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In manuscript form
Adam M. Szymski

THE SECRET OF THE SEALS OF THE LAST DUKES OF HALIC-VOLYN

RUSSIA
PART III
(Appendix II)
OTHER COMMENTS

1. RUSSIA, MAZOVIA AND POLAND IN THE "SPIDER WEB" GEDYMIN /1

"The first stage of the Lithuanian feudal offensive into south-western Russia involved a
series of diplomatic measures and military actions carried out under the Grand Duke
Gediminas of Lithuania." (op.cit. Шабульдо:" Земли Юго-Западной Руси в составе
Великого княжества Литовского.".,Kijew 1987.)

In the "quadrangle" of the intersecting interests of Hungary, Poland (including the then
independent Duchy of Mazovia from the Kingdom of Poland), Ruthenia and Lithuania in the
first half of the 14th century, the cleverest player turned out to be the Lithuanian Prince
Gediminas, who, like a "spider's web", bound his neighbours together by means of a
successful marriage of his own children. By binding his neighbours together by means of his
own children's marriages, he ensured them a fully legal (!) possibility of taking over more and
more land.
not by open struggle but by the law of succession.... / /23

1 /" The Lithuanian early feudal state began its territorial conquests in Russia in the mid-13th century, after
unifying most of the Lithuanian lands proper. By the beginning of the 14th century, its borders already
included the whole of western Rus: the principalities of Polotsk, Minsk, Vitebsk, Lukomsk and Druk. (...) By
the mid-1420s, two main directions (of further expansion) had been set - Halich-Volyn Rus and the Middle
Dnieper (the Duchy of Kiev and Chernihiv-Sievrin). (...)" [ op. cit. For: Феликс Михайлович Шабульдо:"
Земли Юго-Западной Руси в составе Великого княжества Л и т о в с к о г о .".",Kijew 1987 [Felix
Mikhailovich Shabuldo (krotov.info) ].
2 / However, no matter what other conditions - which also had an impact on the effect of the policy pursued in
this way - were to explain this after the death of K. the Great. If only Anna Gediminas had left a male
descendant, it would have been her son (and not only Gediminas' grandson) who would have taken the throne in
the Kingdom of Poland, but even so, from the moment of the coronation of WŁ. Even so, from the time of the
coronation of WŁ. Jagiełło (in 1386) the Lithuanian dynasty of the Jagiellonians (Gediminas) ruled in Poland
uninterruptedly until 1572, and the kings of this family (counting from the date of the death of Grand Duke
Vytautas) also bore the title of Grand Dukes of Lithuania, residing either in Krakow or Vilnius...
3 / of the six daughters he had:(1) Maria married Dmitri of Tver ;(2)Aldona married Casimir III ;(3) Aigusta

married Grand Duke Simeon of Moscow ;(4) Elisabeth married Wenceslas of Plock ;( 5) Euphemia married
Boleslav-Juri II of Galicia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gediminas ].
1
The best evidence of the effectiveness of Gediminas' plans is both the (already planned since
Mindaugas' time) incorporation of Volhynia into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (although here
the plans also included the Duchy of Halych, as evidenced by the official title of Lubart,
which was adopted after Trotdenovich's death) and the hereditary assumption of ducal power
by Olgierd in the Duchy of Vitebsk / /45
In the context of these facts alone, the deaths of both Jurevichs and the murder of
Trotdenovich (allegedly because of his disputes with the Russian boyars) clearly indicate the
causal involvement of Gediminas in these deaths, who, with these actions, only "accelerated"
the inevitable course of events - planned by HIM in advance (!) although both Yurevichs
(perhaps) provoked their (also) premature deaths by their active participation in the support of
the Teutonic Knights in the war with Lithuania...6 /
In such an understanding of the actual course of events, it is entirely understandable that
Lokietko undertook an armed expedition to Volhynia (with the help of Hungarian troops) in
1323, which by then made it impossible to install Lubart on the Halicz-Volhynia throne and,
as Lithuanian historians put it, "concluded a compromise" between the two sides, which
resulted in the rule of Bolesław Trojdenowicz. / / / / /7891011

