 0.9988

2
fc(3H) = 7.126Ln(t) + 19.988 R = 0.9932

40

fc(6H) = 7.089Ln(t) + 18.606 R = 0.9951

30

0W

0H

3W

3H

6W

6H

0W

0H

3W

3H

6W

6H

20
0

28

56

84

112

140

168

196

Age (t, days)

Fig. 1. Relationship between compressive strength and age.

 . Cakr, F. Akoz / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 308314

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Flexural Strength (fctf, MPa)

10

311

fctf(0W) = 0.427Ln(t) + 5.940 R = 0.9894

2
fctf(3W) = 0.461Ln(t) + 5.547 R = 0.9894
2
fctf(6W) = 0.465Ln(t) + 5.153 R = 0.9844

0W

0H

3W

3H

6W

6H

0W

0H

3W

3H

6W

6H

0W

0H

3W

3H

6W

6H

0W

0H

3W

3H

6W

6H

8
7
2

fctf(0H) = 0.155Ln(t) + 6.691 R = 0.9967

2
fctf(3H) = 0.246Ln(t) + 5.887 R = 0.9543
2
fctf(6H) = 0.292Ln(t) + 5.535 R = 0.9928

6
5
0

28

56

84

112

140

168

196

Age (t, days)

Appearing Porosity (AP, %)

Fig. 2. Relationship between exural strength and age.

AP%(0W) = -1.293Ln(t) + 22.932 R = 0.9971

2
AP%(3W) = -1.411Ln(t) + 22.259 R = 0.9897

24

AP%(6W) = -1.414Ln(t) + 21.232

21

R = 0.9932
2

AP%(0H) = -0.692Ln(t) + 20.409 R = 0.9904

2
AP%(3H)= -0.745Ln(t) + 19.569 R = 0.9915
2
AP%(6H) = -0.507Ln(t) + 17.924 R = 0.9840

18

15

12
0

28

56

84

112

140

168

196

Age (t, days)

8.E-06

k(0W) = -9E-07Ln(t) + 6E-06 R = 0.9913

2
k(3W) = -6E-07Ln(t) + 5E-06 R = 0.9557
2
k(6W) = -6E-07Ln(t) + 4E-06 R = 0.9537

0W

0H

3W

3H

6W

6H

3.E-06

0W

0H

2.E-06

3W

3H

6W

6H

7.E-06

Capillarity Coefficient (k, cm /sec)

Fig. 3. Relationship between appearing porosity and age.

6.E-06

k(0H) = -8E-07Ln(t) + 7E-06 R = 0.9153

2
k(3H) = -8E-07Ln(t) + 7E-06 R = 0.9199
2
k(6H) = -8E-07Ln(t) + 6E-06 R = 0.9876

5.E-06
4.E-06

1.E-06
0.E+00
0

28

56

84

112

140

168

196

Age (t, days)

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (V, m/sec)

Fig. 4. Relationship between capillarity coecient and age.

5000

V(0W) = 142.73Ln(t) + 3480.3 R = 0.9757

2
V(3W) = 205.87Ln(t) + 3191.4 R = 0.9990
2
V(6W) = 225.86Ln(t) + 3103.5 R = 0.9851

4750
4500
4250
4000

V(0H) = 33.99Ln(t) + 3986.1

3750

0W

0H

3W

3H

6W

6H

0W

0H

3W

3H

6W

6H

R = 0.8083
2

V(3H) = 118.64Ln(t) + 3617.3

R = 0.8862

V(6H) = 184.67Ln(t) + 3288.0

R = 0.9953

3500
0

28

56

84

112

140

168

196

Age (t, days)

Fig. 5. Relationship between ultrasonic pulse velocity and age.

