Analytical determination of internal forces

in a cylindrical tank wall

from soil, liquid, and vehicle loads
S. Godbout1, A. Marquis2, M. Fafard3 and A. Picard3
1

Institut de recherche et de dveloppement en agroenvironnement inc., Sainte Foy, Qubec, Canada G1P 3W8; 2Dpartement des
sols et de gnie agroalimentaire, FSAA, Universit Laval, Sainte Foy, Qubec, Canada G1K 7P4; and 3Facult des sciences et de
gnie, Universit Laval, Sainte Foy, Qubec, Canada G1K 7P4.

Godbout, S., Marquis, A., Fafard, M. and Picard, A. 2003. Analytical

determination of internal forces in a cylindrical tank wall from
soil, liquid, and vehicle loads. Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le
gnie des biosystmes au Canada 45: 5.7-5.14. Cylindrical cast-inplace concrete tanks are commonly used for storing liquid manure
during long periods. A serviceable tank should be watertight to prevent
corrosion of the reinforcing rods and groundwater pollution. Therefore,
these tanks should be designed to withstand different design loads.
Codes and design recommendations require that the effects of liquid,
soil, ice, and vehicle loads, and temperature should all be considered
in the design. The main objective of this paper is to extend the design
information available to date. This study proposes a calculation
method for determining design circumferential tension and bending
moments in the wall per unit of wall height, due to design loads. The
method is based on analytical solutions of the differential equation that
governs the behaviour of the wall of a cylindrical manure tank
subjected to soil and liquid pressures and loads from vehicles near the
wall, as specified in the National Farm Building Code. Both hinged
and fixed bases are considered. Keywords: cylindrical manure tanks,
internal forces, analysis.
Le lisier est gnralement entrepos dans les rservoirs en bton
circulaire durant de lonque priode. Afin que ces structures remplissent
adquatement leur rle, elles doivent tre tanches afin dviter toute
contamination des sols et de la nappe phratique. Elles doivent donc
tre conues et construites pour rsister aux diffrentes charges
auxquelles elles seront soumises. Les diffrents codes et
recommandations de conception exigent que le concepteur prenne en
compte les effets de la pression hydrostatique, des glaces, des sols, des
vhicules et de la temprature. Lobjectif principal de cet article est de
complter les outils dj disponibles pour dterminer les diffrents
efforts de conception. La prsente tude propose donc une mthode de
calcul afin de dterminer la tension et le moment de flexion dans la
paroi par unit de hauteur de mur pour les charges de conception. Cette
approche est base sur une solution analytique des quations
diffrentielles gouvernant le comportement des parois des rservoirs
cylindrique soumises des charges de sol, de liquide et de circulation
de machinerie telles que spcifies dans le code Canadien des
btiments agricoles. Les conditions de base rotule et encastre sont
considres. Mots clefs: rservoirs circulaires, forces internes,
analyses.

INTRODUCTION and LITERATURE REVIEW

Liquid swine manure is often stored in large cylindrical concrete
tanks, which are partially below ground. The dimensions of

