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Croda Plc
Alkyd resins
Popular binders for wood and metal
protective coatings
Solvent-borne
Change driven by
Technology options
Conventional
alkyd
Solventborne
alkyds
Waterborne
alkyds
Jan 2010
Water reducible
alkyds
Alkyd emulsions
Technology options
Conventional
alkyd
Drawbacks of
high solids alkyds
Waterborne
Jan 2010
alkyds
Solventborne
alkyds
High solids alkyds
Softer films
Water reducible
alkyds
Faster yellowing
Slow drying
Higher cost
Alkyd emulsions
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
water
solvent
alkyd
W/O alkyd
Conventional
High solids
W/O alkyd
Surfactant stabilised
Water+ Surfactant
Pigments
Polymer
LoVOCoat
polymeric W/O stabilisers
LoVOCoat Form 100/ LoVOCoat Stable 100
Surfactant/co-surfactant combination
Liquid products, 20% active matter
Recommended ratio Form100/Stable 100 60:40
Recommended concentration 15.5% min. on water
LoVOCoat
the W/O concept
starting formulation
W/O alkyd
Ref
Formulation
Ref
Water (1% MgSO4)
06.33.045
3.05
1.95
31
64
4200
350
Storage stability
40C
5m
55C
3m
LoVOCoat
the W/O concept
Water
phase
Resin phase
LoVOCoat
Water incorporation strategies
Water in solvent
pre-emulsion
Rotor stator mixer
Let down
Mixing at low
shear with
finished paint
Water in alkyd
pre-emulsion
Dissolver
Let down
Mixing at low
shear with
pigment
concentrate
Water in pigment
concentrate
Dissolver
Let down
Mixing at low
shear with
remaining alkyd
Polymeric surfactant
Pigment
Low MW hydrophobes,C18max
Weak hydrophylic interaction,
easy desorption
Pigment
Polymeric hydrophobe
Strong hydrophylic interaction, irreversible
adsorption, thick steric barrier
W/O alkyds
Effects of stabiliser
LoVOCoat vs conventional W/O technology
Effects on viscosity
12000
18
16
14
8000
LoVOCoat
6000
Conventional
4000
Stability (weeks)
10000
12
10
LoVOCoat
Conventional
8
6
4
2000
2
0
0
20%
25%
32.60%
20%
25%
32.60%
W/O emulsions with polymeric surfactant technology have significantly lower viscosities and better
shelf life vs oligomerics. All formulations have 50% L.O.Alkyd, from 20 to 32.6% of a 1% MgSo4
solution, 8% surfactant on water and Exxsol D40 to the balance
W/O alkyds
Effects of stabiliser
LoVOCoat vs conventional W/O technology
W/O emulsions with polymeric surfactant technology have significantly lower viscosities and better
shelf life vs oligomerics. All formulations have 50% Polymer solids, approx. 20% water in oil, 3.1%
stabiliser active matter on water (1% MgSO4)
Flow properties are unaffected with up to 25% water incorporated (resin dependent). All formulations
have 50% L.O.Alkyd, from 20% of a 1% MgSo4 solution, 8% surfactant on water and Exxsol D40 to the
balance (cone & plate rheometer)
Viscosity (Pa.s)
12
10
Conventional
LoVOCoat
6
4
2
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
Oligomeric stabiliser shows viscosity increase at low shear rates which will affect levelling of the
coating. LoVOCoat technology only shows this rheology at high water loading (32% and high surfactant
level (8% on water). All formulations have 50% L.O.Alkyd, 20% of a 1% MgSO4 solution, 8% surfactant on
water and Exxsol D40 to the balance
Drying times
Leveling
basic trace
rippled film -
surface trace
dry
levelling
basic trace
ripped film
surface trace
W/O alkyd
6.2% surf
W/O alkyd
8% surf
Reference
0
10
BK drying time (hrs), 50% alkyd, 32% water, 3.1 to 8% surfactant, active matter on dispersed
waterphase, solvent to the balance
Only moderate increase; stabilisers have no effect on drying; slower drying for oligomeric stabiliser
Transmittance
Surf conc
Process
4W
4W
4W
reference
21
96
93,3
W/O alkyd
18
97
92,6
Brookfield Viscosity
(DV-II, 30rpm, spindle 18 Ambient)
20% water
250
mPa.s
200
10% water
150
100
0% water
50
0
0
0% water
Visco 24hrs RT
10% water
Visco 1 w eek RT
20% water
Visco 1 w eek 50 C
2
leveling
4
basic trace
8
ripple
10
surface trace
12
400
20% water
mPa.s
300
200
10% water
100
0% water
0
0% water
Visco 24hrs RT
10% water
Visco 1 w eek RT
20% water
Visco 1 w eek 50 C
2
leveling
6
basic trace
8
ripple
10
12
14
surface trace
ripple
surface trace
0% 8 w k 50C
20% w ater
0% w ater
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
Time (hrs)
PVC (%)
Volume solids (%)
VOC (g/l)
13.66
64.78
258.46
14.43
51.15
224.40
14.43
49.88
239.23
Ti-Pure R-902+
Lovocoat Form 100
Exxsol D40
30.49
3.01
12.28
25.71
2.53
10.36
25.20
2.48
10.15
52.22
0.00
0.00
41.32
1.56
1.00
40.49
1.53
0.98
Water, 1% MgSO4
Octa-Soligen 141 Z
MEKO
Butylglycol
Total
0.00
1.77
0.23
0.00
100.00
16.09
1.25
0.18
15.77
1.22
0.17
2.00
100.00
100.00
4,5
4
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
0,5
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1/s
1.000
Shear Rate
Formulation flexibility
Cost savings without compromise
Technology options
Conventional
alkyd
Solventborne
alkyds
Waterborne
alkyds
Jan 2010
Water reducible
alkyds
Alkyd emulsions
Technology options
Conventional
alkyd
Waterborne
alkyds
Jan 2010
Water reducible
alkyds
Urethane modified alkyds
Alkyd emulsions
Alkyd emulsions
Total replacement of solvent with water
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
water
surfactant
solvent
alkyd
Conventional
High solids
Alkyd emulsion
Alkyd emulsion
Surfactant stabilised
Alkyd emulsions
Going waterborne
Simple emulsification process
Procedure
The emulsifiers are preferably
dissolved in the resin phase.
Water is added to the oil phase
while stirring -> formation of a
W/O emulsion.
After reaching the inversion point
(surpassing viscosity maximum):
spontaneous inversion from a W/O
to an O/W emulsion upon further
addition of water.
Water
phase
Oil phase
O/W
Going waterborne
Emulsifier selection
Going waterborne
Formulation optimisation
alkyd emulsion
pbw
Long oil alkyd
KOH
relative to A.V.
Surfactant
5-8% on resin
Water
50-55
up to 100
Resin
Water
KOH
Maxemul 7101
Maxemul 7201
pbw
47.17
49.77
0.23
1.42
1.42
10
Volume (%)
8
6
4
2
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
3000
Set
Time
Touch
Dry
Through
Time
Discontinuous
Track
0.02
<10min
6.5
7.25
Stage4
14.7517.5
0.02
<10min
11-15
Final
Through
Time
Stage
5
23
17
25
Knig pendulum hardness / s
20
15
10
Conventional solvent
borne alkyd coating
0
0
Time / weeks