Smolensk

3 History

For the South Shetland island historically known as

Smolensk, see Livingston Island.

See also: Timeline of Smolensk

Smolensk (Russian: ; IPA: [smlensk]) is a Historical aliations
city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast,
Russia, located on the Dnieper River, 360 kilome- Kievan Rus 8821054
ters (220 mi) west-southwest of Moscow. Population: Principality of Smolensk 10541387
326,861 (2010 Census);[5] 325,137 (2002 Census);[9]
Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1387-1514
341,483 (1989 Census).[10]
Grand Duchy of Moscow 1514-1547
The walled city in the center of Smolensk (along with
Tsardom of Russia 1547-1618
the outskirts) was destroyed several times throughout its
PolishLithuanian Commonwealth 16181667
long history because it was on the invasion routes of both
Tsardom of Russia 1667-1721
Napoleon and Hitler. Today, Smolensk is noted for elecRussian Empire 17211917
tronics, textiles, food processing, and diamond faceting.
Belarusian Peoples Republic 1918-1919
Soviet Russia 1919-1922
Soviet Union 19221991
Russian Federation 1991present
1 Etymology
The name of the city is derived from the name of the
Smolnya River. The origin of the rivers name is less
clear. One possibility is the old Slavic word ""
(smol) for black soil, which might have colored the waters of the Smolnya. An alternative origin could be
the Russian word "" (smola), which means resin,
tar, or pitch. Pine trees grow in the area, and the city
was once a center of resin processing and trade. The
Byzantine emperor Constantine VII recorded its name as
.[11]

3.1 Medieval origins

Smolensk is among the oldest Russian cities. The rst
recorded mention of the city was 863 AD, two years after the founding of ancient Rus. According to Russian
Primary Chronicle, Smolensk (probably located slightly
downstream, at the archaeological site of Gnezdovo) was
located on the area settled by the West Slavic Radimichs
tribe in 882 when Oleg of Novgorod took it in passing
from Novgorod to Kiev. The town was rst attested two
decades earlier, when the Varangian chieftains Askold
and Dir, while on their way to Kiev, decided against challenging Smolensk on account of its large size and population.

Geography

The city is located in European Russia on the banks of

the upper Dnieper River, which crosses the city within
the Smolensk Upland, which is the western part of
the SmolenskMoscow Upland.The Dniepr River ows
through the city from east to west and divides it into two
parts: the northern (Zadneprove) and southern (center).
Within the city and its surroundings the river takes in several small tributaries.

The rst foreign writer to mention the city was the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus. In De Administrando Imperio (c. 950) he described Smolensk as
a key station on the trade route from the Varangians to
the Greeks. The Rus people sailed from the Baltics up
the Western Dvina as far as they could then they pulled
their boats out onto the ground and dragged them along
to the upper Dnieper. It was in Smolensk that they supIn the valleys are stretched streets, high ridges, hills, and posedly mended any leaks and small holes that might have
headlands form the mountain. Smolensk is situated on appeared in their boats from being dragged on the ground
seven hills (mountains).
and they used tar to do that, hence the city name.
The Principality of Smolensk was founded in 1054. Due
to its central position amid Kievan Rus lands, the city
developed rapidly. By the end of the 12th century, the
princedom was one of the strongest in Eastern Europe, so

The old part of the city occupies the high, rugged left
(south) bank of the Dnieper River. The area features undulating terrain, with a large number of tributaries, creeks
and ravines.
1

HISTORY

descendants of the ruling princes (e.g., the Tatishchevs,

Kropotkins, Mussorgskys, Vyazemskys) ed to Moscow.

Capitulation of Russian garrison of Smolensk before Wadysaw

IV of Poland in 1634

St. Michaels Church (Svirskaya) was built in 11801197.

With tens of thousands of people living there, Smolensk

was probably the largest city in 15th-century Lithuania.
Three Smolensk regiments proved decisive during the
Battle of Grunwald against the Teutonic Knights. It was
a severe blow to Lithuania when the city was taken by
Vasily III of Russia in 1514. To commemorate this event,
the Tsar founded the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow
and dedicated it to the icon of Our Lady of Smolensk.