4 /vide : Gediminas - Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (vle.lt)

5/ no less interesting : he tried(also) to createa metropolis separate from the Moscow
Orthodox Church with a centre in Novgorod. [Gediminas - Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (vle.lt) ]

6 / The great offensives of the German Order in 1317, 1320, 1322, 1329 were successfully repulsed by
Gediminas, which - no doubt - influenced his simultaneously undertaken military actions in Rus. As F.Szabuldo
writes: "The first stage of the offensive of the Lithuanian feudal lords on south-western Russia involved a series
of diplomatic actions and military activities carried out during the reign of Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas. In
the winter of 1316/1316, during the lifetime of his brother, Grand Duke Vigen, Gediminas led a campaign of
Lithuanian troops into the land of Brest , which had been part of the Duchy of Halich-Vilnius and the object of
Lithuanian claims since the mid-13th century. The Galician-Volyn dukes Andrew and Lev Yurievich confirmed
the alliance concluded with the Teutonic Order with a privilege of 9 August 1316 , promising to protect it from
Horde attacks and all sorts of enemies in general [18]. The latter was undoubtedly concerned with the
neutralisation of Lithuania and the eventual recovery of part of the land of Brest was to become one of the
most important tasks of the foreign policy of the Halicko-Vilnius Princes. The Polish historian of the second
half of the 16th century, M. Stryjkowski, on the basis of an unknown source, provides valuable evidence of this,
stating that the "Volhynian" Dukes, during the Lithuanian war with the Teutonic Knights, attacked the
Lithuanian lands on the Neris River and near Novgorod, and Prince Lev, called in the Luck chronicle,
even occupied Brest and Drochiczyn [19]." [ op cit. Феликс Михайлович Шабульдо:" Земли Юго-Западной
Руси в составе Великого княжества Литовского.",Kijew 1987. ;Шабульдо Феликс Михайлович
(archive.org) ].

7 /which would result (as further events showed) in only a "temporary" concession by Gediminas to Trojdenovich
as further events showed (already after his death ) including the Polish-Hungarian-Lithuanian war for Volhynia
and Halicz : "In 1349 Casimir occupied Volhynia, but when he disbanded his army, Kiejstug and Lubart
Gedeminowicz drove all the Polish military garrisons out of Volhynia, Chelm and Belz, and then broke into the
land of Lvov and ravaged the Polish borderland. The Lithuanian princes were able to act so confidently because
they had won the support of the Grand Duke of Moscow, Semyon Ivanovich Pyszny. With the latter's approval
(too), Lubart Gedeminovitch married a second time (1350), this time to the Moscow prince's niece, the daughter
of Rostov prince Konstantin Vasilyevich, Agafia." [Богуславский В.В., Бурминов В.В. Русь рюриковичей.
Иллюстрированный исторический словарь. ] [LUBART-DMYTRO GIEDIMINIDOVICH (died 1384)
(archive.org) / ]

2
8 / and who - after the death of Boleslav Trojdenovich - according to Russian historians - had t h e greatest
inheritance rights : /vide Богуславский В.В., Бурминов В.В. "Русь р ю р и к о в и ч е й .
Иллюстрированный .

