THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION:

Eye is a major and important organ in human body, without

which we cannot see the world. In this modern world due to
the development in technology of TV, mobile phones, laptop,
computer, there is a huge impact of stress on eyes.
In a normal eye focused for distant objects, parallel rays of light
come to a sharp focus exactly on the retina. It can
accommodate for clear vision of objects from infinity (far point)
down to 25 cm (near point). This ideal refractive state is called
emmetropia. A deviation from emmetropia is called ametropia.
The important forms of ametropia are
Myopia
Hypermetropia
Astigmatism
Presbiopia
Ametropia results from an imbalance between the length of
the eye ball and its refractive power.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

This study assessed the eye defects Specifically, it sought
answers to the following questions,
1. Their defect name.
2. The age they got the defect.
3. The remedy and treatment.
4. Whether it is transmitted through generations by heredity.

HYPOTHESIS:
The hypothesis considered is given below
Eye defects of students ,how they got the defect,the
identification of the defect,and the remedy.
METHODOLOGY:
This section includes the research design, population of the
study, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure,
statistical treatment of data.

RESEARCH DESIGN:
This study made use of the descriptive correlational method of
research. Specifically, it used a personal interview to assess the
eye defect of the person and the remedy they undertook to
correct the defect.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE:
The study involved the 33 Indian students of BS PSYCHOLOGY
D SECTION studying in UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN
PHILIPPINES.
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT:
The researcher utilized a personal interview in gathering the
data needed in the study.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE:
The data is gathered through personally interviewing the
concerned members. The data is then gathered and framed.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA:

1. Percentage to describe the gender, nature of the defect
CHAPTER 2
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents, analyses and interprets the data
gathered to answer the problems raised in this study.
CAUSES OF THE DEFECT:
( a) Myopia (Short Sightedness )
Myopia results if the lens curvature is too great or the entire
eyeball becomes elongated. Light rays entering the eye are
refracted more than is necessary. Consequently light is focused
in front of the retina. The image perceived is thus blurred. The
condition is called short-sightedness as objects near the eye are
clearer than those further away. Myopia can be corrected by
placing a concave lens in front of the eye. The surface of the
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concave lens refracts light rays in such a way that the rays
diverge slightly from their original path. The lens of the myopic
eye now refracts the diverged light rays in to focus on the
retina.
correction

defect

object
concave lens

Myopia and its corrections

( b). Hypermetropia (Long Sightedness )
Hypermetropia results when the curvature of the eye lens is
not great enough. Light rays are not refracted enough and
would thus be focused behind the retina. The condition is called
long-sightedness because distant objects are clearer than near
ones. This happens because light rays from distant objects
require less refraction than rays from near objects. Correction
of hypermetropia requires placing a convex lens in front of the
eye. The lens converges light rays before they enter the eye so
that the eyes focuses the light correctly on the retina.

correction

defect

convex lens

Hypermetropia and its corrections

( c). Astigmatism
Astigmatism occurs if either the cornea or lens is distorted. One
part of the focusing mechanism then refracts light rays too
much, or too less. Usually most of the images perceived is out
of focus. Light rays from part of the object are focused in front
of the retina, as in myopia. Rays from other parts would be
focused behind the retina, as in hypermetropia. Astigmatism
can be corrected by placing a lens in front of the eye. The
curvature of this lens varies from one part to another to
compensate for the eyes deficiencies.

( d). Presbiopia

This is the result of a reduction in the amplitude of

accommodation with age due to hardening and loss of plasticity
of the lens. Hence it becomes less capable of being moulded
into a more complex form. Presbiopia begins at about 40 years
of age. The remedy is convex lenses.

SURVEY OF DATA:
CLASS STRENGTH: 33
BOYS: 16
GIRLS: 17
CANDIDATE 1
GENDER MALE
AGE - 20
DEFECT HYPERMETROPIA
POWER - + 1.75
USING SPECS- YES
USAGE ONLY DURING READING
DURATION OF USAGE- 5 YEARS
CANDIDATE 2
GENDER MALE
AGE - 18
DEFECT MYOPIA
POWER - - 1.75
USING SPECS - YES
USAGE ONLY DURING READING
DURATION OF USAGE 2.5 YEARS
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CANDIDATE 3
GENDER MALE

CANDIDATE 5
GENDER FEMALE

AGE 19

AGE - 18

DEFECT HYPERMETROPIA

DEFECT MYOPIA

POWER - + 3

POWER - -2.5

USING SPECS YES

USING SPECS- YES

USAGE ALWAYS

USAGE ALWAYS

DURATION OF 5 YEARS

DURATION OF - 4 YEARS

USAGE

USAGE

CANDIDATE 4

CANDIDATE 6

GENDER MALE

GENDER FEMALE

AGE 19

AGE - 19

DEFECT MYOPIA

DEFECT MYOPIA

POWER LEFT - -1.5

POWER - -2

RIGHT - -1.25
USING SPECS- YES

USING SPECS- YES

USAGE ALWAYS

USAGE ALWAYS

DURATION OF 3.5 YEARS

DURATION OF - 3 YEARS

USAGE

USAGE
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CANDIDATE 7

CANDIDATE 8

DEFECT HYPERMETROPIA

DEFECT - MYOPIA

POWER - -2.5

POWER - -1.75

USING SPECS YES

USING SPECS YES

USAGE ALWAYS

USAGE ONLY DURING STUDY

DURATION OF 4 YEARS

DURATION OF- 2 YEARS

USAGE

USAGE

CANDIDATE 9

CANDIDATE 10

DEFECT MYOPIA

DEFECT HYPERMETROPIA

POWER 1

POWER 1.75

USING SPECS YES

USING SPECS - YES

USAGE ONLY DURING STUDY

USAGE ALWAYS

DURATION OF 1 YEAR

DURATION OF- 2 YEARS

USAGE

USAGE

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CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY:
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
PERCENTAGE
1.BOYS WITH EYE
40%
DEFECTS
2.GIRLS WITH EYE
60%
DEFECTS
3.POWER ABOVE 2
40%
4.POWER BELOW 2

60%

5.MAJOR DEFECTS

MYOPIA 60%
HYPERMETROPIA
40%

6.MINOR DEFECTS

ASTIGMATISM
0%, PRESBIOPIA
0%

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CONCLUSION:
Around 30% of students in D section of B.S. PSYCHOLOGY of
UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES are suffering from eye
defects and the major defects are Myopia and Hypermetropia.
Around 30% of the eye defect students got their defects from
their generations through heredity.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1.Myopia can be corrected by placing a concave lens in front of
the eye.
2.Correction of hypermetropia requires placing a convex lens in
front of the eye.
3. Astigmatism can be corrected by placing a lens in front of the
eye
4. The remedy for presbyopia is convex lenses.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
ZOOLOGY BOOK (2005-2006) ZOOLOGY HIGHER
SECONDARY - SECOND YEAR.
TAMILNADU TEXT BOOK CORPORATION

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1

THE PROBLEM
INTRODUCTION..1
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ..2
HYPOTHESIS..2
METHODOLOGY..2
RESEARCH DESIGN.3
POPULATION AND SAMPLE.3
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT.3
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE3
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRATION OF

DATA..4

SUMMARY,CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..8

BIBLIOGRAPHY .13
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