Microelectronics:

Circuit Analysis
and Design
Fourth Edition

Donald A. Neamen
University of New Mexico

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Contents
PROLOGUE I
PROLOGUE TO ELECTRONICS 1
Brief History 1
Passive and Active Devices 2
Electronic Circuits 2
Discrete and Integrated Circuits
Analog and Digital Signals 3
Notation 4
Summary 5

PART1
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND BASIC APPLICATIONS 7
Chapter 1

Semiconductor Materials and Diodes

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Preview 9
Semiconductor Materials and Properties 10
The pn Junction 23
Diode Circuits: DC Analysis and Models 34
Diode Circuits: AC Equivalent Circuit 43
Other Diode Types 48
Design Application: Diode Thermometer 54
Summary 56
Problems 57

Diode Circuits

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7

67

Preview 67
Rectifier Circuits 68
Zener Diode Circuits 84
Clipper and Clamper Circuits 90
Multiple-Diode Circuits 97
Photodiode and LED Circuits 106
Design Application: DC Power Supply
Summary 110
Problems 111

The Field-Effect Transistor

3.1
3.2

125

Preview 125
MOS Field-Effect Transistor 126
MOSFET DC Circuit Analysis 146

108

Contents

3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

Chapter 4

Basic FET Amplifiers

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11

Chapter 5

205

Preview 205
The MOSFET Amplifier 206
Basic Transistor Amplifier Configurations 216
The Common-Source Amplifier 216
The Common-Drain (Source-Follower) Amplifier 227
The Common-Gate Configuration 234
The Three Basic Amplifier Configurations: Summary
and Comparison 237
Single-Stage Integrated Circuit MOSFET
Amplifiers 238
Multistage Amplifiers 254
Basic JFET Amplifiers 258
Design Application: A Two-Stage Amplifier 264
Summary 266
Problems 268

The Bipolar Junction Transistor

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

Chapter 6

Basic MOSFET Applications: Switch, Digital Logic Gate,

and Amplifier 165
Constant-Current Biasing 170
Multistage MOSFET Circuits 175
Junction Field-Effect Transistor 180
Design Application: Diode Thermometer with an MOS
Transistor 190
Summary 192
Problems 194

Basic BJT Amplifiers

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

285

Preview 285
Basic Bipolar Junction Transistor 286
DC Analysis of Transistor Circuits 301
Basic Transistor Applications 323
Bipolar Transistor Biasing 330
Multistage Circuits 344
Design Application: Diode Thermometer with a Bipolar
Transistor 348
Summary 350
Problems 352
369

Preview 369
Analog Signals and Linear Amplifiers 370
The Bipolar Linear Amplifier 371
Basic Transistor Amplifier Configurations 396
Common-Emitter Amplifiers 398
AC Load Line Analysis 413

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12

Chapter 7

Frequency Response

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8

Chapter 8

Common-Collector (Emitter-Follower) Amplifier

Common-Base Amplifier 431
The Three Basic Amplifiers: Summary
and Comparison 435
Multistage Amplifiers 436
Power Considerations 442
Design Application: Audio Amplifier 445
Summary 449
Problems 451
469

Preview 469
Amplifier Frequency Response 470
System Transfer Functions 472
Frequency Response: Transistor Amplifiers with Circuit
Capacitors 485
Frequency Response: Bipolar Transistor 502
Frequency Response: The FET 514
High-Frequency Response of Transistor Circuits 520
Design Application: A Two-Stage Amplifier
with Coupling Capacitors 537
Summary 539
Problems 540

Output Stages and Power Amplifiers

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7

420

559

Preview 559
Power Amplifiers 560
Power Transistors 560
Classes of Amplifiers 571
Class-A Power Amplifiers 586
Class-AB Push-Pull Complementary Output Stages
Design Application: An Output Stage Using
MOSFETs 601
Summary 603
Problems 604

PROLOGUE II
PROLOGUE TO ELECTRONIC DESIGN 615
Preview 615
Design Approach 615
System Design 616
Electronic Design 617
Conclusion 618

591

xii

Contents

PART 2
ANALOG ELECTRONICS 619
Chapter 9

Ideal Operational Amplifiers and Op-Amp Circuits

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Preview 621
The Operational Amplifier 622
Inverting Amplifier 627
Summing Amplifier 636
Noninverting Amplifier 638
Op-Amp Applications 641
Operational Transconductance Amplifiers 657
Op-Amp Circuit Design 658
Design Application: Electronic Thermometer with an
Instrumentation Amplifier 665
Summary 668
Problems 669

