j Nick Hampshire brings you a

Idetailed look at the C-16

!Operating System variables

OF THE

I and memory map.

ANYONE WISHING TO DO EXTENSIVE
machine code programming on the C-1 6
or Plus-4 will require two essential pieces
of information.
The first, is a list of the operating
system variables, their location and
function. This is essential if fatal interaction with the system software is not to
occur. It is also important to k now where
to place variables when usi ng any of the
system subroutines.
The second essential piece of information is a memory map. This contai ns the
entry points to the operating system and
Basic ROM routines. The use of. such
routines within a program can save a
considerable amount of time and
program space, an important consideration with the C-16.
I have included both these pieces of
information in this article.
Unfortunately, Commodore has not
p reviously produced any of this data and
it has therefore been necessary to use the
experience gained with p reviou s
Commodore machines to deduce the
location and function of both variables
and routines. All the locations discovered
have been thoroughly checked and I have
no reason to doubt that they are correct, I
wou ld however be very interested to hear
from any r eaders with additional
information.
The operating system variables are, in
common with all Commodore machi nes,
stored in the bottom area of memory
extending from location $0000 up to the
bottom of the screen colour memory at
$0800, a total of 2K of memory. All ,the .
important variable locations are shown in
Table 1. It should be noted that locations
$00 and $01 are an 1/ 0 port located on the
processor chip and cannot therefore be
used for variable storage.
A memory map of the ROM based
operating system _
a nd Basic routines is
shown in Table 2. Many of these routines
are usable to some degree, and some are
extremely valuable. Most of the routines
and variab les are similar, or even
identical, in function, if not in location, to
those on the C64.
Readers wishing to gain an in depth
knowle dge of the routines, functions and
operations are recomm ended to consult
38
one of the advanced books on the 64. The
11m11R, 64 Revealed series by N ick Hampshire,
published by Collins is recommended ,
especiall y Advanced Com m odore 64

Basic Revealed.

_,,. '

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(106f:
FAC# 1 o,.1er+ low
i O !..-t
0069-006E - FAC#2
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F:oom +or sw- .: <Phic:s screen J/ 7
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$80=multicolour.,$C6~both
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009D-009E - Tc<.Pe end -: :<.ddress/End of ~=ro :.wc1If1 J5 .. y,. OOAJ-OOA5
.Jiff::1 clock
J{:; J- / S
[10A6
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OOAA
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0[1AB
# chars in f i lename
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OOAC
- Current lo:.1 i C -::<. l f i li?
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- C:1.wrent second-:<r-.:1 a.ckkess
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- Cw--rE-nt de...1 ice
; ( 1 i1
OOAF-OOBO - Pointer to f i len.::<.ff,e
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.-1 J
7,,.,;; - 1.J,.Jo
7
0::.1I:2-00:B3
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Al! sta.rt. a.ddress ( !=:iad.,\.ier i +::1 >/. 7'5 i<2o
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{ f, / - 18<_
OOC4-00C5
I m:L~t cursc~r lo:.1 ( r-01.1.1) e:r:r ltm1n) / :) 1
37
00C6
LJh 1 ch ke':::1 : t-4=no ke.:1
f tj o
00C7
I m=ut. from screen/ke::1board i C\ '5
OOC:::-OOC9 - Pointer tei screen line
2_ D ') _ 2 ;:, ;
00CA
Pointer=c:ursor column
~
~
~ 0 <:
OOC:B
- 01.rtt:ut =itwtes f l-:<."21
2. 0 -:;
Of1CD
Pointer : ct~rsor row
- o -~:, .
OOCE
01_4t~:1.4t ch.:1r-: 1.cter (to scre en > w t,
OOCF
# of i nsE't-ts outst.:1r1d i n-:.1 '2...o 100EA- OOEB
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F lo.a.tin:.-1 to A:3CI I / work nar-e.::<. 'J_";""';- - J..b (
0100-013E
T.:1;:,e error lo:.1 1Sf;, - :::, 1 u .
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0200-025::: - R::1.s i c i rn:ut bL4f fer ')'r 2 -: &c....-u .
0259-(125A
Pointer: line# +or COHT 6;.:, r ~ {...-(:. 2. /
025f:-025C - F'o inter : B2.s i c st ..3-tement tor CC!r-HL~C:-> 02F2-02F:;:
F loa.t-f i :,-::ed ...1ector 1-~ jf ~
02F4-02F5
Fi::-::ed-f lo,;:1.t ...1ectr:rr T-s- c, - ~s-7
0:300-0311 - Ba.sic ...1ectors
'') bS ~
I:...,.