3
 ***

Among the numerous publications, document analyses and hypotheses formulated mainly
according to the "pre-conceived" objectives of the historian, their main attention remains
focused on the analysis of the attitude of the Tatar Horde to events in south-western Rus' at
the end of the 13th century and in the first half of the 14th century, with particular attention
paid to its allegedly "key" role in determining the fate and relative (?) independence of the
Halicz and Vladimir principalities.
In spite of the lack of any evidence that the Tatar horde, which ruled the territory of the
former Kievan principality at that time (in the areas east of the Dnieper River), was able to12 /
control effectively the territory of western Ukraine after the death of Noghai in 1299, these
historians support their (the Tatars') main participation in the occupation of the ducal thrones
of both Andrew and Lev Yurevich and Boleslav_Jerzy Trojdenovich - completely
marginalising the role of Gediminas.
If during the lifetime of Lev Dnielewicz (it) the Tatars were really deciding if and when,
together with their armies, "Russian" troops should take part in wars with Poland or Hungary,
then since Yuri Lvovich took over, Tatar troops have b e e n appearing in the western areas of
Ukraine only on request to provide assistance to Russian or Lithuanian (!) troops for a fair - as
can be presumed - payment. /13
His (Gediminas') plan to bind Lithuania by successive arranged marriages of Ruthenia, Poland
and - at that time independent from the Polish Kingdom - Mazovia in order to be able to take
over successive "thrones" by virtue of the right of succession (in case of a particularly
favourable " coincidence"?) was so obvious that it is impossible to understand why, for so
long, Gediminas had to wait until the end of the war.

исторический словарь" : "Після смерті (1325) галицького кн. Лева Юрійовича він одержав Східну
Волинь, як зять померлого, і ще при житті батька переселився в ці землі. У 1340 помер мазовецький кн.
Болеслав Тройденовіч. Найближчим після нього претендентом на Галицьке князівство був Любарт
Гедеміновіч, дядько Болеслава по жіночій лінії." [LUBART-DMYTRO GIEDIMINIDOVICH (died 1384)
(archive.org) ]
9 /As it was rightly diagnosed already in 1853 by K. Studnicki, as one of the first historians who stated that the
wife of Lubart (the youngest of Gediminas' sons) was NOT the daughter of Andrey Yurevich, but his brother
Lev (because only then Lubart could inherit the Duchy of Luck after his death), see: Studnicki:
"Sons of Gediminas",vol. II : "Lubart Xiąże Wołyński", Lvov 1853. p.25
10 /VIDE: Haličo-Voluinės kunigaikštystė - Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (vle.lt)

11/which Trojdenovich took over when he was only (?) 14 years old ( vide: "...Boleslav was fourteen years old at
the time and was engaged to Euphemia, daughter of Gediminas".... in : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liubartas ;
according to L.Woytowycz (Леонтій ВОЙТОВИЧ:" КНЯЗЬ ЮРІЙ-БОЛЕСЛАВ ТРОЙДЕНОВИЧ: ЕСКІЗ
ПОРТРЕТА" in ...p.209-220)
Lubart was born between 1312 and 1315; Boleslaw Trojdenovich was born between 1311 and 1314; Lev
Yurevich was born in 1290; Yuri Lvovich was born in 1354 (1357?).....

12 / https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogaj (.(or 1300r - pp, the date of Nogai's death in the battle against Toktom)

13 /"Gediminas (...)taking advantage of the crisis of the Golden Horde, managed to unite under his rule very
large areas south-east of Lithuania, thus doubling the area of his state." (vide:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giedymin )

4
Polish historians (assessed as favourable by Ukrainian historians?) has not been noticed and
evaluated including from the point of view of the local (unilateral) alliances concluded
between the various parties would allegedly testify to favourable
(i) for the Kingdom of Poland effects:
As Kazimierz Studnicki wrote in 1853, evaluating the course of events in Ruthenia in the
years 1316-1341 from this point of view alone, and thus drawing wrong conclusions:
"Finally, he (Łokietek/as) married his son, Prince Casimir, to the daughter of Gediminas of
Lithuania, when Gediminas already possessed a large part of Ruthenia and bore the title of
King of the Ruthenians, while his son Lubart, now Casimir's brother-in-law, having taken as
his wife the daughter of the Duke of Volhynia, already held a part of Volhynia. Let us add that
Casimir's other brother-in-law was Boleslaus of Mazovia, who a few years before assuming
the throne of Rus also took Gediminas' daughter as his wife, and it must be admitted that
nothing more could have contributed to the quicker realisation of the Piasts' family policy
than the unanimous choice of the Ruthenians for this Boleslaus, because Casimir the King,
twice related to him (once as a Piast and once through his wives), a son-in-law of this
Gediminas, had, in addition to the age-old superior relations between Poland and Red
Ruthenia, so many reasons for interfering in the affairs of this land...."14 /
even though a few sentences earlier he contradicts himself in this assessment by stating that:
". It has been one of her (Lithuania's/as) main principles for almost three centuries, as many
times as she increased in strength, with weapons, diplomacy, marriages, to appropriate the
Ruthenia adjoining her, or at least to exert on her according to circumstances more or less
prevailing influence."15 /