that Smolensk Dynasty frequently controlled the Kievan

throne. Numerous churches were built in the city at that
time, including the church of Sts. Peter and Paul (1146,
reconstructed to its presumed original appearance after
World War II) and church of St. John the Baptist (1180,
also partly rebuilt). The most remarkable church in the
city is called Svirskaya (1197, still standing); it was admired by contemporaries as the most beautiful structure
to the east of Kiev.
Smolensk had its own veche since the very beginning of
its history. Its power increased after the disintegration
of Kievan Rus, and although it was not as strong as the
Uspensky Cathedral
veche in Novgorod, the princes had to take its opinion into
consideration; several times in 12th and 13th centuries
In order to repel future PolishLithuanian attacks, Boris
there was an open conict between them.[12]
Godunov made it his priority to heavily fortify the city.
The stone kremlin constructed in 15971602 is the
3.2 Between Russia, Lithuania, and largest in Russia. It features thick walls and numerous watchtowers. Heavy fortications did not prevent
Poland
the fortress from being taken by the PolishLithuanian
Although spared by the Mongol armies in 1240, Commonwealth in 1611 after a long twenty-month siege,
Smolensk paid tribute to the Golden Horde, gradually be- during the Time of Troubles and Dimitriads. Weakcoming a pawn in the long struggle between Lithuania and ened Muscovy temporarily ceded Smolensk land to the
the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The last sovereign monarch Commonwealth in the Truce of Deulino and for the next
of Smolensk was Yury of Smolensk; during his reign the forty-three years it was the seat of Smolensk Voivodeship.
city was taken by Vytautas the Great of Lithuania on three
occasions: in 1395, 1404, and 1408. After the citys incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, some of
Smolensks boyars (e.g., the Sapiehas) moved to Vilnius;

To recapture the city, the Tsardom of Russia launched the

so-called "Smolensk War" against the Commonwealth in
1632. After a defeat at the hands of king Wladislaw IV,
the city remained in PolishLithuanian hands. In 1632,

3.4

Soviet period

the Uniate bishop Lew Kreuza built his apartments in

Smolensk; they were later converted into the Orthodox
Church of Saint Barbara. The hostilities resumed in
1654 when the Commonwealth was being aected by the
Khmelnytsky Uprising and the Swedish invasion. After
another siege, on September 23, 1654, Smolensk was recaptured by Russia. In the 1667 Truce of Andrusovo, the
PolishLithuanian Commonwealth nally renounced its
claims to Smolensk.

3.3

Modern history

View of Smolensk in 1912. Early colour photograph by Sergei

Prokudin-Gorskii

fantry Division was rst assigned to the First Army of

the Imperial Russian Army. They fought at the Battle of
Tannenberg. It was subsequently transferred to the 10th
Army and fought at the Second Battle of the Masurian
Lakes. In March 1918, while the city remained a part
of Russia, Belarusian Peoples Republic, proclaimed in
Minsk under the German occupation, declared Smolensk
a part of it. In FebruaryDecember 1918, Smolensk
was home to the headquarters of the Western Front,
North-West Oblast Bolshevik Committee and Western
Oblast Executive Committee. On January 1, 1919, the
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed in
Smolensk, but its government moved to Minsk as soon as
the German forces had been driven out of Minsk several
days later.

Eagles monument in Smolensk, commemorating the centenary of

the Russian victory over Napoleon

Smolensk has been a special place to Russians for many

reasons, not least for the fact that the local cathedral
housed one of the most venerated Orthodox icons, attributed to St. Luke. Building the new Cathedral of the
Assumption was a great project which took more than
a century to complete. Despite slowly sinking into economic backwater, Smolensk was still valued by Tsars as a
key fortress defending the route to Moscow. It was made
the seat of Smolensk Governorate in 1708.

3.4 Soviet period

After the Revolution, for inclusion in its composition as
claimed Smolensk Belarusian Peoples Republic and the
Byelorussian SSR. Since April 1918 Smolensk was the
center of the Western Region, which is based on January
1, 1919, Byelorussian SSR was formed. January 7 BSSR
government moved from Minsk and Smolensk already
January 16, 1919 decision of the Central Committee of
the RCP Smolensk region was transferred to the RSFSR.
In 1920 was held the new provincial census, according to
which the Russian population prevailed over Belarus, but
the Belarusian party leadership until 1926 leaves no hope
for the inclusion of Smolensk in the Belorussian SSR. In
1940, 18 km (11 mi) from Smolensk, the Katyn Massacre
occurred.

In August 1812, two of the largest armies ever assembled

clashed in Smolensk. During the hard-fought battle, described by Leo Tolstoy in War and Peace, Napoleon entered the city. Total losses were estimated at 30,000 men.
Apart from other military monuments, central Smolensk During World War II, Smolensk once again saw widefeatures the Eagles monument, unveiled in 1912 to mark scale ghting during the rst Battle of Smolensk when the
the centenary of Napoleons Russian campaign.
city was captured by the Germans on July 16, 1941. The
At the beginning of World War I, the 56th Smolensk In- rst Soviet counteroensive against the German army