--====---==----------------------- Cassette c:cit1trr:r l

Bit 4
Cassette read
:3 : Cassette motcr ( O=on)
1 : Cassette 1.ur i te
0=LOAD,1=VERIFY
\o
(100A
TY~e= FF=string,00=numeric 13
OOOD
T::1~=e: f:O=inte~ er., 00=-f k~.tin-:.1 t '1
0(10E
DATA scan---'L I ST ::tuote.'memm-::1 +l-:<.-:.1 i )OOOF
.i:.::. . c I
(1(114-(1(115 - I t-1te~er 1,_.1.a. luE'
F'r:r inter : tenn:or.:(t-'::1 str in~ st-:<.ck -~
-<.
0016
L.=<.St tern~= str i tr:.1 vector :,_: ~; - { 1
001 7-0(11 E:
Tem~=or.:(t-':::I strin~ :::ta.ck 2'~ J3
0019-0021
Ut i l i t::l PO int.er area. .5 11 - S-;7
.
0022-0025
0026-002A - ProodL~c:t area. fcr rn1..,1 ltiP lic.:<.tion -1 2
Pointer : st-=<rt of B.:1.s i c
i-; .3
002B-002C
002D-002E - Pointer : sta.rt of B.:G i c ._.1 .31- 1-=<b li::..:=- L; ~F'o inter: st.:1.rt of arr.:1.::1s i-/ ? - :,. .::.
002F-0030
F'o inter: end of arra:::1s (1 J
5 -0
0031-(HJ32
Pointer: bo ttom of str i n:.-1s 5; - -;; 2..
[1[133-00:::4
Pointer : curren t s t .r 1 n-:.1 ~r ,.::, - _c., cf
.
0035-(1(136
Pointer : top of B-:t:- i c n-1emor'::l 11:, - 5{
0037-(1038
Current Ba.sic: line number -::- l ::0
0039-(1[1:3A
CHAF.:GET PO int.er -S ~-:i - (. c, _
003B- 003C
003D-003E - Pointer: FOR/DO stack t i -- L2 /.
oo:::F-0040 - Cw-rent DATA line number ,,<S c. L;
0041 -(HJ42 - Ctwrent DATA address c: :; -15(
( :7 - t.3
004::::- 0044 - I nPt~t t_.1ector
0045-0046 - Cr_~rrent i...iar i .:1J:i le' name (. '.~) 1 >
Cw-rent ._.1a.r i c1b le a.ddress )'; ::;
; .:-~
0047-(HJ4f:
I
0049 - 004A - V.:1.r i aJ:. le Pointer for FOP.~-l~D=:T j _, -Jt1
004E:-004C - ~ ==-=<.'..Je.: o~= sa.i...,e; Ba.sic m~o1t~,t=t~ ;=:_.:..,e;. -{{ .I
1_.omPc<r 1.son s ::1rnbo l accur11u l,=,.tut -/ .:.
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004D
Misc numeric work at-ea } S -. ::; ~!
004E-005:3
0054 - 0056 - Jwf1P ,__.ector +or functions (;c ,. - j i::;
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0057-0060 - Mis,:: work a.rea c:i -( - c" ~
FAC#l exPonE-nt t
0061
1
I
FAC# 1 m-:1rit i ssa. , :.i_; -~
0062-0065
11
FAC# 1 s i :.WI ( ';
0066
::;;et- i es e-..' -::<. l1~at ion constant ~=o inter
0067
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0001

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IF.:q ,._.1ector -for ke::::1sc-:.n/c locl~ ?-86

