ARTICLEIIIBILLOFRIGHTS

Requirementsofavalidordinance:

Section1.Nopersonshallbedeprivedoflife,
libertyorpropertywithoutdueprocessoflaw,
norshallanypersonbedeniedtheequal
protectionofthelaws.

AspectsofDueProcess:

Proceduraldueprocessreferstothe
modeofprocedurewhichgovernment
agenciesmustfollowinthe
enforcementandapplicationoflaws.
Substantivedueprocessprohibition
againstarbitrarylaws.

Note:PROCEDURALDUEPROCESS:

Alawwhichhearsbeforeitcondemns.
Dueprocessoflawcontemplatesnoticeand
opportunitytobeheardbeforejudgmentis
renderedaffectingonespersonorproperty
(Lopezv.Dir.ofLands)
Dueprocessdependsoncircumstances;it
varieswiththesubjectmatterandthe
necessitiesofthesituation.
RequisitesofSUBSTANTIVEdueprocess:CODE:
IM

TheINTERESTSofthepublicgenerally,
asdistinguishedfromthoseofa
particularclass,requiresthe
interferencebythegovernmentand
TheMEANSemployedarenecessaryfor
theaccomplishmentofthepurposeand
notundulyoppressiveuponindividuals.

Theequalitythatitguaranteesislegalequality
ortheequalityofallpersonsbeforethelaw.It
doesnotdemandabsoluteequality.Itmerely
requiresthatallpersonsshallbetreatedalike,
underlikecircumstancesandconditionsbothas
toprivilegesconferredandliabilitiesenforced.
Section2.Therightofthepeopletobesecure
intheirpersons,houses,papers,andeffects
againstunreasonablesearchesandseizuresof
whatevernatureandforanypurposeshallbe
inviolable,andnosearchwarrantorwarrantof
arrestshallissueexceptuponprobablecause
tobedeterminedpersonallybythejudgeafter
examinationunderoathoraffirmationofthe
complainantandthewitnesseshemay
produce,andparticularlydescribingtheplace
tobesearchedandthepersonorthingstobe
seized.

MustnotcontravenetheConstitution
oranystatute
Mustnotbeunfairoroppressive
Mustnotbepartialordiscriminatory
Mustnotprohibit,butmayregulate
trade
Mustbegeneralandconsistentwith
publicpolicy
Mustnotbeunreasonable
WhenisalawVAGUE?
WhenitlacksCOMPREHENSIBLE
STANDARDS
Thatmenofordinaryintelligencemust
necessarilyGUESSastoitsmeaning
Anddifferastoitsapplication
EqualProtectionofthelaw

GeneralRule:Searchandseizuresare
unreasonableunlessauthorizedbyavalidly
issuedsearchwarrantorwarrantofarrest

Requisitesforavalidwarrant:
CODE:PJED

ItmustbeissueduponPROBABLE
CAUSE.
Theexistenceofprobablecauseis
determinedpersonallybytheJUDGE.
ThejudgemustEXAMINEUNDEROATH
thecomplainantandthewitnesseshe
mayproduce.
ThewarrantmustPARTICULARLY
DESCRIBEtheplacetobesearchedand
personorthingstobeseized.

DefinitionofPROBABLECAUSE
Fortheissuanceofawarrantofarrest:
Probablecausereferstosuchfactsand
circumstanceswhichwouldleadareasonably
discreetandprudentmantobelievethatan
offensehasbeencommittedbytheperson
soughttobearrested.
Fortheissuanceofasearchwarrant:
Probablecausewouldmeansuchfactsand
circumstanceswhichwouldleadareasonably
discreetandprudentmantobelievethatan
offensehasbeencommittedandthatthe
objectssoughtinconnectionwiththeoffense
areintheplacetobesearched.
Note:Probablecausefortheissuanceofa
searchwarrantdoesNOTrequirethatthe
probableguiltofaspecificoffenderbe
established,unlikeinthecaseofawarrantof
arrest.

ExistenceofprobablecauseDETERMINED
PERSONALLYBYTHEJUDGE
ThejudgeisNOTrequiredtopersonally
examinethecomplainantandhiswitnesses.
WhattheConstitutionunderscoresisthe
exclusiveandpersonalresponsibilityofthe
issuingjudgetosatisfyhimselfoftheexistence
ofprobablecause(Solivenv.Makasiar,167
SCRA394).

Tobesure,theJudgemustgobeyondthe
prosecutorscertificationandinvestigation
reportwhenevernecessary(Limv.Felix).

Procedure:
Thejudgepersonallyevaluatesthereportand
supportingdocumentssubmittedbythefiscal
regardingtheexistenceofprobablecauseand,
onthebasisthereof,issueawarrantofarrestor
Ifonthebasisthereof,thejudgefindsno
probablecause,hemaydisregardthefiscals
reportandrequirethesubmissionofsupporting
affidavitsofwitnessestoaidhiminarrivingat
theconclusionastotheexistenceofprobable
cause.
ExaminationUNDEROATHORAFFIRMATION
OFTHECOMPLAINANTANDWITNESSES

Theoathrequiredmustrefertothetruthofthe
factswithinthepersonalknowledgeofthe
complainantorhiswitnessesbecausethe
purposeistoconvincethejudgeofthe
existenceofprobablecause(Alvarezv.CFI,64
Phil.33).