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increases by 60% and 117%, 6 W groups compressive

strength increases by 72% and 140% at 28 and 180 days
respectively, if 7 days specimens are compared to 28 and
180 days. The highest strength gain was achieved in 6 W
group followed by 3 W group.
Compressive strength of control specimens which cured
in moisture cabinet increases by 34% and 82% at 28 and
180 day respectively, if 7 day specimens are compared to
28 and 180 days. Compressive strength of slag replaced
mortars 3 H group increases by 26% and 68%, and 6 H
group increases by 27% and 69% at 28 and180 days, if
7 day specimens are compared to 28 and 180 days. The
compressive strength of mortars cured in moisture cabinet
increases with time, and the highest increment was
obtained at control group which were cured in moisture
cabinet (0 H). Slag replaced groups increment ratios are
lower than control group.
Compressive strength of control and slag replaced
groups are negatively aected from the conditions at elevated temperature and lower relative humidity, and this
aect is more signicant in slag replaced mortars as seen
from equations obtained from Fig. 1.
Compressive strength of specimens cured at elevated
temperature and lower relative humidity decreases at later
ages for both mortar group. Similar results are also seen in
the related literature. For example, specimens subjected to
a high early temperature (3550 C) attain greater early-age
strength but eventually attain a lower later-age strength
compared to the specimens subjected to normal temperature (@20 C). The specimens subjected to a low early temperature (5 C) have lower early-age strength but almost
the same later-age strength as that of the specimens subjected to normal temperature [13,14]. According to an
experimental study investigating the aect of slag ratio,
temperature and humidity on concrete properties carried
out by Zain and Radin; one of the control and slag
replaced specimen group having same water/binder ratio
were cured in water at 20 C temperature and the other
group were wrapped with wet burlaps before subjected to
temperatures at 35 and 50 C; the results indicated that
the compressive strength of wrapped cured specimens at
elevated temperature are higher than the specimens cured
in water at early-age but lower at later ages [15]. The
importance of water curing for hydration of cement is perceived. Elevated curing temperature accelerates the chemical reactions of hydration, and increase the early-age
strength but during the initial period of hydration, an open
and unlled pore structure of cement paste forms and
therefore negatively aects the properties of hardened concrete especially at later ages [5,15].
3.2. Flexural strength
It can be seen from Table 3 that exural strength of control and slag replaced specimens cured in moisture cabinet
are a little higher at 7 day than the specimens cured in
water except 3 H group. Flexural strength and compressive

strength show similar behaviour at the 7 day and laterages. It can be seen from Fig. 2 that increases with time
in all specimens for both curing conditions. The exural
strengths of slag replaced groups are lower than the control
groups.
Flexural strength gain of control mortars which cured in
water (0 W) is 7%, and 21%, strength gains of slag replaced
mortars 3 W groups are 8% and 23%; 6 W groups are 13%
and 25% at 28 and 180 days, respectively, if 7 day specimens are compared to 28 and 180 days. The aect of slag
increases with time similar to compressive strength, and it
becomes more signicant with the increase of slag replacement ratio. The exural strength of mortars cured in moisture cabinet increase by 3%, and 7% in 0 H group, increase
by 8% and 13% in 3 H group, and increase by 7% and 15%
in 6 H group at 28 and 180 days, respectively. Slag replaced
mortars exural strengths are negatively aected at elevated temperature and lower humidity condition. The exural strength of mortars produced with Portland cement
and cured in water at 40 C temperature is lower than the
exural strength of mortars cured in water at 20 C temperature [16].
It can be seen from the equations of Fig. 2 that the increment ratio of exural strength with time in control and slag
replaced mortars cured in water are higher with respect to
the specimens cured in moisture cabinet, and this situation
is more signicant in slag replaced groups. According to
the experimental data, the aects of curing conditions on
compressive and exural strength are seen with time on
mortars especially as those of slag replaced mortars.
3.3. Appearing porosity
The appearing porosity (AP) of the specimens cured in
water is higher than those of cured in moisture cabinet at
7 day (Table 3). This indicates that, at the beginning, the
degree of hydration of cement becomes higher with the
increment of temperature. It can be seen in Fig. 3 that
appearing porosity values decreases in all specimens with
time for both curing conditions. The appearing porosity
of the slag replaced mortars is lower than the control mortars. Decrement in AP of the mortars cured in water is 8%
and 21% in control group (0 W), 9% and 23% in the slag
replaced mortars 3 W group, and 12% and 25% in 6W
group at 28 and 180 days, respectively. Porosity of the mortars decreases with slag replacement. This situation connote that slag lls the pores and decreases the capillarity,
thus, durability of mortars increases. Decrements in
appearing porosity of the mortars cured in moisture cabinet are, 4% and 12% in 0 H group, 7% and 13% in 3H
group, and 5% and 9% in 6 H group.
According to the results, the appearing porosity decrement of control and slag replaced specimens cured in water
with time is higher compared to those of cured in moisture
cabinet. These results conrm that higher degree of hydration due to the increased temperature is not continual, and
the hydration products occurred is also porous [5,15].