And yet :

According to the Latin proverb "is fecit ,cui prodest" (he who did it b e n e f i t e d ), it cannot
be overlooked that (after the earlier concluded "compromise" after the death of both
Jurevichs) the sudden death of Bolesław-Jerzy Trojdenowicz created the most favourable
conditions for further action aimed at taking power by right of succession and thus (at the
same time) annexing both principalities to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Lithuania gave (not
to the Hungarian or Polish side, but) to the Lithuanian side. No wonder that the already aging
Gediminas had an obvious interest in organising an "attempt" on Boleslav's life. /16

14 / op. cit: K.Studnicki: "Sons of Gedymin", vol. II "Lubart Xiąże Wołyński". Lvov,1853,p.9-11)
15 / op. cit. p.9

16 /vide : ". Але, можливо, що до вбивства Юрія-Болеслава волинські бояри гже мали стосунки з
Литвою, і негайно після смерти Юрія-Болестава, в 1340 році, обрано князем Волині та Галичини
ґедимінового сина Тюбарта-Дмитра..(...) Для Ґедиміна це був великий успіх, бо через сина він міг
впливати на найбільше з українських князівств: ГалицькоВолинське князівство входило б у залежність
від Литви." [ ЛЮБАРТ-ДМИТРО ГЕДИМІНОВИЧ († 1384) (archive.org) ].

5
At this point it is impossible not to agree with the general conclusion formulated (in summary) by
St.Kielembet17/ in his extensive essay: that - regardless of whether Lubart's wife was the daughter of
Andrew or Lev Yurevich18 (to which he mainly devoted the content of the research presented therein) - it
was not the power of arms but "the dynastic
factor that turned out to be decisive
for the further fate of a vast territory (Volhynia and Galicia) and the
population inhabiting it." -which only confirms the causal role in
these actions of Gediminas.19
***

As for the real reasons for the deaths of Andrew and Lev Yurevich and Boleslav - Jerzy
Trojdenovich :

In relation to the sceptical stance taken by the majority of contemporary Ukrainian historians
(including L. Voytovych, who stands out in particular) regarding Gediminas' major role in the
struggle for the Rus lands, only I. Kripiakevich20 / both in the case of the death of the
Yurevichs at the hands of the alleged Tatars, as well as on the own initiative of the Volyn
boyars, or (only) on the Tatar initiative of the attempt on Trotdenovich's life, maintained a
moderate position :

According to I. Kripiakevich (Іван Крипякевич ): in footnote no.23: "How the Yurievichs

died is unclear. From the word "interitus", by which Vladislav understands their end, I
conclude that they fell in battle with the Tatars or with Lithuania, but this we can only
guess. In the Swiss chronicle of John of Winterthur (Vitoduran) there is a vague report that a
Tartar khan poisoned two "pagan kings" (Archiv für schweizerische Geschichte, 1900, Bd 11,
S. 165), which gave reason to believe that this involved the Yuryovychs." /.21
Similarly, on the death of Trotdenovich:"... General discontent led to a tragic event: on 7 April
1340 Yuri was poisoned in Vladimir.(...) Who was the direct instigator of these events - the
sources are silent.(...) One can also argue