Thetruetestofsufficiencyofanaffidavitto
warranttheissuanceofasearchwarrantis
whetherithasbeendrawninsuchamanner
thatperjurycouldbechargedthereonand
affiantbeheldliableforthedamagescaused
(Alvarezv.CFI).
PARTICULARITYOFDESCRIPTION(SEARCH
WARRANT)

Asearchwarrantmaybesaidtoparticularly
describethethingstobeseizedwhenthe
descriptionthereinisasspecificasthe
circumstanceswillordinarilyallowor
Whenthedescriptionexpressesaconclusionof
factnotoflawbywhichthewarrantofficer
maybeguidedinmakingthesearchandseizure
or
Whenthethingsdescribedarelimitedtothose
whichbearadirectrelationtotheoffensefor
whichthewarrantisbeingissued(Bacheand
Co.v.Ruiz,37SCRA823).
JOHNDOEWARRANT

AJohnDoewarrantcansatisfythe
requirementofparticularityofdescriptionifit
containsadescriptiopersonaesuchaswill
enabletheofficertoidentifytheaccused
(Peoplev.Veloso,48Phil.159)

explicitdemandoftheBillofRightsthatthe
thingstobeseizedbeparticularlydescribed.

VALIDWARRANTLESSSEARCH
Searchmadeasanincidenttolawfularrest
Anofficermakinganarrestmaytakefromthe
personarrested:
Anymoneyorpropertyfounduponhisperson
whichwasusedinthecommissionofthe
offenseor
Wasthefruitthereofor
Whichmightfurnishtheprisonerwiththe
meansofcommittingviolenceorescapingor
Whichmaybeusedinevidenceinthetrialof
thecase
Thesearchmustbemadesimultaneouslywith
thearrestanditmayonlybemadeinthearea
withinthereachofthepersonarrested
Searchofmovingvehicles
Thisexceptionisbasedonexigency.Thus,if
thereistimetoobtainawarrantinorderto
searchthevehicle,awarrantmustfirstbe
obtained.
Thesearchofamovingvehiclemustbebased
onprobablecause.

GENERALWARRANT

Seizureofgoodsconcealedtoavoidcustoms
duties/authorizedundertheTariffsand
CustomsCode

Ageneralwarrantisonethatdoesnotallege
anyspecificactsoromissionsconstitutingthe
offensechargedintheapplicationforthe
issuanceofthewarrant.Itcontravenesthe

TheTariffsandCustomsCodeauthorizes
personshavingpoliceauthorityundertheCode
toeffectsearchandseizureswithoutasearch
warranttoenforcecustomslaws.

Exception:Asearchwarrantisrequiredforthe
searchofadwellinghouse.
Searchesunderthisexceptionincludesearches
atbordersandportsofentry.Searchesinthese
areasdonotrequiretheexistenceofprobable
cause.
Seizureofevidenceinplainview

Carrollrule:warrantlesssearchofavehiclethat
canbequicklymovedoutofthelocalityor
jurisdiction
The1987Constitutionhasreturnedtothe1935
rulethatwarrantsmaybeissuedonlybyjudges,
buttheCommissionerofImmigrationmay
orderthearrestofanalieninordertocarryout
aFINALdeportationorder.

Tobeavalidwarrantlesssearch,thearticles
mustbeopentotheeyeandhand.

VALIDWARRANTLESSARRESTS

Thepeaceofficercomesuponthem
inadvertently.

Whenthepersontobearrestedhascommitted,
isactuallycommitting,orisabouttocommitan
offenseinthepresenceofthearrestingofficer.

Waiverofright
Requisitesofavalidwaiver:

Therightexists.
Thepersonhadactualorconstructive
knowledgeoftheexistenceofsuch
right.
Thereisanactualintentionto
relinquishsuchright.
Therightagainstunreasonablesearches
andseizuresisapersonalright.Thus,
onlythepersonbeingsearchedcan
waivethesame.
Waiverrequiresapositiveactfromthe
person.Mereabsenceofoppositionis
notawaiver.
Thesearchmadepursuanttothe
waivermustbemadewithinthescope
ofthewaiver.

Note:
Checkpoints:aslongasthevehicleisneither
searchednoritsoccupantssubjectedtoabody
searchandtheinspectionofthevehicleis
limitedtoavisualsearch=validsearch
(ValmonteV.DeVilla)

Whenanoffensehasinfactjustbeen
committedandthearrestingofficerhas
personalknowledgeoffactsindicatingthatthe
persontobearrestedhascommittedit.
Whenthepersontobearrestedisaprisoner
whohasescapedfromapenalestablishmentor
placewhereheisservingfinaljudgmentor
temporarilyconfinedwhilehiscaseispending,
orhasescapedwhilebeingtransferredfrom
oneconfinementtoanother.
Waiverofaninvalidarrest:
Whenapersonwhoisdetainedappliesforbail,
heisdeemedtohavewaivedanyirregularity
whichmayhaveoccurredinrelationtohis
arrest.
Hotpursuit
A.Thepursuitoftheoffenderbythearresting
officermustbecontinuousfromthetimeofthe
commissionoftheoffensetothetimeofthe
arrest.
B.Theremustbenosuperveningeventwhich
breaksthecontinuityofthechase.