I RC~ vector for tc9<9 - c~
sound dura.tion.,~w.:tJt::,~-,ic:s st=- Ii t
o:::: 16-031 7 E:RK i nterrw:t 1,.1ectc,r he> -, 1-'2),
031!::-(1319
OPEN vector }-~ '2. - ")-')3
0:31A-ft::::1f:
~LOS~ vector i,-:') 'i -~
0:::: 1 C-(t31 D
:=,et 1 t1PUt ~..'ector ~ ~ 6 - "f '2:) 7
Set outt:ut ...iector ~)& - ;fS<-\
031E-031F
F.'.estore I/0 i...1ector<9o-o - uo I
0:322-(1:32:3
INPUT ve:::tor .._9~ J..- &~'::>
Outt=-ut vector f!o'i- tlo')"
0324-(1:325
Test-STOP ,.ector ,9d,- <Y (:,
1
GET ,.iector F)o 8 -- <Ye)
0:32A-0:32E:
Abort I/0 ~_.1e~:tor tO- c9 t t
User vector ~t1- ~13
032C-032D
LOAD vector ~1~ - ~1S
lt32E-0~32F
SAVE vector 8. J,.;;, ~ &l ':t,
0:330-03:::: 1
Cassette bt,-ffer &t ~ - \0 \ o
CHARGET subroutine t l ) ~ ,
Duration for ..Joice 11116 - t 1..1dJ
04FC/04FE
04FD/04FF
Dura.t i on for vciice 2/noise
\'Lfj
i;.150::::
Ptrn seed v .:1. lue t 2.J)t~
0509-0512
Lo~1~c-21.l ti le t .:J::ile l2.~':)~ \ 2..~"o
1]513-051C
De 1.J1 ce # t.:iti le i 2~5 - t'So <Y
05111"'""(1526 - Secondar::1 address t.:iJ:, le L)C>':') - vi_, i. -S>
Ke::1board bu-f-fer 11 L ~ - I "-:,2J
~35:;; 1-0532
St..:i.rt of lJS~J:r le memor::1 1~2 ~ -... \ ':, 1 o
0533-15:34 - End o-f usable mer,',or::1 i"b '.) l - l '1~ 2
f;er i a. l bt,s t i mec,,_,t f la-=.1 I 'j '.?:>
- Current colour code1~~~
Bit 7 : 1=-f la.sh

6-4 : lw11 i narice ( 0-7)

3-0 : colour (0-15)
Maxi mum size .o-f ke'::lboa.rd br_,f-fer V.2.h '.)
Petoea.t st:eed cc,tn-1ter l 1 tt !'
Re~=-eat de la'=' c:c,ur,ter l) <-r 6
- Keyboard shi tt/cc,ntro l -f }..9.-~1 t 3.:.,- _'J
I
Case sr.r.r itch count
1 ; 4 Ji
Ke'::lbc,2'.rd tab le setw:, p,:iinten:i0_:'.)-l1
0547
Case s1.1.1i tch dis ..9J:i le
i ~("' 1
07(H3-07E:0
GosrJb st.:i.cl<
1 1' '.J2 1 ?:::ib &
f;'r'S A r,=.=1 s~.1,.1e
2._c, 0 lr
S'r'S X re~1 sa,.1e
2-0 ,3S' .
S'r'S 'r' re~i s.:1.ve
LO -s6
1
S'r'S
sta.tus
re~1
s:.9.
_.e
2_ ()~1
07F5
Last ke::1
'Lo~IJ
07F6
Cc,r_mtdor.r.rn -fc,r ,:foul:, le TI bunu: 20 '1 S_.
07FD
0800-0BFF
Co lour memor'::I
2.,o i.-t f? - 3o f
Screen memm--::1 ~ll~ o 'f El
1.c 7- ~ -- c; o:).
OC00-(:JFEV
10f10-3FF5
Basic t:oro~w .:im meri,or::1
40 ~ 6 """'. 1b::-,J ~
1800-:3FF5
Gr .:i.,.:h i cs screen/ co lour memm-y 6 1Lt 'f L 11
3FF6-3FFD
Reset entr'::I (when ROM is out)

7:.

Mc1.1 n

r~S-

l2.17-

,Gs7-r- iGJ Y!