Volume 45

2003

these tanks vary from 18 to 33 m in diameter with heights from

2.4 to 4.9 m and a uniform wall thickness varying from 150 to
200 mm. Generally, the designer assumes the base of the tank
wall to be fixed or hinged. The liquid level varies during winter
as a function of time. Generally, manure is added from the top
by successive batches. The number of days between each batch
varies from one to ten. The tank capacity is designed, in most
cases, for 200 to 300 days of storage.
Liquid manure tanks must be designed using adequate loads
(Godbout 1996; Ramanjaneyulu et al. 1993). A serviceable tank
should be watertight to prevent groundwater pollution and
corrosion of the reinforcing rods. In Canada, the National
Building Code (NBC) (NRRC 1995b) and the National Farm
Building Code (NFBC) (NRCC 1995a) have publications to
assist in the design and the construction of farm manure storage
structures. Codes and design recommendations require that the
effects of liquid, soil, ice, and vehicle loads and temperature
should be considered in the design. Generally, codes do not give
sufficient guidance on the analysis methods or on the stress
magnitudes to be expected. Some provinces, such as Ontario,
have their own building code. However, all provincial building
codes are virtually identical to the NBC in regard to structural
design (Jofriet et al. 1996).
Presently, to transform the liquid and soil loads into forces
acting in the circular wall, the designer has available the
coefficients given by the Portland Cement Association (PCA
1993). The coefficients are provided for a fully filled and
backfilled tank only, but they do not allow for the evaluation of
force for the design of a partially backfilled tank, for example.
Moreover, in accordance with the NFBC, the designer must
consider a vehicle load of 5 kPa uniformly applied below
ground level. In practice, the available design tools (tables)
allow the evaluation of the forces due to this load only for a
fully backfilled tank.
The main objective of this paper is to extend the design
information available to date. This paper presents a method to
evaluate internal forces due to various external loads that a
cylindrical tank wall must be able to withstand. These loads are
from the soil backfill, liquid, and vehicle traffic near the tank
wall. Hinged and fixed bases both are considered.

CANADIAN BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

5.7

w z = e z C1 cos z + C2 sin z +

e z C3 cos z + C4 sin z

(3)

where:

=4

3 1 v t2

(4)

2 2

R t

and C1, C2, C3, and C4 are the constants of integration which
must be determined in each particular case from the conditions
at the top and bottom of the tank wall.
If the values of the displacement at the base wall, w0, the
rotation of the base wall, 20, the vertical bending moment at the
base wall, M0, and the shear at the base wall, V0, (see Fig. 2) are
all known, a more convenient generalized form, Eq. 5, can be
obtained (Hetnyi 1974).

w z = w0 Y1 +
V0
3

Fig. 1. Cylindrical shell under an axisymetric load q.

3D

ANALYSIS
Timoshenko and Woinowski-Krieger (1959) indicated that all
problems of symmetrical deformation of cylindrical shells can
be reduced to the integration of Eq. 1, which expresses the
uniformly distributed load as a function of radial displacement
at any height.

d 2 d 2 wz E t t
D
+
wz = q
dz 2
dz 2 R 2

(1)

where:
R = radius,
t = wall thickness,
vt = Poissons ratio for wall material,
Et = elastic modulus of wall material,
wz = radial displacement at z,
q = distributed applied load (Fig. 1),
z = vertical coordinate, and
D = flexural rigidity.
The simplest application of Eq. 1 is obtained when the thickness
of the shell is constant. Under such conditions, Eq. 1 becomes:
D

d 4 wz
dz

Et t
R2

wz = q

Y4 ( z )

[(

2D

)]

Y3 ( z z F ) +

Y4 z z G +

qY [ ( z u)]du

3D z

(5)

where (see Fig. 2):

C
= a couple acting at z=zF,
P
= a concentrated load acting at z=zG,
zE, zD = limits between which the distributed load, q, acts,
u
= variable of integration, and
Y1 ( z ) = cosh( z ) cos( z )

(6)

[
]
Y3 ( z) = 0.5[sinh( z) sin( z ) ]
Y4 ( z ) = 0.25[cosh( z ) sin( z ) sinh( z) cos( z ) ]
Y2 ( z ) = 0.5 cosh( z ) sin( z ) + sinh( z ) cos( z )

(7)
(8)
(9)

(2)

Equation 2 is similar to the one obtained for a beam of unit

width (Fig. 2), with flexural rigidity D, supported on a
continuous elastic foundation, and submitted to the action of a
load q and has a foundation modulus of Ett/R2 (Hetnyi 1974).
For the particular case of a cylindrical tank, D=Ett3/[12(1-vt2)].
The general solution of Eq. 2 is given by Timoshenko and
Woinowski-Krieger (1959) and Hetnyi (1974) as:
5.8

0
M
Y2 2 0 Y3 +

Fig. 2. Beam on elastic foundation submitted to different

loads (Hetnyi 1974).