Stopandfrisk
Whenapolicemanobservessuspiciousactivity
whichleadshimtobelievethatacrimeisabout
tobecommitted,hecaninvestigatethe
suspiciouslookingpersonandmayfriskhimfor
weaponsasameasureofselfprotection.
Shouldhefind,however,aweapononthe
suspectwhichisunlicensed,hecanarrestsuch
personthenandthereforhavingcommittedan
offenseintheofficerspresence.

Section3.(1)Theprivacyofcommunication
andcorrespondenceshallbeinviolableexcept
uponlawfulorderofthecourt,orwhenpublic
safetyororderrequiresotherwiseas
prescribedbylaw.
(2)Anyevidenceobtainedinviolationofthis
ortheprecedingsectionshallbeinadmissible
foranypurposeinanyproceedings.

R.A.4200(AntiWiretappingAct)
Thelawdoesnotdistinguishbetweenapartyto
theprivatecommunicationorathirdperson.
Hence,bothapartyandathirdpersoncouldbe
heldliableunderR.A.4200iftheycommitany
oftheprohibitedactsunderR.A.4200(Ramirez
v.Ca)
Theuseofatelephoneextensiontooverheara
privateconversationisnotaviolationofR.A.
4200becauseitisnotsimilartoanyofthe
prohibiteddevicesunderthelaw.Also,a
telephoneextensionisnotpurposelyinstalled
forthepurposeofsecretlyinterceptingor
recordingprivatecommunication.(Gaananv.
IAC,145SCRA112)

Typesofcommunicationprotected:

Letters,messages,telephonecalls,
telegramsandthelike.

Exclusionaryrule:
Anyevidenceobtainedshallbeinadmissiblefor
anypurposeinanyproceeding.However,in
theabsenceofgovernmentalinterference,the
protectionagainstunreasonablesearchand
seizurecannotbeextendedtoactscommitted
byprivateindividuals.(Peoplev.Martin)
Section4.Nolawshallbepassedabridging
thefreedomofspeech,ofexpression,orofthe
press,oroftherightofthepeoplepeaceably
toassembleandpetitionthegovernmentfor
redressofgrievances.

Whatareconsideredprotectedspeech:
Protectedspeechincludeseveryformof
expression,whetheroral,written,tapeordisc
recorded.Itincludesmotionpicturesaswellas
whatisknownassymbolicspeechsuchasthe
wearingofanarmbandasasymbolofprotest.
Peacefulpicketinghasalsobeenincludedwithin
themeaningofspeech.
ProhibitionsunderSection4
ProhibitionagainstPRIORRESTRAINT
ProhibitionagainstSUBSEQUENTPUNISHMENT
Prohibitionagainstpriorrestraint
Priorrestraintmeansofficialgovernmental
restrictionsonthepressorotherformsof
expressioninadvanceofactualpublicationor
dissemination.

Examples/formsofpriorrestraint
moviecensorship
judicialpriorrestraint=injunctionagainst
publication
licensetaxesbasedongrossreceiptsforthe
privilegeofengaginginthebusinessof
advertisinginanynewspaper

willthendecidewherethegreaterweight
shouldbeplaced.

FreedomofSpeech

flatlicensefeesfortheprivilegeofselling
religiousbooks

Thedoctrineonfreedomofspeechwas
formulatedprimarilyfortheprotectionof
corespeech,i.e.speechwhichcommunicates
political,socialorreligiousideas.Theseenjoy
thesamedegreeofprotection.Commercial
speech,however,doesnot

Whenprohibitiondoesnotapply

Duringawar.Ex.Governmentcanprevent
publicationaboutthenumber/locationsofits
troops(Nearv.Minnesota,238US697)

CommercialSpeech

Obscenepublications.

Acommunicationwhichnomorethanproposes
acommercialtransaction.
Toenjoyprotection:

Standardsforallowablesubsequent
punishment

Itmustnotbefalseormisleading;and

TESTCRITERION

Itshouldnotproposeanillegaltransaction.

Eventruthfulandlawfulcommercialspeech
mayberegulatedif:

1.DangerousTendencyTest
ThereshouldbeaRATIONALCONNECTION
betweenthespeechandtheevilapprehended.

Governmenthasasubstantialinterestto
protect;

2.ClearandPresentDangerTest
Thereshouldbeaclearandpresentdangerthat
thewordswhenusedundersuchcircumstances
areofsuchanatureastocreateaCLEARAND
PRESENTDANGERthattheywillbringaboutthe
substantiveevilsthattheStatehasarightto
prevent.