7 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

was launched in August 1941 but failed. However, the

limited Soviet victories outside the city halted the German advance for a crucial two months, granting time to
Moscows defenders to prepare in earnest. Camp 126 was
situated close to Smolensk and at this time Boris Menshagin was mayor of Smolensk, with his deputy Boris
Bazilevsky. Both of them would be key witnesses in the
Nuremberg Trials over the Katyn massacre.[13] Over 93%
of the city was destroyed during the ghting; the ancient
icon of Our Lady of Smolensk was lost. Nevertheless, it
escaped total destruction. In late 1943, Gring had ordered Gotthard Heinrici to destroy Smolensk in accordance with the Nazi scorched earth policy. He refused
and was punished for it. The city was nally liberated
on September 25, 1943. The rare title of Hero City was
bestowed on Smolensk after the war.
After the Germans captured the city in 1941, they found
the intact archives of Smolensk Oblast Committee of the
Communist Party, the so-called Smolensk Archive. The
archive was moved to Germany, and a signicant part
of it eventually ended up in the United States, providing
Western scholars and intelligence specialists with unique
information on the local workings of the Soviet government during its rst two decades. The archives were returned to Russia by the United States in 2002.[14][15]

Urban Okrugan administrative unit with the status

equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division,
this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.[2]

5 Climate
6 Economy
Smolensk has several factories including the Smolensk
Aviation Plant and several electronics and agricultural
machinery factories.

6.1 Transportation
Smolensk is located on the M1 main highway and main
railway between Moscow and Minsk. Since 1870, there is
a railway connection between Smolensk and Moscow.[20]
Local public transport includes buses and trolleybuses.
Public transportation network includes buses, trolleybuses, trams, and marshrutkas.

There are two airports located in the outskirts of the

city; Smolensk South (civilian) and Smolensk North (milOn April 10, 2010, a Tu-154 military jet carrying Pol- itary); however, there are no regular ights scheduled to
ish president Lech Kaczyski, his wife, and many notable Smolensk South Airport.
political and military gures crashed in a wooded area
near Smolensk while approaching the local military airport. All ninety-six passengers died immediately on im- 6.2 Education
pact. The purpose of the visit was to commemorate the
70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre, in which some Smolensk is home to the Smolensk State University
22,000 Polish POWs were murdered by the NKVD.
(SMOLGU) and the Smolensk State Medical University
In 2013, archaeologists of the Russian Academy of Sci- (aliated as university in 2015) (SSMU); together with
ences discovered and unearthed in the ancient temples colleges of further education and other educational inin Smolensk dated to middle to second half of the 12th stitutes. smolensk is home for many foreign students
century, built on the left bank at the time the city was including Indians,Japanese,Sri Lankans and few others.
the capital of Smolensk principality. From unique object among them Indians are with highest count of populapreserved walls in some places low, in othersthe height of tion.smolensk is a great site for pursuing medical education.
human growth.[16]
In September 2013, Smolensk widely celebrated the
1,150th anniversary with funds spent on dierent con7 International relations
struction and renovation projects in the city.[17] In celebration Central Bank of Russia issued commemorative
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia
coins made of precious metals.[18]

Administrative and municipal 7.1 Twin towns and sister cities

status
Smolensk is twinned with:

Smolensk serves as the administrative center of the oblast

and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it
also serves as the administrative center of Smolensky District, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as Smolensk

Tulle, France (1981)

Hagen, Germany (1985)

Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA (1993)

Targovishte, Bulgaria (2002)[21]

Woodstock, Georgia, USA (2006)

Kerch, Ukraine/Russia (1998)

11 References
11.1 Notes
[1] Resolution #261

Notable people

[2] Decision #164

[3] http://www.smolsovet.ru/

Sergey Belavenets (19101942), Soviet chess master, theoretician, and chess journalist
Alexander Belyayev (18841942), science ction
writer
Mikhail Glinka (18041857), composer
Elizaveta Golovanova (born 1993), Miss Russia
2012
Natalia Ishchenko (born 1986), swimmer
Anatoly Kharlampiyev (19061979), founder of
Sambo
Eduard Khil (19342012), singer
Sergey Konenkov (18741971), sculptor
Semyon Lavochkin (1900-1960), aircraft designer
Maria Itkina (born 1932), runner
Anatoly Lukyanov (born 1930), politician
Morris Markin (1893-1970), Founder of Checker
Motors Corporation
Gregori Maximo (18931950), politician
Grigory Potyomkin (17391791), statesman
Aleksandr Tvardovsky (19101971), writer
Peter Fishman (born 1955), sculptor
Yuri Gagarin (19341968), cosmonaut
Patriarch Kirill (born 1946), Patriarch of Moscow
and all Rus
Olga Voronets (19262014), mezzo-soprano folk
singer

