1.

20 pts
a. Define p50 for hemoglobin. (2 pts)
b. How does p50 vary as a function of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)
concentration? Explain in terms of the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model why 2,3DPG has this effect. (5 pts)
c. What is the value of the Hill n (nH) for hemoglobin? What plot is used to determine a
numerical value of nH? (3 pts)
d. How is ATP hydrolysis utilized in muscle contraction? Be specific.(6 pts)
e. Why do antibodies raised against a native protein sometimes fail to bind to the
corresponding denatured protein? (4 pts)
2. 20 pts
a. (8 pts) Listed below are the Km and Vmax values for two alternative substrates, A and B,
for the same enzyme:
Substrate A: 4.0 mM, 25 mol/sec
Substrate B: 0.5 mM, 15 mol/sec
Which substrate will react more rapidly at substrate concentration equal to 0.1 mM? at
substrate concentration equal to 6 mM?
b. (12 pts) For the kinetic scheme shown below:
a. What is d[P]/dt equal to?
Assume that [E]T = [E]t + [ES]t
b. Write an expression for [E]t as a function of [H+], KE1 and KE2
c. Write an expression for [ES]t as a function of [H+], KES1 and KES2
d. Write the steady-state equation for [ES]t
Show your work.
EES
KE2

KE1

KES2
k1
EH+SESH
k1
KES1
k2
EH2++P
EH2+ESH2+

3. (20 pts)
a.AformDNAhasseveraldifferentpropertiesvs.Bform.Twochoicesaregivenfor
eachofthepropertieslistedbelow.Foreachproperty,placeaBimmediatelytotheright
ofthechoicecorrespondingtotheBform.(4pts)
1. diameter:
2. helix rise per base pair
3. base tilt normal to the helix axis
4. major groove

26
3.4
6o
narrow and deep

20
2.6
20o
wide and deep

b. Identify the three chemical reactions leading to the production of a chemiluminescent

signal in each cycle of pyrosequencing of DNA (10 pts)
c. What are the protein and DNA compositions of the core nucleosome particle? Draw
and/or describe. (6 pts)
4. (20 pts)
a. What is the role of primase in DNA replication? Why is it employed much more
extensively in lagging strand replication than in leading strand replication? (10 pts)
b. Describe the role of Ter and Tus in the termination of DNA replication. How do the
consequences of DNA polymerase interacting with the permissive and non-permissive
faces of the Ter-Tus complex differ from one another, both structurally and functionally.
(10 pts)

5.(20pts)
a.WhyisDNApolymerasemoreaccurateinreplicatingDNAthanRNApolymeraseis
intranscribingDNA?(4pts)
b. Explain how adding 1,6-allolactose to a bacterial cell culture stimulates glucose
production. Describe, using simple diagram(s) as needed: (10 pts)
c. Describe the roles of sigma) and (rho) in bacterial transcription. (6 pts)