Itisnotmoreextensivethanisnecessaryto
protectthatinterest.(CentralHudsonGasand
ElectricCorp.v.PublicServiceCommissionof
NY,447US557)

3.BalancingofInterestsTest

ThecourtsshouldBALANCEthePUBLIC
INTERESTservedbylegislationononehandand
theFREEDOMOFSPEECH(oranyother
constitutionalright)ontheother.Thecourts

UnprotectedSpeech

Theregulationdirectlyadvancesthatinterest;
and

1.LIBEL

FAIRCOMMENT(U.S.Rule).Theseare
statementsofOPINION,notoffact,andarenot
consideredactionable,evenifthewordsused
areneithermildnortemperate.Whatis
importantisthattheopinionisthetrueand
honestopinionoftheperson.Thestatements
arenotusedtoattackpersonalitiesbuttogive
onesopinionondecisionsandactions.
OPINIONS.Withrespecttopublicpersonalities
(politicians,actors,anyonewithaconnectionto
anewsworthyevent),opinionscanbeaired
regardingtheirpublicactuations.Commenton
theirprivatelives,ifnotgermanetotheirpublic
personae,arenotprotected.
2.OBSCENITY
Testforobscenity(Millerv.California)
Whethertheaverageperson,applying
contemporarycommunitystandardswouldfind
thatthework,takenasawhole,appealstothe
prurientinterest.
Whethertheworkdepictsordescribes,ina
patentlyoffensiveway,sexualconduct,
specificallydefinedbylaw.
Whetherthework,takenasawhole,lacks
seriousliterary,artistic,politicalorscientific
value.
Procedureforseizureofallegedlyobscene
publications
Authoritiesmustapplyforissuanceofsearch
warrant.

Judgewillissueasearchwarrant.
ProperactionshouldbefiledunderArt.201of
theRPC.
Convictionissubjecttoappeal.
RightofAssemblyandPetition

Thestandardsforallowableimpairmentof
speechandpressalsoapplytotherightof
assemblyandpetition.
Rulesonassemblyinpublicplaces:
Applicantshouldinformthelicensingauthority
ofthedate,thepublicplacewhereandthetime
whentheassemblywilltakeplace.
Theapplicationshouldbefiledaheadoftimeto
enablethepublicofficialconcernedtoappraise
whethertherearevalidobjectionstothegrant
ofthepermitortoitsgrant,butinanother
publicplace.Thegrantorrefusalshouldbe
basedontheapplicationoftheClearand
PresentDangerTest.
Ifthepublicauthorityisoftheviewthatthereis
animminentandgravedangerofasubstantive
evil,theapplicantsmustbeheardonthe
matter.
Thedecisionofthepublicauthority,whether
favorableoradverse,mustbetransmittedto
theapplicantsattheearliestopportunityso
thattheymay,iftheysodesire,haverecourse
totheproperjudicialauthority.

Courtmustbeconvincedthatthematerialsare
obscene.Applyclearandpresentdangertest.

Rulesonassemblyinprivateproperties:

Judgewilldeterminewhethertheyareinfact
obscene.

Onlytheconsentoftheowneroftheproperty
orpersonentitledtopossessionthereofis
required.


Section5.Nolawshallbemaderespectingan
establishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthe
freeexercisethereof.Thefreeexerciseand
enjoymentofreligiousprofessionandworship,
withoutdiscriminationorpreference,shall
foreverbeallowed.Noreligioustestshallbe
requiredfortheexerciseofcivilorpolitical
rights.

personaffectedmustshowthecoerciveeffect
ofthelegislationasitoperatesagainsthimin
thepracticeofhisreligion.Whilethefreedom
tobelieve(nonestablishment)isabsolute,the
momentsuchbeliefflowsoverintoaction,it
becomessubjecttogovernmentregulation.

Requisitesforgovernmentaidtobeallowable:

ClausesunderSection5

Nonestablishmentclause

FreeexerciseofReligion
Distinctionbetweentheclauses(SchoolDistrict
v.Schempp,374US203)

Thenonestablishmentclausedoesnotdepend
uponanyshowingofdirectgovernmental
compulsion.Itisviolatedbytheenactmentof
lawswhichestablishanofficialreligionwhether
thoselawsoperatedirectlytocoercenon
observingindividualsornot.Thetestof
compliancewiththenonestablishmentclause
canbestatedasfollows:Whatarethepurposes
andprimaryeffectoftheenactment?Ifeither
istheadvancementorinhibitionofreligion,the
lawviolatesthenonestablishmentclause.
Thus,inorderforalawtocomplywiththenon
establishmentclause,tworequisitesmustbe
met.First,ithasasecularlegislativepurpose.
Second,itsprimaryeffectneitheradvancesnor
inhibitsreligion.
Thefreeexerciseofreligionclausewithdraws
fromlegislativepowertheexertionofany
restraintonthefreeexerciseofreligion.In
ordertoshowaviolationofthisclause,the

Itmusthaveasecularlegislative
purpose;
Itmusthaveaprimaryeffectthat
neitheradvancesnorinhibitsreligion;
Itmustnotrequireexcessive
entanglementwithrecipient
institutions.

Section6.Thelibertyofabodeandof
changingthesamewithinthelimitsprescribed
bylawshallnotbeimpairedexceptupon
lawfulorderofthecourt.Neithershallthe
righttotravelbeimpairedexceptinthe
interestofnationalsecurity,publicsafetyor
publichealth,asmaybeprovidedbylaw.

RightsguaranteedunderSection6:

Freedomtochooseandchangeones
placeofabode.
Freedomtotravelwithinthecountry
andoutside.

Curtailmentofrights:

Discretionofgovernment

RIGHT
MANNEROFCURTAILMENT

Thegovernmenthasdiscretionwithrespectto
theauthoritytodeterminewhatmattersareof
publicconcernandtheauthoritytodetermine
themannerofaccesstothem.

