Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi BB:

Genetika
Pola makan
Keseimbangan Energi
Keadaan sosial, ekonomi, budaya
Pendidikan atau pengetahuan gizi
Categories of weight:
Normal
: BMI 18,5-24,9
Overweight
: BMI 25-29,9
Obese
: BMI 30-34,9
Severely Obese
: BMI 35-39,9

Morbidly Obese

: BMI40

Formulation for Gaining Body Weight

Formulation for gaining weight was based on focus to improve the nutrients
absorption so that improve the ability to generate tissues growth.
Points for formulation:
Nutrients supplement or fortificant
High nutrients concentration especially energy & protein, carbohydrate
as a main energy (jangan sampai nutrisi lain dalam tubuh yang dibongkar
untuk energi)
High nutrients quality high protein quality (PER/NPU) & digestibility
score)
Extracellular digestive enzymes
Appetizer compounds like leptin, lysine
Contoh produk: Weight Gain
2-3 glasses/day between meals, keep regular diet pattern
High protein formula
+ important nutrients that necessary to generate tissue growth
+ lysine which helps improve the weight aining capacity of protein intake,
or PER
Pustaka Acuan:
J. Am. Diet Assoc. 2006; 106: 2073-2082
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997; 66: 133-140
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994; 59:98-102

Formulation for Reducing Body Weight

Table 1.1. Classification of Obesity
WHO
Popular
Classification
Description
Underweight
Thin

Normal range
Overweight
Pre-obese
Obese class I
Obese class II
Obese class
III

Normal
Overweight
Obese
Obese
Morbidly obese

BMI (kg/m2)
< 18,5

18,5-24,9
> 25,0
25-29.9
30,0-34,9
35,0-39,9
> 40,0

Risk of
Cormobidites
Low (but risk of other
clinical
problems
increased)
Average
Increased
Moderated
Severe
Very severe
Caro (2002)

Penemuan terakhir:
Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) has been shown to reduce body fat mass (BFM)
and to increase lean body mass in animals.
Linoleic Acid (LA) vs CLA:
LA
- Has two cis double bonds at carbons 9 & 12
CLA
- Contains cis & trans isomers at carbons:
8 & 10; 9 & 11; 10 & 12; 11 & 13
the cis-9, trans-11
- Trans-10 and cis-12 isomers are thought to be active as potential
antioxidant anticarcinogenic, antiobesity, & immunemodulating agents
The mechanisms of action are thought:
To be mediated by increased energy expenditure
Involve enhancement of fatty acid oxidation, in both adipocytes & skeletal
muscle cells

CLA menstimulasi pembongkaran lemak tubuh di

jaringan adiposit & skeletal muscle cells menjadi energi,
tapi beresiko terjadi ketosis.
Increased lipolysis in adipocytes

What is CLA (Blankson et al., 2000):

Conjugated Linoleic Acid [18:2(n-6)]

Is a term used to describe positional or geometrical derivatives of linoleic

acid containing conjugated double bonds.
Is a PUFA naturally occurring in foods from ruminant sources, through
microbial isomerization of dietary linoleic acid (Chin et al., 1994)

CLA:
Mainly cis-9, trans-11 but also trans-10, cis-12 and other isomers
Is readily formed in the firs biohydrogenation step of lnoleic acid by the
action of linoleic acid isomerase of the bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
(Kepler et al., 1970 & 1971).
Results Evanza et al. (2002):
In particular, dietary CLA decreases body fat & increases lean body mass
in certain rodents, chickens, & pigs, depending on the isomer, dose, &
duration of treatment.
The effects of CLA on human adiposity are conflicting because these
studies have used different mixtures & levels of CLA isomers & diverse
subject populations.
Potential antiobesity mechanisms of CLA include:
Decreased preadipocyte proliferation & differentiation into mature
adipocytes, decreased fatty acid & triglyceride synthesis, & increased
energy expenditure, lypolysis, & fatty acid oxidation.
This review will adress the current research on CLAs effects on human &
animal adiposity & lipid metabolism as well as potential mechanism(s)
responsible for CLAs antiobesity properties.