986C
9886
3~ 7 ~ 6
9A62
Basic ROM co ld start rout i r,e
9A7D
Initialize Basic
3 2--1 ) '--::::,
9A9D
Pourer-uio messa~e
~ ~ c') 12
9ADE
vectors for $0300
.,'.; ~ c:; ~r:~
9B66
Initialize vectors ~ ?:,.Oi-(:J
9C48
CHRGET for $0479f.. ys)3 :?. o 1:,t\
9CBB
Keywords
:s -3. 1 0 [;,
9CCF
Commar,d 1.ectors
3?. b (, 7
9D1Z13
Fur,ction vectors
'::':> :S 8 i '3
9D15
Arithmetic ot=-erator vectors '3,'3,S !f9D61
Error messa.sie:S
3 '?:, r.J~ ~
9Ir7(1
-'S'T'NTA~< ERROF~-'
~ L1l/ '..::, 3:,
9Ir84
Error routine
3 Lrt,(s !>'
9D93
., READY .,
3 c,10L '3>
9DD2
Basic warm start
3 l; S f?
9DFA
Find Basic line
3,; -3 3,~
9E12
Perform NHJ-'
J 1 t1 ii :.5
9E6A
Per-form CLF~.,
. 3 S ,:, i ::S o
9E87
Set text t=o inter
3 I';, ,s ? 5
9E9E
Perform ,LI ST.,
3 ":i S 8 ,~
A01 E
PE-rform , Rut-V
~~ ~.112
A07B
Perform "RESTOF~E"
-, ./;.@g~
A197
Per-f'orm STOP.,
:-=;,_
~S
A221
Perform ,ENI!.,
~6 o 5g
A281
Perform ,. COtH ,
3 t:, 05 C)
A2A0
Perform , GOSUB ,.
3~I 0 o
A2BE
Perform -'GOTO-'
36: I 7 3
A2DD
Perform ,RETURN,
3 6 2. 2. 7_
A'.::58
Per-f'orm 'TtATA -'
'3 6 2 7- 2A5E4
Perform , IF
A5EE
Per-form REM" .:ir,d ,ELSE
A627
Perform ,OH'
A660
Get line number ( 0-63999) 3 64 r - A707
1 A?7D
Perform ., LET,
Perfc,rm ,.P~'.ItH#
::S
32 A785
Perform -'CMD-'
A78B
Perform ' PR I HT.,
3 t, 3 0 A?91
Pr i r,t str i nSi from (':al. a) 3 Do o A797
Perfc,rm ,GET,
Perform ., INPUT#-'
A7A6
Perform ,.INPUT'
Perform ,READ,.
A7AF
,?REDO FROM START,. mess.:1.s1e
A7B5
Perform ,. ND::T ,
A?DE
Evaluate expression
A7FO
Constarit - Pi
A7F3
Per-form ,.HOT,.
A84D
Scar, Past ,. ) ,
A85A
Scan Pa.st , ( ,
A86B
Scan Past ,, .,
A8B(1
Perform ,OR'
A954
Per-form ,. AHD,.
AA7f1
Perform com,o.;,r i sons ( <=>)
AA77
Per-form ., DIM,.
AAC~3
Locate Vat' i ab le
AB 1 A

Commodore 16 Memory tfa.t:>.

----==========---------8000
8019
80CC
8105
8117
8123
818E 8383
8415
8453 84 71
8681 8683
8703
870F 8A3Il
8A79 8A98
8AF 1 8AFF 8BI:C 8C9A
8CD8 f:CDA
8D03 ...,.
8D2C
8D4D 8D83
8DB0
8IrE1
8E0B
8E 1B
8E3E
8E7C
8FEf1
8FE6
9000 9088
90B8 90EE
9108
914F 920B
9294
932C
9439

t,'