17/ Станіслав Келембет : "ЛюбартДмитро Гедимінович: перший шлюб і династичні права на Галицько-
Волинське князівство."," Ruthenica" XV (2019), 141-167., op.cit. p.167
18 / although there were also some historians (?) whose opinion: "Первой его супругой с около 1320 (или до
1316) года была княжна Анна Владимировна Луцкая (Анна-Буче), единственная дочь князя луцкого и
волынского Владимира (Василько) Мстиславича, умершего в 1315 году." Vide: Любарт Гедиминович -
Википедия (wikipedia.org) : По данным Г. А. Власьева.
19 /Whether these efforts resulted in an "invitation" to Lubart to take over t h e reins of Vladimir the very day

after Trotrichinovich's assassination, or whether Lubart himself was already in Vladimir, the fact remains that -
under the title of Prince of Halicz-Volyn - "he ruled Volhynia in 1340-85, which he annexed t o t h e Grand
Duchy of Lithuania. [Haličo-Voluinės kunigaikštystė - Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (vle.lt) ]
20/ Крипякевич І. : "Історія України" ; Відень, 1918 ; Українське Видавниче Т-во "Вернигора" (1st
ed.);reprint 1990: Крип'якевич І.П.:" Історія України" / Відп. редактори Ф.П. Шевченко, Б.3. Якимович -
Львів: Світ, 1990 / ("Пам'ятки історичної думки України").

/ Op.cit. according to the text in the electronic edition: Наприкінці XIII ст. Іван Крип'якевич. Галицько-
21

Волинське князівство. (litopys.org.ua) read. 19-XI-2023.

6
We can (only) guess that it was Lubart himself or his supporters: Yuri's assassination
opened (because) the way to power for him. (...) In Volhynia (immediately) Lubart -
Dmitri, son of Gediminas, was recognised as a prince (...) But under what conditions Lubart
a g r e e d t o take power, we do not know that in detail. It can be guessed that the Volyn
boyars (...) received help from Lithuania. Lubart tried to extend his power also to Galicia
and was at least nominally considered (there?) as a Galician prince* ..."22 /
Whether the Polish side could have known anything about such plans of Gediminas is
difficult to rule out, which could be evidenced by the fact (for L. Wojtowycz supposed to be
proof that the main perpetrator of the plot on the life of Bolesław Trojdenowicz was not
Gediminas but Casimir the Great /2324 ) of the quick reaction of the Polish king who, by
occupying Lvov (May? 1340r) if not directly prevented Lubart from annexing the entire
Halych part of Boleslav Trojdenovich's state, then he definitely hindered such an intention
(and the fact that Lithuania was planning to annex the entire Western Ukraine and Belarus)
was only confirmed by later events.... /25
One could say that after the death of Bolesław-Jerzy Trojdenowicz - according to the
understanding of the law at that time - both Lithuania and Poland "went their own way...."
Further events related to the Polish-Lithuanian war for the 'borderlands' only confirmed
the sense (essence =purpose) of Gediminas building marriages in order to create a network of
mutual links and dependencies between the parties through family associations....; not
forgetting also the principality of Moscow. /26

It seems naive for most historians to assume any involvement of the Tartars in this matter
(in the context of the internal problems within the Horde since the end of the 13th century)
/2728 .... which was only confirmed by Lithuania's final showdown with the Tartar Horde at the
Battle of the Blue Water in 1362 /29

22 /Наприкінці XIII ст. Іван Крип'якевич. Галицько-Волинське князівство. (litopys.org.ua) ;

23/ Леонтій ВОЙТОВИЧ:" КНЯЗЬ ЮРІЙ-БОЛЕСЛАВ ТРОЙДЕНОВИЧ: ЕСКІЗ ПОРТРЕТА",in: Княжа
доба: історія і культура. - 2011. - Вип. 5.,pp.209-220 ; see p .219
24 /Леонтій ВОЙТОВИЧ:" ГАЛИЧ У ПОЛІТИЧНОМУ ЖИТТІ ЄВРОПИ ХІ-ХІV СТОЛІТЬ", Львів -2015
: "Зрозуміло, що новий претендент не міг з'явитися без участі части н и галицького боярства. І тут ми
наближаємося до найбільшої загадки Болеслава-Юрія Тройденовича - його загибелі у 1340 р.
Найвигіднiшою вона була Казимирові ІІІ. " (op.cit. p.371)