1.LibertyofabodeLawfulorder
ofthecourtandwithinthelimitsprescribedby
law.

2.RighttotravelMaybe
curtailedevenbyadministrativeofficers(ex.
passportofficers)intheinterestofnational
security,publicsafety,orpublichealth,asmay
beprovidedbylaw.

Recognizedrestrictionsontherightofthe
peopletoinformation:
Nationalsecuritymatters
Intelligenceinformation
Tradesecrets

Bankingtransactions

Note:Therighttotravelandthelibertyof
abodearedistinctfromtherighttoreturnto
onescountry,asshownbythefactthatthe
DeclarationofHumanRightsandtheCovenant
onHumanRightshaveseparateguaranteesfor
these.Hence,therighttoreturntoones
countryisnotcoveredbythespecificrightto
travelandlibertyofabode.(Marcosv.
Manglapus)

Diplomaticcorrespondence

Section7.Therightofthepeopleto
informationonmattersofpublicconcernshall
berecognized.

Executivesessions
Closeddoorcabinetmeetings
SupremeCourtdeliberations

Section8.Therightofthepeople,including
thoseemployedinthepublicandprivate
sectors,toformunions,associations,or
societiesforpurposesnotcontrarytolaw,
shallnotbeabridged.

RightsguaranteedunderSection7

Righttoinformationonmattersof
publicconcern
Rightofaccesstoofficialrecordsand
documents

Personsentitledtotheaboverights
OnlyFilipinocitizens.

Therighttoformassociationsshallnotbe
impairedwithoutdueprocessoflawandisthus
anaspectoftherightofliberty.Itisalsoan
aspectofthefreedomofcontract.Inaddition,
insofarastheassociationsmayhavefortheir
objecttheadvancementofbeliefsandideas,
thefreedomofassociationisanaspectofthe
freedomofspeechandexpression,subjectto
thesamelimitation.

Therightalsocoverstherightnottojoinan
association.

Governmentemployeeshavetherighttoform
unions.Theyalsohavetherighttostrike,
unlessthereisastatutorybanonthem.

Elementsofthepowerofeminentdomain
1)ThereisaTAKINGofprivateproperty
2)TakingisforPUBLICUSE
3)PaymentofJUSTCOMPENSATION

Section10.Nolawimpairingtheobligationof
contractsshallbepassed.

Section9.Privatepropertyshallnotbetaken
forpublicusewithoutjustcompensation.

Whocanexercisethepowerofeminent
domain:

Whendoesalawimpairtheobligationof
contracts:

1)Thenationalgovernment
Congress

Executive,pursuanttolegislationenactedby
Congress

2)Localgovernmentunits,pursuanttoan
ordinanceenactedbytheirrespective
legislativebodies(underLGC)
3)Publicutilities,asmaybedelegatedby
law.
Whenistheexerciseofthepowerofeminent
domainnecessary?
Itisonlynecessarywhentheownerdoesnot
wantoropposesthesaleofhisproperty.Thus,
ifavalidcontractexistsbetweenthe
governmentandtheowner,thegovernment
cannotexercisethepowerofeminentdomain
asasubstitutetotheenforcementofthe
contract.

Ifitchangesthetermsandconditionsof
alegalcontracteitherastothetimeor
modeofperformance
Ifitimposesnewconditionsor
dispenseswiththoseexpressed
Ifitauthorizesforitssatisfaction
somethingdifferentfromthatprovided
initsterms.

AmerechangeinPROCEDURALREMEDIES
whichdoesnotchangethesubstanceofthe
contract,andwhichstillleavesanefficacious
remedyforenforcementdoesNOTimpairthe
obligationofcontracts.

Avalidexerciseofpolicepowerissuperiorto
obligationofcontracts.

Section12.Rightsofpersonunder
investigationforthecommissionofanoffense.

Rightsofpersonunderinvestigationforthe
CommissionofanoffenseCODE:SCISI

policeoroutsidethecontextofaformal
investigation.
Statementsmadetoaprivateperson.

Exclusionaryrule

Righttoremainsilent
Righttohavecompetentand
independentcounsel,preferablyofhis
ownchoice
Righttoprovidedwiththeservicesof
counselifhecannotaffordtheservices
ofone.
Righttobeinformedoftheserights.

Anyconfessionoradmissionobtained
inviolationofthissectionshallbe
inadmissibleinevidenceagainsthim
(theaccused).
Therefore,anyevidenceobtainedby
virtueofanillegallyobtained
confessionisalsoinadmissible,being
thefruitofapoisonedtree.

Whenrightsareavailable:

Requisitesofvalidwaiver:

AFTERapersonhasbeentakeninto
custodyor
Whenapersonisotherwisedeprivedof
hisfreedomofactioninanysignificant
way.
Whentheinvestigationisbeing
conductedbythegovernment(police,
DOJ,NBI)withrespecttoacriminal
offense.
Signingofarrestreportsandbooking
sheets.

WaivershouldbemadeinWRITING
Waivershouldbemadeinthe
PRESENCEOFCOUNSEL.

Section13.Righttobail

Whoareentitledtobail:
1)AllpersonsACTUALLYDETAINED

2)shall,BEFORECONVICTION

Whenrightsarenotavailable:

3)Beentitledtobail.