t3

- Constar,t - 32768
Float-fixed
Perform ., FRE,.
Perform ., POS,.
- Perform -'DEF"
Perform ., FN,.
Perform ., STR$,.
Get temioora.r1;1 strin"t
Perform -'CHF~$,
- Perform -'LEFT$,.
Perform -'F~IGHT$'.
Perform "MII1$"
- Perform '"LEtY
Perform ,. ASC,.
- Get 1 byte t=-a.rameter
Perform ,. VAL,.
Get ~a.r asneters for
Perform ,PEEK-'
Perform 'POKE-'
- Perform , i,JA IT,
- Perf,::irm ,:subtrc<.ct"
- Per-f'orm add,.
Perform ,. LOG,
Perform ,mu ltit::- l::1'
Perform -'divide
- Nemc,rY to FAC# 1
!,//
0 5
- FAC#2 to FAC# 1
J6 0 l
Round FAC# 1
v;lb32.
Perfc,rm ,. SGN,.
Perform ABS '
Perform ., I NT '
Perform ,sow
Perfc,rm ,Power-'
,... Perform ,nes1ate...Perform E;<P ,
- Perform ,- RND ,.
Basic I /0 error har.d ler
Basic-kerna 1 P-:1.tch -for OPEN
- Basic-kerna l Pc<.tch f,::ir PRINT
- Bas i c-kerna. l Pat.ch for INPUT
Bas i c-kerna. l t=-.:i.tch for set
o;tt=ut de,.1 ice
Basic-kerna.1 Pate,~-. -for s'='t
inPut device
Basic-kerna l t=-a.t.ch
Perform Sr'S "
Perform ' SAVE,.
Per-fc,rm ,,/ERIPr'
Perform -'LOAD'
Perform -oPEH
Per-form ,CLOSE,
Get ~arameters -for
Get parameters for
Ga.rba"21e cc, l ler:::t
- Per-form .- C0!3,.
Perform ,SIN,
- Perform , TRW'
Perform , ATt~ ,

-5

AB8D
ADCA
AE5A
AECA
B42B
B44(1
.8544
B557
B5AC
B60~:
B652
B655
B6CD
B6E8
B729
B849
B8BD
B8I11
B9D4
:BAE2
BD35
BE29
C(11 E
C4D9
C50D
C:51 A

7-

.-....
L--c:.Jt
..- -

C5B8
C5C3
' CE:BC
L-c,41
-
C:951

C99C C9CC
C9DA C9F 4 CA0(1 CD32 CE00 CEOE CE42 -

DOOO
D802
Df:1B
D:3:34
D:.:::39
DSA::::
DBC 1

Perform ' REt4UMBER , ~ S c.) t

D965
Perform FOR
DB 11
Perferrri, ,. DELETE _ .
DC:49
Get rarr:.1e for LI::;T,-DELETE
E01E
Perf c,rm Tl<:AP ,
E026
Perform 'RESUME'
Ef167
Perform ,. PUDEF,.
Ef1A8
Per-form ,.DO,.
E(1E9
Per-form 'EXIT,
E 12A
Perfc,rm ,.LOOP,.
E2EA
Per-form ,. TRON,.
E9CC
Per-form , TROF ,
EA21
Perform ,AUTO,.
EI:D9
Perform 'HELP,.
.
EBE8
Perform ,.KEY
EC4B
Per-form ,.SOUND'
[__
l 1}
EC8B
Perform , 'v'OL '
2_ S 3
ECDF
Perform ,. PA I tH,.
ED 18
Per-form ,. CHAR ,.
EI160.
Perform 'Bm<'
EDFA
Perform ,. G:3HAPE ..
- EE 1A
Perfc,rm , SSHAPE
EE2C
Perfc,rm crRCLE
EE4D
Per-forri-1 ,DF.'.AiJ'
EE5D
Perform ., LOCATE ..
EEEE:
Perfc,rr,) ..COLOR, S--0 Ci .,~J
EEFE:
F' er f' orrn , ...,..,,.........,.... t-""'LR,.
.:::::
o" .;;::
-_ ''_{ ~
'!.....
,.,
..; ._) ::
EFOf:
Perform scALE"'
EF0C
Per-fc,rm ,GRAPHIC ,
EF23
Per-form ,DI RECTOR'r' .,
EF3B
Per f.. orm ,r1...,c-A'.'E,.
EF5::::
Per-form ,r1LOAD,.
F04A
Perform ,HEAitER
F1A4
Perform ,sci:.:ATCH'. -S- I
2
F265
Perform ,COLLECT,.
F2A4
Perform coP'r''.
F2CE
Per-form ,. REHAME,. -S--1 ) 0-U
F2D3
Perform ,. BACKUP
F30B
Get Par&c,ters tor disk c,ommands
F::::52
Read disk error
.F 40C
,"ARE 'T'OU SUF<:E?'. mes.sa:.1e 5"7..'\')0
F413
7
F41A
I RQ/I:F.:K entr:::1
$"2. [ 3 0
F 41 C
IRG! r'?ut.ine ~$(014) - h-:irid 1>=:s'T!J7J F423
-~r-:1i=h1cs s~=l1t ., so1..md dw-.:1.t1m,
F427
IRQ routine ($(1:312) - h.:irid l~s....,
F429
7 2. o c ,1.-,:: lock. ke::1bo.::trd
F 42F
Har,d le sOLmd durations . "J"'~Gt I
F4:36
Bwot= '7' lock
~ 2.. <::)7--6
F4:3:::
Get t 1me
')' '3io ; u
F 4::::E
::;et time
5'?,o :; ?
F445
0
Cha.rae:ter definitions ( 2K ))~2 ~(/
F 44C
Screen a.ddress loi.1.1 S"'<5'2 C\d
~ctreen addre~s: hi
FC19
Lie . screen s 1ze
:> J :~, 1...,1 cY
FCB;;:
Put/"1et rotv/co lumn ~3S:'?)