LE GNIE DES BIOSYSTMES AU CANADA

GODBOUT et al.

The couple and the concentrated load must be acting at points

to the left of z, the point under consideration, otherwise the
associated term in Eq. 5 drops out. Similarly, if z<zE, the
integral goes to zero and if z>zD, the upper limit of the integral
goes to zD.
The different internal forces can be determined knowing that
the bending moment, M, shear force, V, and the circumferential
tension in the wall, N, per unit of wall height are given by:
N=

Et t
wz
R

tan =
M = D
V = D

(10)

dw z
dz

(11)
Fig. 3. Liquid and soil pressure.

d 2 wz

(12)

dz 2

d 3 wz

(13)

dz 3

We can obtain the expressions for slope, 2, moment, and

shearing force by taking successive derivatives of Eq. 5 with
respect to z and noting that:
Y1' ( z ) = 4Y4 ( z )

(14)

Y2' ( z ) = Y1 ( z )

(15)

Y3' ( z ) = Y2 ( z )

(16)

Y4' ( z ) = Y3 ( z )

(17)

In Eqs. 14-17, $ includes the flexural rigidity of the beam as

well as the elasticity of the supporting medium and is an
important factor influencing the shape of the elastic line. For
these reasons, the factor $ (length-1) is frequently referred to as
the characteristic length and is used to characterize the tank.
In fact, cylindrical tanks can be divided into two groups,
shallow and deep tanks (Ghali 1979; Hetnyi 1974). A tank is
considered shallow when:

(18)

where L = tank wall height.

In the case of deep tanks, it is possible to use a simplified
form of Eq. 5, and it is then relatively easy to express the
circumferential tension and bending moment by simple
expressions (Picard 1985). However, in practice, manure tanks
have a factor $L less than B (generally about 2.4) and most
modern tanks must therefore be considered as shallow tanks.
Therefore, to determine the internal forces, the designer must
use the general solution.
Based on the general solution, for each type of loading, Eqs.
19-43 give the bending moments and the radial displacements
for both shallow and deep tanks for two sets of boundary
conditions frequently encountered in practice.
LIQUID and SOIL PRESSURES
The liquid pressure from the manure may be calculated
considering it to have an equivalent fluid density of 10 kN/m3
Volume 45

2003

(NRCC 1995a). The inward horizontal soil pressures are based

on the equivalent fluid specific weight. It is easy to evaluate the
internal force resulting from the application of these two loads
when the tank is full and completely below ground level. PCA
(1993) gives coefficients to evaluate the bending moment and
tensile loads for different boundary conditions. In the case of
partially filled tanks, the designer cannot use these coefficients.
Equations 19-31 (Godbout 1996) give the vertical bending
moment, Mz, at any point z along the wall height, the radial
displacement, wz, at at any point z along the wall height, and the
shear, V0, at the base for two sets of boundary conditions
frequently assumed in practice. The circumferential tension in
the wall can be calculated from wz and Eq. 10.
Hinged base Assuming w0 and M0 to be zero (Eq. 5), the
solution for a hinged base is given by Eqs. 19-27.
wz =

q0
0 Y2 V0 Y4
+ 3 +
CW1

D 4 4 D

M z = 4 0 Y4 D

V0 Y2

q0

(19)

[CM ]
1

(20)

if z#d
CW1 = 1

Y
z
Y1 + 2
d
d

CM 1 = 2 Y3

(21)

Y4

(22)

if z>d
CW1 = Y1 +

Y2 Y2 zd

d d

CM 1 = 2 Y3

Y4
d

(23)

Y4 zd
d

(24)

where:
d = depth of fluid in tank (liquid pressure) or
d = Hs = height of soil level above bottom of wall (soil
pressure),
q0 = fluid pressure at wall base (z=0) (see Fig.3) (see Eqs.
32 and 33),