Duringapolicelineup.Exception:
Oncethereisamoveamongthe
investigatorstoelicitadmissionsor
confessionsfromthesuspect.
Duringadministrativeinvestigations.
Confessionsmadebyanaccusedatthe
timehevoluntarilysurrenderedtothe

Whoarenotentitledtobail:
1)Personschargedwithoffenses
PUNISHABLEbyRECLUSIONPERPETUAor
DEATH,whenevidenceofguiltisstrong
2)PersonsCONVICTEDbythetrialcourt.
Bailisonlydiscretionarypendingappeal.

3)PersonswhoaremembersoftheAFP
facingacourtmartial.

Theconstitutionalrightisavailableonly
incriminalcases,not,e.g.in
deportationproceedings.

Note:

Otherrightsinrelationtobail.
1)TherighttobailshallNOTbeimpaired
evenwhentheprivilegeofthewritofhabeas
corpusissuspended.

Righttobailisnotavailableinthemilitary.
Apartfrombail,apersonmayattainprovisional
libertythroughrecognizance.
Section14.Rightsofanaccused

2)Excessivebailshallnotberequired.

Factorsconsideredinsettingtheamountof
bail:

Rightsofapersonchargedwithacriminal
offense

1)Abilitytopostbail
2)Natureoftheoffense
3)Penaltyimposedbylaw

4)Characterandreputationoftheaccused

5)Healthoftheaccused

6)Strengthoftheevidence
7)Probabilityofappearingatthetrial
8)Forfeitureofpreviousbailbond
9)Whetheraccusedwasafugitivefrom
justicewhenarrested
10)Ifaccusedisunderbondinothercases

Implicitlimitationsontherighttobail:

Thepersonclaimingtherightmustbe
inactualdetentionorcustodyofthe
law.

Righttodueprocessoflaw
Righttobepresumedinnocent
Righttobeheardbyhimselfand
counsel
Righttobeinformedofthenatureand
causeoftheaccusationagainsthim
Righttohaveaspeedy,impartialand
publictrial
Righttomeetthewitnessesfacetoface
Righttohavecompulsoryprocessto
securetheattendanceofwitnessesand
theproductionofevidenceinhisbehalf

DUEPROCESS
Thismeansthattheaccusedcanonlybe
convictedbyatribunalwhichisrequiredto
complywiththestringentrequirementsofthe
rulesofcriminalprocedure.

PRESUMPTIONOFINNOCENCE
TheConstitutiondoesnotprohibitthe
legislaturefromprovidingthatproofofcertain
factsleadstoaprimafaciepresumptionofguilt,
providedthatthefactsprovedhavea
reasonableconnectiontotheultimatefact
presumed.
Presumptionofguiltshouldnotbeconclusive.
RIGHTTOBEHEARDBYHIMSELFAND
COUNSEL
Therighttobeheardincludesthefollowing
rights:
Righttobepresentatthetrial
Therighttobepresentcoverstheperiodfrom
ARRAIGNMENTtoPROMULGATIONof
sentence.
Afterarraignment,trialmayproceed
notwithstandingabsenceofaccused,provided2
requisitesaremet.Note,thattrialinabsentiais
allowedonlyiftheaccusedhasbeenvalidly
arraigned.
(i)Accusedhasbeendulynotified;and
(ii)Hisfailuretoappearisunjustifiable.

Theaccusedmaywaivetherighttobepresent
atthetrialbynotshowingup.However,the
courtcanstillcompeltheattendanceofthe
accusedifnecessaryforidentificationpurposes.
Exception:Iftheaccused,afterarraignment,
hasstipulatedthatheisindeedtheperson
chargedwiththeoffenseandnamedinthe
information,andthatanytimeawitnessrefers
toanamebywhichheisknown,thewitnessis
tobeunderstoodasreferringtohim.

Whiletheaccusedisentitledtobepresent
duringpromulgationofjudgement,theabsence
ofhiscounselduringsuchpromulgationdoes
notaffectitsvalidity.
2.Righttocounsel
3.Righttoanimpartialjudge
4.Rightofconfrontationandcross
examination
5.Righttocompulsoryprocesstosecurethe
attendanceofwitnesses
RIGHTTOBEINFORMEDOFTHENATUREAND
CAUSEOFACCUSATIONAGAINSTHIM
RIGHTTOSPEEDY,IMPARTIALANDPUBLIC
TRIAL

Factorsusedindeterminingwhethertheright
toaspeedytrialhasbeenviolated.

Ifthedismissalisvalid,itamountstoan
acquittalandcanbeusedasbasistoclaim
doublejeopardy.Thiswouldbetheeffecteven
ifthedismissalwasmadewiththeconsentof
theaccused

Remedyoftheaccusedifhisrighttospeedy
trialhasbeenviolated

Hecanmoveforthedismissalofthecase.

Ifheisdetained,hecanfileapetitionforthe
issuanceofwritofhabeascorpus.

Definitionofimpartialtrial

Theaccusedisentitledtothecoldneutralityof
animpartialjudge.

Itisdemandableonlyduringtrials.Thus,it
cannotbeavailedofduringpreliminary
investigations.

Itisanelementofdueprocess.