Integrated Circuit Biasing and Active Loads

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6

621

687

Preview 687
Bipolar Transistor Current Sources 688
FET Current Sources 707
Circuits with Active Loads 719
Small-Signal Analysis: Active Load Circuits 726
Design Application: An NMOS Current Source 734
Summary 736
Problems 737

Differential and Multistage Amplifiers

753

Preview 753
11.1 The Differential Amplifier 754
11.2 Basic BJT Differential Pair 754
11.3 Basic FET Differential Pair 779
11.4 Differential Amplifier with Active Load 790
11.5 BiCMOS Circuits 801
11.6 Gain Stage and Simple Output Stage 806
11.7 Simplified BJT Operational Amplifier Circuit 811
11.8 Diff-Amp Frequency Response 815
11.9 Design Application: A CMOS Diff-Amp 821
11.10 Summary 824
Problems 825

Chapter 12

Feedback and Stability

12.1
12.2
12.3

851

Preview 851
Introduction to Feedback 852
Basic Feedback Concepts 853
Ideal Feedback Topologies 863

Contents

12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12

Chapter 13

Operational Amplifier Circuits

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7

Chapter 14

947

Preview 947
General Op-Amp Circuit Design 948
A Bipolar Operational Amplifier Circuit 950
CMOS Operational Amplifier Circuits 970
BiCMOS Operational Amplifier Circuits 981
JFET Operational Amplifier Circuits 989
Design Application: A Two-Stage CMOS Op-Amp to
Match a Given Output Stage 992
Summary 995
Problems 997

Nonideal Effects in Operational Amplifier Circuits

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8

Chapter 15

Voltage (Series-Shunt) Amplifiers 873

Current (Shunt-Series) Amplifiers 879
Transconductance (Series-Series) Amplifiers 886
Transresistance (Shunt-Shunt) Amplifiers 893
Loop Gain 901
Stability of the Feedback Circuit 908
Frequency Compensation 918
Design Application: A MOSFET Feedback Circuit 924
Summary 927
Problems 928

Preview 1009
Practical Op-Amp Parameters 1010
Finite Open-Loop Gain 1013
Frequency Response 1023
Offset Voltage 1030
Input Bias Current 1042
Additional Nonideal Effects 1045
Design Application: An Offset Voltage Compensation
Network 1047
Summary 1049
Problems 1050

Applications and Design of Integrated Circuits

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8

1009

1061

Preview 1061
Active Filters 1062
Oscillators 1074
Schmitt Trigger Circuits 1084
Nonsinusoidal Oscillators and Timing Circuits
Integrated Circuit Power Amplifiers 1107
Voltage Regulators 1114
Design Application: An Active Bandpass Filter
Summary 1125
Problems 1126

1096

1122

Xi

Contents

PROLOGUE
PROLOGUE TO DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 1141
Preview 1141
Logic Functions and Logic Gates 1141
Logic Levels 1143
Noise Margin 1143
Propagation Delay Times and Switching Times
Summary 1144

1144

PART3
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 1145
Chapter 16

MOSFET Digital Circuits

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13

1147

Preview 1147
NMOS Inverters 1148
NMOS Logic Circuits 1163
CMOS Inverter 1168
CMOS Logic Circuits 1183
Clocked CMOS Logic Circuits 1191
Transmission Gates 1194
Sequential Logic Circuits 1202
Memories: Classifications and Architectures L
1208
RAM Memory Cells 1212
Read-Only Memory 1221
Data Converters 1226
Design Application: A Static CMOS Logic Gate 1232
Summary 1234
Problems 1236

Chapter 17

Bipolar Digital Circuits 1255

Preview 1255
17.1 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) 1256
17.2 Modified ECL Circuit Configurations 1267
17.3 Transistor-Transistor Logic 1277
17.4 Schottky Transistor-Transistor Logic 1289
17.5 BiCMOS Digital Circuits 1296
17.6 Design Application: A Static ECL Gate 1298
17.7 Summary 1300
Problems 1301

Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix

Physical Constants and Conversion Factors 1315

Selected Manufacturers' Data Sheets 1317
Standard Resistor and Capacitor Values 1329
Reading List 1333
Answers to Selected Problems 1337

Index

D
E

1359