CANADIAN BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

5.9

Table 1. Tensions and bending moments for a fully filled

((e = 10 kN/m3) tank with a hinged base. Comparison of values obtained using tables and the
developed equations.
d = 3.7 m

L = 3.7 m

vt = 0.17

t = 0.2 m

Et = 30 MPa

0 =
V0 =

=
=
=
=

Equations

Tables*

Equations

93.7
131.7
171.9
207.4
234.0
252.1
248.1
221.9
170.2
93.0
--

86.8
129.3
170.6
208.0
237.3
253.3
250.6
224.4
171.8
94.3
--

0.0
0.4
1.5
3.2
5.0
7.0
9.1
10.1
9.6
6.8
0.0

0.0
0.4
1.4
3.0
5.0
7.1
8.9
10.0
9,6
6.7
0.0

4 D Y3 L

q0
4 D 4 Y3 L

q0

( Y2 L Y3 L Y1 L Y4 L )
2

[ ]

M z = M 0 Y1

5.10

V0 Y4
3

V0 Y2

(26)
(27)

q0
4 4 D

q0

(32)

(33)

For a drained clean sand and gravel soil, the equivalent fluid
specific weight is 4.7 kN/m3, for a sand and gravel soil with fine
and restricted permeability it is 5.7 kN/m3, for silt and clay it is
7.0 kN/m3, and for soft silt and clay poorly drained it is 16.0
kN/m3 (NRCC 1995a).
It is interesting to compare the PCA (1993) values of tension
and bending moment to the equation results for a tank of 30 m
diameter and 3.7 m height, with a wall thickness of 0.2 m. The
internal circumferential tensions and the vertical bending
moments were calculated for a fully filled tank with a hinged
base. The results (Table 1) show values, which from a practical
point of view, are the same. The small differences can be related
to the Et or vt values and to round off during the calculation.
Table 2 shows some results for a tank that is partially below the
ground surface.
VEHICLE LOAD

Fixed base Assuming w0 and 20 to be zero (Eq. 5), the solution

for a fixed base is given by Eqs. 28-31.
2

(31)

q0 = e d

Y3 L Y3 Ld
+
d
d

M 0 Y3

where:
Ks(s = equivalent fluid specific weight.

Appendix A shows the development of Eqs. 19-27 which are

used to calculate loads, etc. for a linear load (liquid pressure) for
a hinged base.

wz =

q0 = K s s H s

(25)

Y4 L Y4 Ld

+
Y4 L (1 ) Y3 L Y3 L

d
d

1 = Y2 L

[Y1L Y1 L + 4Y2 L Y4 L ]

where: (e = fluid specific weight.

Yi($z),
Yi($L),
Yi[$(z-d)], and
1, 2, 3, 4 (Eqs. 6-9).

V0 Y1L

q0

(30)

In Eqs. 19-31, q0 is given by Eqs. 32 and 33 for liquid

pressure and soil pressure, respectively.

Bending moment
(kNm/m)

*PCA (1993)

Yi
YiL
Yizd
i

Y3 L Y3 Ld

Y2 L d + d

Y4 L Y4 Ld

+
Y2 L (1 ) + Y1L Y3 L

d
d

Tables*

3.7 (top)
3.33
2.96
2.59
2.22
1.85
1.48
1.11
0.74
0.37
0 (bottom)

4Y4 L M 0
q
20
Y1 L
Y1 L

V0 =
M0 =

R = 15 m

Tension
(kN/m)

Height
(m)

where:

[CW ]

[CM 1 ]

(28)

(29)

The NBC (NRCC 1995b) and NFBC (NRCC 1995a) indicate

that where vehicle loads, such as by manure tankers or trucks,
are applied within 1.5 m of a manure tank wall, the wall must be
designed for a horizontal load of 5 kPa applied uniformly below
the ground surface level (Fig. 4). In this case, the displacement
and bending moment are given by Eqs. 34-43.
If z<Hs
wz =

M 0 Y3
2

qm
0 Y2 V0 Y4
+ 3 +
1 Y1

D 4 4 D

M z = M 0 Y1 + 4Y4 0 D

V0 Y2

qm

(34)
(35)

Y3

If z$Hs
wz =

M 0 Y3
2

LE GNIE DES BIOSYSTMES AU CANADA

0 Y2 V0 Y4
qm
+ 3 +
Y Y1

D 4 4 D 1zd

(36)

GODBOUT et al.