F t.:-BE
Set screen Pointers s-,s-cc c._1 _
FD0(1
0
Rerno...1e char +r,:,r,-, ke:1board 'l~ 03
FF52

~b<J&--~

fr/t

bi

-=-~-=-~3 p

It-1toL~t unt i l carr i a~e ,returnss-6'r

Read ke:::1boarcl
56 o 8 7
Outt:<ut to screen 5 6 3 o..) 3
Ke'::lboard se le,:,t 1-..'ectors 5( 3.:J4
Unsh i f ted tc..b le
I
Shifted tab le
CBM ke:::1 t.=1b le
Control tab le
Shi ft/nm e,:tu i v.9. lent
De la'::1 for (1. 5 sec
Find a.n'::I ta,,:>e ~1ea.der
Find a sPec i f i c header
Get ($0328)
Intout ($0322)
OutJOut ($0324)
Recei1..e -fror,1 seria 1
Send serial deferred
Set i m:ut de,.1 ice ( $031 C)
Set oL~tiout de1,.. i 9e ( $031 E)
Send ,talk,.
&_oc;. 2 2_
Send talk SA
c, ~-->5"'4
Send , listen,. 6 : :i. ' l
1
Send listen SA 69 too"".>
close file ($031A) 6' t o 2- l
Find f i le entr:1 6 l \. &o.
Get +i le detai ls 6 l l 7 6 ~ -',
Abc,rt a 1 l f i le.s ( $0:::::::."'A...,, 6 L- l . ,:.-
Restor.e de.tau It_. I/0 ($0320) LI 5
S,=.nd un l 1sten' 0 l 2. l O'.:)
s;nd , unta lk '
(;' 1 ,.., '1 '?:> .. ~
.~ ~/ t
(lpen fi le ($0318) 0r L z_
Load t=-ro<:.wam ($032E)(.,. i <:;--) 4
S.:1.ve t:>ro~.w--:1111 ($0330)6 L J>& o
Test STOP ke':1 ($(1:3Z,6) 62.p '5':>
Power - reset entr:::1 Cf- I L b
Set kerna l 1,..ectors 6,2..y~&r
Store kerna l vecj:ors b 2... I o .'.)
Initialise I /0 6 2.....2. l C\
/
Initialise s'::lstem consf..:1.nt~.62..z.
Set f i lename deta; ls CZ... Lr
Set file detaj. ls 6L%JJ ~
F 1-:i:~ statL~s }--2--ct.,C?:::,O
Get status 6 J-4 <;\ 2
Set timeout &2..<"~~
'..,
F.'.ea.d/set tc,p of me~c,o~-'::I 0L<"o~
Read tm:, of memc,t::1 Z....<,o >"
f;et tot=- of wemor:::1 L-S-- t t
.
F.'.ea.d/set bc,tt.om of ri,ernqr:::1
~ea.d bottom of memor:1 (,2-r_2...fi)
bet bottom of memor::1 Cz..r 26
Mc,ni tor ca 11 entr':::I 62. ..-, 33
tfon i tor BRf( entr:::1 ( $_
0:316 >
User 1..ector- ($0:32C)6<2.."')"'?o
GI;t'-R ! I/ut- a.ddre7~
::c:s /,.q~"')-5
,l:.! en r':I
o: D '-) I
IR-JJ. ex1't.
/. ~~.""'
':<
rv.,'J'
TED memc,r':I
.. ~ 165--/
Perform , Mot-4I TOI? v c.:,- 3 b 2

6.

at -.

f6 .

62.,1c.P