Principalexceptionstotherightof
confrontation

Definitionofpublictrial

Theadmissibilityofdyingdeclarations

Theattendanceatthetrialisopentoall
irrespectiveoftheirrelationshiptotheaccused.
However,iftheevidencetobeadducedis
offensivetodecencyorpublicmorals,the
publicmaybeexcluded.

TrialinabsentiaunderSection14(2)

Therightoftheaccusedtoapublictrialisnot
violatedifthehearingsareconductedon
Saturdays,eitherwiththeconsentofthe
accusedoriffailedtoobjectthereto.

RIGHTTOMEETWITNESSFACETOFACE
Purposesoftheright:

Toaffordtheaccusedanopportunityto
crossexaminethewitness
Toallowthejudgetheopportunityto
observethedeportmentofthewitness
Failureoftheaccusedtocrossexamine
awitness

Withrespecttochildtestimony
Section16.Allpersonsshallhavetherighttoa
speedydispositionoftheircasesbeforeall
judicial,quasijudicial,oradministrativebodies.

DistinctionbetweenSection14andSection16
Whiletherightsofanaccusedonlyapplytothe
trialphaseofcriminalcases,therighttoa
speedydispositionofcasescoversALLphasesof
JUDICIAL,QUASIJUDICIALorADMINISTRATIVE
proceedings.

Section17.Nopersonshallbecompelledto
beawitnessagainsthimself.

Whenisaquestionincriminating:

Ifthefailureoftheaccusedtocrossexaminea
witnessisduetohisownfaultorwasnotdue
tothefaultoftheprosecution,thetestimonyof
thewitnessshouldbeexcluded.

Aquestiontendstoincriminatewhenthe
answeroftheaccusedorthewitnesswould
establishafactwhichwouldbeanecessarylink
inachainofevidencetoprovethecommission
ofacrimebytheaccusedorthewitness.

Whentherighttocrossexamineisdemandable

Section18.Rightagainstinvoluntaryservitude

Definitionofinvoluntaryservitude
Itiseveryconditionofenforcedorcompulsory
serviceofonetoanothernomatterunderwhat
formsuchservitudemaybedisguised.

Exceptions:

Punishmentforacrimeforwhichthe
partyhasbeendulyconvicted
Personalmilitaryorcivilserviceinthe
interestofnationaldefense
Returntoworkorderissuedbythe
DOLESecretaryorthePresident
Section19.Prohibitionagainstcruel,
degradingandinhumanpunishment

Itmustnotbeexcessive,i.e.itmust
serveapenalpurposemoreeffectively
thanalessseverepunishmentwould.

Excessivefine
Afineisexcessive,whenunderany
circumstance,itisdisproportionatetothe
offense.
Note:Fr.Bernassaysthattheaccusedcannot
beconvictedofthecrimetowhichthe
punishmentisattachedifthecourtfindsthat
thepunishmentiscruel,degradingorinhuman.
Reason:Withoutavalidpenalty,thelawisnot
apenallaw.

Section20.Nopersonshallbeimprisonedfor
debtornonpaymentofapolltax.

Whenisapenaltycruel,degradingand
inhuman?

DefinitionofdebtunderSection20

Apenaltyiscruelandinhumanifit
involvestortureorlingeringsuffering.
Ex.Beingdrawnandquartered.
Apenaltyisdegradingifitexposesa
persontopublichumiliation.Ex.Being
tarredandfeathered,thenparaded
throughouttown.

Standardsused:

Thepunishmentmustnotbesosevere
astobedegradingtothedignityof
humanbeings.
Itmustnotbeappliedarbitrarily.
Itmustnotbeunacceptableto
contemporarysociety

1)DebtreferstoaCONTRACTUALobligation,
whetherexpressorimplied,resultinginany
liabilitytopaymoney.Thus,allothertypesof
obligationsarenotwithinthescopeofthis
prohibition.
2)Thus,ifanaccusedfailstopaythefine
imposeduponhim,thismayresultinhis
subsidiaryimprisonmentbecausehisliabilityis
exdelictoandnotexcontractu.
3)AFRAUDULENTdebtmayresultinthe
imprisonmentofthedebtorif:
Thefraudulentdebtconstitutesacrimesuchas
estafaand
Theaccusedhasbeendulyconvicted.

Section21.Nopersonshallbetwiceputin
jeopardyofpunishmentforthesameoffense.
Ifanactpunishedbyalawandanordinance,
convictionoracquittalundereithershall
constituteabartoanotherprosecutionforthe
sameact.

Requisitesforavaliddefenseofdouble
jeopardy:CODE:ATS

3)Iftheinformationforanoffense
cognizablebytheRTCisfiledwiththeMTC.
4)Ifacomplaintfiledforpreliminary
investigationisdismissed.

WhendoesfirstjeopardyTERMINATE:(2ND
REQUISITE)
1)Acquittal

1)Firstjeopardymusthaveattachedpriorto
thesecond.

2)Conviction

2)Thefirstjeopardymusthaveterminated.

3)DismissalW/OtheEXPRESSconsentofthe
accused

3)Thesecondjeopardymustbeforthesame
offenseasthatinthefirst.

4)Dismissalonthemerits.