Table 2. Circumferential compressions (N) and bending moments (M) for different
ground levels for hinged base (Ks(s = 5.7 kN/m3).
R = 15 m

Hs = 1, 2, 3 m

L = 3.7 m

vt = 0.17

t = 0.2 m

Et = 30 MPa

Hs = 1 m

Height
(m)

Hs = 2 m

Hs = 3 m

N
(kN/m)

M
(kNm/m)

N
(kN/m)

M
(kNm/m)

-1.8
0.3
1.8
3.5
5.5
7.2
8.5
9.0
8.1
4.2
0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.0

-4.5
2.0
10.4
18.0
24.8
31.0
34.4
33.5
27.9
18.0
0.1

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.4
1.0
1.5
2.1
2.3
1.8
0.0

3.7 (top)
3.33
2.96
2.59
2.22
1.85
1.48
1.11
0.74
0.37
0.0 (bottom)

M z = M 0 Y1 + 4Y4 0 D

V0 Y2

qm

(Y3 Y3zd )

(37)

where:
qm = uniformly applied load below ground surface (5 kPa),
Y1zd = Y1[$(z-Hs)] (Eq. 6),
Y3zd = Y3[$(z-Hs)] (Eq. 8), and
M0, 20, V0 depend upon if the base wall is hinged or fixed
(Eqs. 38-43).
Hinged wall If the base wall is hinged:
M0 = 0

0 =
V0 =

N
(kN/m)

M
(kNm/m)

4 Y3 L D

qm

qm
3

4 Y3 L D

( Y2 L Y3 L Y1L Y4 L )

(Y2 L Y2 Ld )

For external loads on manure

storage tanks, the coefficients
available to the designer to date do
not allow determination of forces
for a liquid or soil level different
than the tank height. The equations
presented allow the forces to be
determined for any load positions
for short tanks.
Equations have been developed
for the case of vehicle loading
when the backfill height is not the
same as the tank height.
At time of publication, software is being developed to
facilitate the application of the equations in this paper. This
software will be made available on the web site www.irda.qc.ca.
6.2
25.0
45.2
64.0
79.3
90.0
92.9
85.0
67.1
32.0
0.1

0.0
0.1
0.4
1.3
1.9
3.0
3.8
4.4
4.3
3.0
0.0

(39)

[Y4 L (Y2 L Y2 Ld ) Y3 L (Y3L Y3Ld )]

(40)

Fig. 4. Uniform pressure on the tank wall.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Fixed wall If the base wall is fixed:

0 = 0

(41)

M0 =

V0 Y1 L
qm

( Y2 L Y2 Ld )
4Y4 L 4 2 Y4 L

(42)

qm

( 4Y2 L Y4 L + Y1L Y1L )

2003

The authors gratefully acknowledge the joint financial support

of Agro-Alimentaire Canada and the Ministre de lAgriculture,
des Pcheries et de lAlimentation du Qubec (MAPAQ).
REFERENCES

[Y1L (Y2 L Y2 Ld ) + 4Y4 L (Y3L Y3 Ld ) ]

Volume 45

CONCLUSION

(38)

V0 Y1L

V0 =

where:
YiLd = Yi[$(L-Hs)] (Eqs. 6-9)
and N is obtained by substituting
wz into Eq. 10. Tables 2 and 3 give
compression forces and bending
moments for two typical cases. For
the case shown in Table 3, it is not
possible to compare with the force
values in PCA (1993) because in
this example the load is only
distributed part way up the wall,

(43)

Ghali, A. 1979. Circular Storage Tanks and Silos. New York,

NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Godbout, S. 1996. Analyse par lments finis des rservoirs
circulaires lisier en bton arm: Dfinition des
chargements et tude du comportement. Ph.D. thesis. Dpartement de gnie civil, Universit Laval, Sainte Foy, QC.