25 / compare : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liubartas ; Liubartas - General Encyclopedia of Lithuania (vle.lt)

26 / daughter of Gediminas Aigusta was the wife of Grand Duke Simeon of Moscow (Simeon the Pygmy)

27 /see Феликс Михайлович Ш а б у л ь д о :" Земли Юго-Западной Руси в составе Великого к н я ж е с т в а

Литовского.",Kiev 1987.
28 / What lands did the ulus jochi occupy? The Golden Horde. The crisis and decline of the Ulus-Jochi (vk-spy.ru)

29 /The Battle of the Sine Waters - an armed clash that took place in 1362. The date of the battle is disputed,
with historians indicating various dates between 24 September and 25 December. It took place on the Sine
Waters River, near Targovitsa, south of Kiev. In this battle, Lithuanian troops led by Prince Olgirdas defeated
the troops of the western (so-called Blue) part of the Golden Horde Khanate. Thus, in a short time, the
Lithuanians were able to conquer a considerable area, approximately equal to 30% of the area of modern
Ukraine, freeing Podolia and other lands of the Ruthenian principalities from Mongol rule. [
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_nad_Sinymi_Wodam ] (Stryjkowski M. Kronika Polska, Litewska, Żmodzka
і wszystkie Rusi. - Warsaw, 1846. - T. 2.;Cromer M. O sprawach dziejach i wszystkich inszych potocznościach
7
koronyh Polskich ksiąg XXX. - Krakow, 1611. - Ks. XV.)

8
2. STATE OF THE ROYAL SEAL ON THE 1316 LETTER AND THE CONTENT OF
THE LEGEND
Another mystery, still unexplained by historians, is the actual STATE OF PRESERVATION
of the "royal" seal which, according to Karamzin's account (1818r), was supposed to be the
seal attached to the letter of Andrew and Leo Jurewicz from 1316, and which - if it was
already broken at that time (see the photograph at Lapo-Danilewski's, taken in 1903) - in the
content of the legend on it, cannot be read in any form, and even less with an error (!) on the
word "princeps" (which is not to be found on the preserved parts of the seal at all) instead of
the actual word "ducis" on the original seal, which is preserved in its entirety o n t h e
letters of 1327, 1334 and 1335...: (Fig.1a-b)(fig.2)
It is impossible to accept Kripiakevich's statement on this issue, who, while assuming
(without citing a source) that this seal was preserved with the letter of 1316 IN FULL
(?), ignores the issue of Karamzin's misreading of its legend /30

Fig.1a condition of the 'royal' seal (reverse) according to a 1903 Lappo-Danilewski photograph (printed in
1307r) attached to a letter from Andrew and Lev Yurevich, 1316r.

30 /see Kripiakiewicz in footnote: :"***** Letters from Andrew and Leo - Boleslav-Juri II, pp. 149-151, tab. 1. 1,
2. About the joint letter of the two princes In 1316 two seals were preserved, one of St. George, the other with
a lion in the coat of arms, which is believed to be the seal of Leo Danilovich." [Наприкінці XIII ст. Іван
Крип'якевич. Галицько-Волинське князівство. (litopys.org.ua) ]

9
Fig.1b state of the 'royal' seal (REWERS) next to the letter of Andrew and Lev Jurewicz after
restoration according to the 2022 photograph31/.

Fig.2 condition of the 'royal' seal (AWERS)32/ by the letter of Andrew and Lev Jurewicz after
restoration according to the 2022 photograph33/.

31 /in verifiable reading: ...E + S'DOM.....