 . Cakr, F. Akoz / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 308314

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3.4. Capillarity coecient

According to the experimental results of capillary pore
investigation, it can be seen from Fig. 4 and Table 3 that
the capillarity coecient of the specimens cured in humidity cabinet is higher compared to the specimens cured in
water in the beginning. Although the decrease in appearing
porosity due to temperature increase and fast hydration at
the beginning, it appears that capillary cracks occur and
the capillarity coecient increase during fast hydration.
Capillarity coecient decreases in all specimens with time
for both curing conditions. Decrements for control group
(0 W) cured in water are 24% and 59% at 28 and 180 days,
respectively, if 7 day specimens are compared to 28 and 180
days. In slag replaced groups; decrements are 32% and 55%
in 3 W group, and 31% and 59% in 6 W group at 28 and
180 days, respectively. Decrement of control group (0 H)
cured in humidity cabinet are 7% and 45%, 16% and 54%
in 3 H group, and 26% and 62% in 6 H group at 28 and
180 days, respectively.
Test results indicate that decrease ratios in capillarity
coecient of specimens cured in water with time are higher
than those of cured in moisture cabinet and the aect of
curing conditions is signicant. Capillarity coecients of
slag replaced mortars are lower compared to control mortars for both curing conditions. This situation can be
explained as the slag pulverized ner than the cement particles ll the capillary pores physically and also pozzolanic
property of the slag is aective on gel structure [8]. Experimental results conrm the point of view that use of slag
improves the durability of mortars.
3.5. Ultrasonic pulse velocity
Ultrasonic pulse velocity of the specimens cured in water
is lower at 7 day than those of cured in moisture cabinet as
seen from Table 3. This situation conrms the results of
appearing porosity. Higher degree of hydration of the
cement due to increase at temperature, the amount of pores
decreases so that the ultrasonic pulse velocity increases.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity decreases with the replacement
of slag for both curing conditions. This shows that the
amount of pores increase, and is in contradiction with
other properties as porosity and capillary but this contradiction observed at 7 day disappears with time as seen from
Fig. 5.
In an experimental study investigating the aects of
ground granulated blast furnace slag and y ash on concrete properties, Demirboga et al. [17] pointed out that
both compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity
are very low for all levels of mineral admixtures at early
age of curing but with the increase of curing period, both
compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity increase.
They also indicate that the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of concretes increase by increasing the
amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag. Dongxue
et al. [4] investigated the pore size distribution in slag mor-

313

tars and pointed out that the porosity of the mortars containing slag is higher compared to control Portland cement
mortars at 7 days and 28 days but their pore size distribution is similar to each other. They also indicated that when
the pore structure at the age of three years is considered,
the porosity decreases considerably; the volume of pores
is just only 50% of that at 28 days, and the radius of medium pore size is decreased and the harmful pore (>100 nm)
has almost disappeared after three years curing. This situation is explained as the improvement of the pore structure
due to the late hydration, which means that the hydration
products gradually ll up the free space of cement stone.
4. Conclusions
This experimental study has investigated the physical
and mechanical properties of mortars with and without
ground granulated blast furnace slag according to curing
temperature, curing humidity and aging. The following
conclusion can be drawn from this study:
 The exural and compressive strength of slag replaced
mortars are lower than the exural and compressive
strength of control mortars for both curing conditions.
The exural and compressive strength of specimens
exposed to elevated temperature and lower relative
humidity leads to higher early-age strength but eventually lower later-age strength compared to specimens
cured in water. As a summary, it is observed that the
eects of elevated temperature and lower relative humidity conditions are more signicant especially in slag
replaced mortars.
 The appearing porosity and capillarity coecient of slag
replaced mortars are lower than control mortars for
both curing conditions but the decrease in the capillarity
coecient and the appearing porosity of slag replaced
mortars cured in water are higher than slag replaced
mortars cured in humidity cabinet. Use of ground granulated blast furnace slag in producing mortar decreases
the porosity and capillary, thus, improves the durability
against water and aggressive solutions.
 As a result, eects of environmental conditions as temperature and relative humidity on concrete have to be
taken into account, especially curing conditions of concretes containing slag should be taken pains over.

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