CANADIAN BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

5.11

Table 3. Circumferential compressions (N) and bending

moments (M) for a uniform load (qm) of 5 kPa
for a hinged base.

Height
(m)
3.7 (top)
3.33
2.96
2.59
2.22
1.85
1.48
1.11
0.74
0.37
0.0 (bottom)

R = 15 m

Hs = 2 m

L = 3.7 m

vt = 0.17

t = 0.2 m

Et = 30 MPa

Compression force
(kN/m)

Bending moment
(kNm/m)

-1.2
7.5
16.5
25.0
32.6
38.0
40.0
37.0
28.9
15.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.8
1.4
1.9
2.0
1.8
1.1
0.0

Hetnyi, M. 1974. Beams on Elastic Foundation. Ann Arbor,

MI: The University of Michigan Press.
Jofriet, J.C., Y.M Zhang, J.W. Johnson and N. Bird. 1996.
Structural design of liquid manure tanks. Canadian
Agricultural Engineering 38(1): 45-52.
NRCC. 1995a. National Farm Building Code. Canadian
Commission on Building and Fire Codes, NRCC 38732.
Ottawa, ON: National Research Council of Canada.
NRCC. 1995b. National Building Code of Canada. Canadian
Commission on Building and Fire Codes, NRCC 38726.
Ottawa, ON: National Research Council of Canada.
PCA. 1993. Circular Concrete Tanks without Prestressing.
Publication IS072.01D. Skokie, IL: Portland Cement
Association.
Picard, A. 1985. Bton Prcontraint, Tome II. Chicoutimi, QC:
Gatan Morin Editeur.
Ramanjaneyulu, K., S. Gopalakrishmanand and R. Appa. 1993.
Collapse loads of reinforced concrete cylindrical water tanks
using limit analysis approach. Computers and Structures
48(2): 205-217.
Timoshenko, S. and S. Woinowski-Krieger. 1959. Theory of
Plates and Shells, 2nd edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill
Book Company.

C
C1, C2, C3, C4
CM1
CW1
d
D
Et
Hs
5.12

NOMENCLATURE
a couple acting at z=zF,
constants of integration
expression given by Eq. 22 or 24
expression given by Eq. 21 or 23
depth of fluid in tank
flexural rigidity D=Ett3/[12(1-vt2)]
elastic modulus of wall material
height of soil level above bottom of wall

K s (s
L
Mc
Mz
N
P
q
qm
q0
R
t
u
vt
Vz
wz
yi
Yi
YiL
Yizd
Yi($z)
z
zE, zD

equivalent fluid specific weight

tank wall height
circumferential bending moment
vertical bending moment at z
circumferential tensile load in wall
a concentrated load acting at z=zG
distributed applied load
uniformly applied soil load below ground surface
fluid pressure at wall base
radius of tank
tank wall thickness,
variable of integration
Poissons ratio for wall material
shear in wall at z
radial displacement at z
Yi($L) i=1, 2, 3, 4 (Eqs. 6-9)
Yi($z) i=1, 2, 3, 4 (Eqs. 6-9)
Yi($L) i=1, 2, 3, 4 (Eqs. 6-9)
Yi[$(z-d)] i=1, 2, 3, 4 (Eqs. 6-9)
a function of $z i=1, 2, 3, 4 (Eqs. 6-9)
vertical coordinate
limits between which the distributed load, q, acts

2z
21
(e

wall rotation at z
expression given by Eq. 27
fluid specific weight

3 1 v t2 / R 2 t 2

APPENDIX A
Development of equations for a linear load
(liquid pressure) for a hinged base
Load equation

Load =

Y
D [ (
0

du

z u)

] u du

(A1)