32 / LAPPO-DANILEWSKI'S PUBLICATION LACKS A PHOTOGORPHY OF THE FACE SIDE
10
This information after Karamzin is also repeated uncritically by K. Studnicki in his work in
footnote no. 15:

"Karamzyn vol. IV note 204 describes the coat of arms of George Lvovich
according to the seal found on the diploma issued by his sons Andrew and Leon.
There is an inscription on one side: "Georgius rex Rusiae" on the other
"Georgius Princeps Vladimiriae."34 /.
when the actual content of the two legends:
S.DOMINI.GEORGI.REGIS.RUSIE ;
S.DOMINI.GEORGI.DUCIS.LADIMERIE ]
But - astonishingly - as late as 2001 (!), the same mistake was repeated by L. Voytovych with
reference to the Lappo-Danilevsky publication despite the fact that he (that) gives the TRUE
content of both legends in his text. /35

3. ABOUT THE FOUNDATION OF THE BELL OF SAINT JURI IN 1341

In the tower of the Greek Catholic Basilica of St. George36 / in Lviv hangs (formerly known
as the "Tater" or "Lubart bell"37 / ), according to Yuri Smirnov in the pages of the "Kurier
Galitskiy"38 /:
"...a unique bell, the oldest in Lviv and even in all of Ukraine. It was cast in 1341 by the
bellmaker Jakub Skóra, and consecrated with the name "St Dmytro" by the archimandrite
Euthymius. A Cyrillic inscription has been preserved on the bell's mantle, attesting to its
provenience, which is so distinguished and ancient: "In the year 6849 (1341) this bell was cast
to St. Yura by the prince of Dmytria archimandrite Euthymius, and written by the skin of
Jacob." (Fig..3)
***
Most historians - researchers of the history of Ukraine under the rule of Lithuanian Duke
Lubart - conclude (from an evaluation of sources concerning the Polish-Lithuanian War of
Volhynia and Galicia) that the bell preserved an inscription: "The bell of Volhynia and
Galicia". Polish-Lithuanian war for Volhynia and Galicia ) that the inscription preserved on
the bell : "Въ Лѣ Sωмθ [6849 року] сольѧнъ бы колоколъ сиї Стому Юрью при кнѧзи
Димитріи игумєномъ Євьфимьємъ " proves that it was funded for the arch-cathedral
cathedral of St. Jura by the same prince, who was a member of the Polish-Lithuanian army.
Jura by the same prince, which would also have to confirm his personal presence in this castle
(?) in 1341.

33 / in verifiable reading : ....ISIE + ....O...GEO....

34 / K.Studnicki: "Sons of Gedymin", vol. II :" Lubart Xiąże Wołyński", Lwów 1853 ; op. cit. pp.5-6
35 / vide : L.Woytowycz :" "Юрій Львів і його політика".,w." Галичина і Волинь у середні віки"., Львів
2001) quoting - allegedly after Lappo-Danilewski (?) - the false text of the legends on the "royal" seal -vide
p.70 and footnote no.2) which is only a further confirmation of the fact that Ukrainian historians themselves,
writing in the 20th century as well as at the beginning of the 21st (!) century, did not even bother to verify this
information given by Karamzin (1816r) (!)

11
36 / ЦЕРКВИ АРХІПРЕСТОЛЬНОЙ С.В.М. ГЕОРГІА
37 (/vide Rakowski G.: "Lwów", Ofic.Wwyd. Rewasz ,Pruszków 2008r)

/Smironov J.:" Bells of the Greek Catholic Cathedral of St. George". , "Kurier Galicyjski".,7 January 2022 [.
38

https://kuriergalicyjski.com/dzwony-greckokatolickiej-katedry-pw-sw-jura/ ]

12
Adoption of such a thesis would mean, however, that Lwów, which was occupied by the army
of K. the Great in 1340 and its inhabitants paid homage to the Polish king (according to Janko
of Czarnków), was taken without a fight by the Lithuanian army going to Halicz...., which
would also mean that the Polish garrison left in Lwów by K. the Great to defend it (against the
Lithuanians?), surrendered to Lubard in 1341.