WhendoesjeopardyATTACH:(1strequisite)
CODE:CICAV
1)Apersonischarged
2)Underacomplaintorinformation
sufficientinformandsubstancetosustaina
conviction
3)Beforeacourtofcompetentjurisdiction
4)Afterthepersonisarraigned

Examplesofterminationofjeopardy:
1)Dismissalbasedonviolationoftheright
toaspeedytrial.Thisamountstoanacquittal.
2)Dismissalbasedonademurrerto
evidence.Thisisadismissalonthemerits.
3)Dismissalonmotionoftheprosecution,
subsequenttoamotionforreinvestigationfiled
bytheaccused.

5)Suchpersonentersavalidplea.

4)Dischargeofanaccusedtobeastate
witness.Thisamountstoanacquittal.

WhendoesjeopardyNOTattach:

WhencanthePROSECUTIONappealfroman
orderofdismissal:

1)Ifinformationdoesnotchargeanyoffense
2)If,uponpleadingguilty,theaccused
presentsevidenceofcompleteselfdefense,
andthecourtthereafteracquitshimwithout
enteringanewpleaofnotguiltyforaccused.

1)Ifdismissalisonmotionoftheaccused.
Exception:Ifmotionisbasedonviolationofthe
righttoaspeedytrialoronademurrerto
evidence.

2)IfdismissaldoesNOTamounttoan
acquittalordismissalonthemerits
3)Ifthequestiontobepasseduponispurely
legal.
4)Ifthedismissalviolatestherightofdue
processoftheprosecution.

SUPERVENINGFACTS
1)UndertheRulesofCourt,aconvictionfor
anoffensewillnotbaraprosecutionforan
offensewhichnecessarilyincludestheoffense
chargedintheformerinformationwhere:

5)Ifthedismissalwasmadewithgrave
abuseofdiscretion.

WhatareconsideredtobetheSAME
OFFENSE:(underthe1stsentenceofSection
21)

1)Exactidentitybetweentheoffenses
chargedinthefirstandsecondcases.
2)Oneoffenseisanattempttocommitora
frustrationoftheotheroffense.
3)Oneoffenseisnecessarilyincludedor
necessaryincludestheother.
Note:whereasingleactresultsintheviolation
ofdifferentlawsordifferentprovisionsofthe
samelaw,theprosecutionforonewillnotbar
theothersolongasnoneoftheexceptions
apply.

Definitionofdoublejeopardy(2ndsentenceof
Sec.21)

2)Under(1)(b),ifthefactscouldhavebeen
discoveredbytheprosecutionbutwerenot
discoveredbecauseoftheprosecutions
incompetence,itwouldnotbeconsidereda
superveningevent.

Effectofappealbytheaccused:
Iftheaccusedappealshisconviction,he
WAIVEShisrighttopleaddoublejeopardy.The
wholecasewillbeopentoreviewbythe
appellatecourt.Suchcourtmayevenincrease
thepenaltiesimposedontheaccusedbythe
trialcourt.

Doublejeopardywillresultiftheactpunishable
underthelawandtheordinancearethesame.
Fortheretobedoublejeopardy,itisnot
necessarythattheoffensebethesame.

Thegraveroffensedevelopedduetoa
superveningfactarisingfromthesame
actoromissionconstitutingtheformer
charge.
Thefactsconstitutingthegraver
offensebecameknownorwere
discoveredonlyafterthefilingofthe
formerinformation.
Thepleaofguiltytothelesseroffense
wasmadewithouttheconsentofthe
fiscalandtheoffendedparty.

Section22.Noexpostfactolaworbillof
attaindershallbeenacted.

Definitionofexpostfactolaw.
1)Onewhichmakesanactiondonebefore
thepassingofthelaw,andwhichwasinnocent
whendone,criminal,andpunishessuchaction.
2)Onewhichaggravatesthecrimeormakes
itgreaterthanwhenitwascommitted.
3)Onewhichchangesthepunishmentand
inflictsagreaterpunishmentthanthatwhich
thelawannexedtothecrimewhenitwas
committed.
4)Onewhichaltersthelegalrulesof
evidenceandreceiveslesstestimonythanthe
lawrequiredatthetimeofthecommissionof
theoffenseinordertoconvicttheaccused.
5)Onewhichassumestoregulatecivilrights
andremediesonlyBUT,ineffect,imposesa
penaltyordeprivationofaright,which,when
done,waslawful.
6)Onewhichdeprivesapersonaccusedofa
crimeofsomelawfulprotectiontowhichhehas
becomeentitledsuchastheprotectionofa
formerconvictionoracquittal,ora
proclamationofamnesty.
Note:Theprohibitiononexpostfactolaws
onlyappliestoretrospectivePENALlaws.

DefinitionofBILLOFATTAINDER
1)AbillofattainderisaLEGISLATIVEact
whichinflictspunishmentW/OJUDICIALtrial.

2)Thebillofattainderdoesnotneedtobe
directedataspecificallynamedperson.Itmay
alsorefertoeasilyascertainablemembersofa
groupinsuchawayastoinflictpunishmenton
themwithoutjudicialtrial.

Elementsofthebillofattainder

TheremustbeaLAW.
ThelawimposesaPENALburdenona
NAMEDINVIDIDUAL/EASILY
ASCERTAINABLEMEMBERSofaGROUP.
ThepenalburdenisimposedDIRECTLY
bytheLAWW/OJUDICIALtrial.