Honors

Smolensk Strait between Livingston Island and Deception

Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named
after the city.[22]

10

See also

Battle of Orsha

[4] .
[5] Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011).
" 2010 .
1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1].
2010 (2010
All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State
Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
[6] The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specied
in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specied in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is
reported for the same year as the population.
[7] .
107- 3 2011 .
, . 248-
21 2014 . " ". (6 2011 .). : " ", 120, 6 2011 .
(Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law
#107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as
amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of July 21, 2014
On Amending Federal Law On Calculating Time. Eective as of after sixty days following the day of the ocial
publication.).
[8] .
-
. (Russian Post).
(Postal Objects Search) (Russian)
[9] Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21,
2004). " ,

, , ,

3
" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts,
Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural
LocalitiesAdministrative Centers, and Rural Localities
with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS).
2002 [All-Russia Population
Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
[10] Demoscope Weekly (1989). "
1989 .
,
, , , ,
-" [All Union
Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union
and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and

12

Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements,

and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers].
1989 [All-Union
Population Census of 1989] (in Russian).

: [Institute of
Demography at the National Research University: Higher
School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
[11] http://faculty.uml.edu/ethan_spanier/Teaching/
documents/CP21DeAdministrandoImperio.pdf
[12] , . . (1980). IX-XIII .
(in Russian). Moscow: . pp. 111115.
[13] Sanford, George. Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940:
Truth, Justice and Memory, Part 804, 2005, p. 140. ISBN
978-0-415-33873-8.
[14]

EXTERNAL LINKS

. 164
28 2005 . ( ), . 1308 19 2014 .
. , ,
. : "
", 71, 22 2005 . (Smolensk
City Council. Decision #164 of October 28, 2005
Charter of the City of Smolensk (New Edition),
as amended by the Decision #1308 of December
19, 2014 On Amending the Charter of the City of
Smolensk. Eective as of the day of the ocial publication, with the exception of the clauses for which
other dates of taking eect are specied.).

12 External links

[15] Prologue: Selected Articles. Archives.gov. 2011-1019. Retrieved 2011-12-24.

[16] -:

XII
[17] 1150- :
[18] 1150-

[19] Pogoda.ru.net (in Russian). Retrieved September 8,
2007.

(Russian) Ocial website of Smolensk

(Russian) Travel in Smolensk
(Russian) Smolensk news
(Russian) Smolensk Wiki
(Russian) Homepage of the Smolensk fortress
Some photos of the Smolensk fortress
More photos of Smolensk

[20] Train Station in Smolensk (Russian)

Historic images of Smolensk

[21] International Contacts.

Targovishte Municipality.
Archived from the original on 2007-08-13. Retrieved
2013-08-29.

(Russian) Basketball in Smolensk

[22] Smolensk Strait. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.

11.2

Sources

. 261 30 2008 . -

, . 464 27
2014 . -
. : "". (Administration of Smolensk Oblast. Resolution #261 of April 30, 2008 On the Adoption of the
Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and
Territorial Units of Smolensk Oblast, as amended by
the Resolution #464 of June 27, 2014 On Amending
the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units
and Territorial Units of Smolensk Oblast. ).

(Russian) News of Smolensk sport

(Russian) News of Smolensk medicine
The murder of the Jews of Smolensk during World
War II, at Yad Vashem website.

13
13.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Smolensk Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk?oldid=675135215 Contributors: Jeronimo, Space Cadet, Mikue, Nikola

Smolenski, Adam Bishop, WhisperToMe, Altenmann, Lowellian, Arseni, Halibutt, Cautious, Timvasquez, Meursault2004, Wwoods, Lefty,
David Johnson, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Ezhiki, Gadum, Kolt, Sca, Piotrus, Mzajac, Gene s, Maximaximax, Balcer, Irpen, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Murtasa, Mani1, Pavel Vozenilek, Bo Lindbergh, Bender235, El C, Kwamikagami, Darwinek, Jumbuck, Anthony
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Rubbish computer, KasparBot, Vikasmaru and Anonymous: 154

13.2

Images

File:Alex_K_Grundwald_flags_1410-03.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Alex_K_Grundwald_

flags_1410-03.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: self-made (based on (
). 33- . ., 1991., Banderia Pruttenorum) Original artist: Alex Tora
File:Capitulation_of_Russian_garrison_of_Smolensk_before_Vladislaus_IV_Vasa_of_Poland_1634.png
Source:
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1.jpg'>Stockholm Roll</a>. Original artist: Olek Remesz (wiki-pl: Orem, commons: Orem)
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of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png' width='25' height='35' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_
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thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/50px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='245' data-leheight='343' /></a> TRAJAN 117 Original artist: Osipov Georgiy Nokka
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