Integration of the load equation

To carry out the integration of Eq. A1, we use the
fundamental integral form:

kdv = kv vdk
In the present case, we assume:

k=

du
d

v=

Y1 ( z u )

then

LE GNIE DES BIOSYSTMES AU CANADA

GODBOUT et al.

dk =

1
du
d

and using Eq. 14:

dv = Y4 ( z u ) du

Equation A1 may then be written:

Y
d u 1[ ( z u )]

Load = 3
D u 4

Y1 ( z u)

du
d

] 1

The integration can be carried out using Eq. 15 to give:

Y
d u 1[ ( z u )]

Load = 3
D d 4

Y2 ( z u )
1
[
]
( 1)

2
d
4

0
z

(A2)

Evaluating at the limits, noting that Y1(0)=1 and Y2(0)=0 and rearranging, results in:

Load =

Y1 z
1
z
[ ] Y2[ z ]

+
4
3 D 4 4 d
4 2 d
q

(A3)

Equation A3 only applies for z#d.

When z>d, the upper limit of integration in Eq. A2 is d. Applying this limit to Eq. A2 results in:

Y1[ z ] Y2[ z ] Y2[ ( z d )]

Load = 3
+

D 4
4 2 d
4 2 d
q

For hinged base

If z#d (Eqs. 19-22):

wz =

0 Y2[ z ]

V0 Y4 z

[ ]

3D

M z = 4 0 Y4 z D

[ ]

Y2 z

z
[ ]
1 Y
+
3
z

1
[
]
d
d

4 D

q0

V0 Y2 z

[ ]

Y4[ z ]
q 0 2

3[ z ]
d
4

(A4)

(A5)

If z>d (Eqs. 19, 20, 23, 24)

wz =

0 Y2[ z ]

V0 Y4 z

[ ]

3D

M z = 4 0 Y4 z D

[ ]

Y2 z

[ ] Y2[ ( z d )]
Y
+

d
d
4 3 D 1[ z ]

V0 Y2 z

[ ]

q0

Y4[ z ] Y4[ ( z d )]
q 0 2

3[ z ]

d
d
4

(A6)

(A7)

To use Eqs. A4-A7, we must evaluate 20 and V0. (Note that in the following we use the shorthand notation yi=Yi[$L].)
If we apply Eq. A7 at z=L where Mz=0, we have:

0 = 4 D 0 y 4

Volume 45

2003

V0 y 2

q0 2
y 4 Y4[ ( L d )]
y3

+
d
d

CANADIAN BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

5.13

and rearranging, results in:

V0 =

q0
4 D 0 2 y 4

y2
y2 2

Y4 ( L d )

y
[
]
y 3 4 +
d
d

(A8)

Because Vz=dM/dz and VL=0, if we take the derivative of Eq. A7 and evaluate at z=L, we have:

q0
y 3 Y3[ ( L d )]

0 = 4 D 0 y 3 V0 y1 2 y 2
+
d
d

(A9)

Rearranging Eq. A9 results in:

0 =

V0 y1
4 D 2 y 3

Y3 ( L d )

y
[
]
y 2 3 +
4
d
d

4 D y 3

q0

(A10)

Equation A10 is identical to the combined Eqs. 25 and 27.

Substitution of Eq. A10 into Eq. A7 results in:

V 0 y1 y 4
q0 y4
V0 =
+ 2
y2 y3
y2 y3

Y3 ( L d )

y
[
] q0
y 2 3 +

d
d

y2 2

Y4 ( L d )

y
[
]
y 3 4 +
d
d

which can be rearranged to:

V0 =

q0

2 y 2 y 3 y1 y 4

Y ( )
Y ( )

y y y 3 + 3[ L d ] y y y 4 + 4[ L d ]
3
3

4 2 d
d
d
d

(A11)

Equation All is identical to the combined Eqs. 26 and 27.

5.14

LE GNIE DES BIOSYSTMES AU CANADA

GODBOUT et al.