Fig.3 The "Lubart" bell: a)view of the bell according to a photograph from 1888 ; b)content of the
inscription in Old Russian /39

It is probably with this conviction that I .Kripakevich (1984) - taking into account the fact that
Lubart himself titled himself as "the Prince of Halych-Vlodzimier". - believed that the
inscription on the bell only (only) confirms that " "Lubart Prince of Vladimir", after the
death of Boleslav-Yuri Trojdenovich, not only "assumed power in Vladimir, Lutsk and
all the V l a d i m i r land", but also in the Halych principality... /.4041

/ in reproduction after: Александр МУСИН : "КОЛОКОЛ СВЯТОГО ЮРА 6849 ГОДА: МЕЖДУ ЛЬВОВОМ,
39

ПЛОЦКОМ, ПЕТЕРБУРГОМ И ТЕРЕБОВЛЕЙ"..., (vide note 50)

40/ Іван КРИП'ЯКЕВИЧ :ГАЛИЦЬКО-ВОЛИНСЬКЕ КНЯЗІВСТВО., КИЇВ. ,1984., s.114? [ [Наприкінці

XIII ст. Іван Крип'якевич. Галицько-Волинське князівство. (litopys.org.ua) ]
41
/vide I. Kripjakiewicz jw. in footnote j "*"j.w. :"* Evidence that Lubart reigned in Galicia is considered to
be
the bell of Lviv's St George's Church with the inscription: "In Ten6849 solyan was the bell of this St
George's bell during the reign of Prince Dmitri...". Dimitri is Lubart's Christian name. Lubart's authority in
Galicia was recognised by the Byzantine Emperor, who wrote to him in 1347 regarding the Galician bishop.
- Russian Historical Library, 1908, vol. 6, ext. 6. Lubart used a seal with a lion, the image of which was on
the coat of arms of Galicia. - Piekosiński Fot. Pieczęcie polskie. - Reports of the Commission for the Study of
Art in Poland. Kraków, 1900, vol. 6, z. 4, N 354.
13
Despite the fact that he was also familiar with the figure of the then (?) Governor of
Przemysl42 / - Dymitr Diadka (Diedka?)43 and his role as one of the most prominent boyars
already at the time of Bolesław Trojdenowicz44 / the possibility that this - then being Lubart's
governor in Galicia - a n d not Lubart himself, is the REAL founder of the bell, he does not
take into account at all.45 /
Admittedly, the basis for such an inference is the ducal titulature preserved on the bell, but
here: according to Dionysius Zubrzycki46 / , who in the footnotes on pages 58 to 63 in his
"Rysa do historii narodu Ruskiego..." ["Drawing to the history of the Russian nation..."],
published in Lwów in 1837 analysing in detail the contents of the inscription on the bell,
unable to identify this "Prince Dmitri", and convinced that Casimir the Great would have
ruled in Lvov from 1340 onwards, states that the word "Prince" in the Russian language of
the time could have simply meant a man of unmarried status who founded the bell... /47
Historians also seem to differ in their views as to the maker of this bell, for while some
directly derive its maker (bell-founder) from the name of the author of the text of the
inscription - Jakub Skora48 / according to others, it is the work of the bell-founders who came
(with the

42/vide : by.A. Gwagin was the voivode of Przemysl: A.Gwagin: "Kronika Sarmacyey
Europskiey....".,Kraków 1612., p.78
43/op.cit. jw. fn.35: The boyarship was headed by Dmitry Diadko of Yuri II's immediate entourage, who took
the title "administrator or starosta of Russian lands".

44/vide Izayevich J. D. Do istorii titulaturi volodariv u Skhidniy Evrop Dmytro Detko - Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia ; also: vide Trojdenovich's letters to the Teutonic Order of 1334 and 1335

45 / op. cit. I. Kripjakiewicz jw. p.115: "It is not clear whether Dmytro Diadko independently [ruled in Galicia ]
or [was] dependent on Lubart, or was a vassal of the Hungarian or Polish king*. It is probable that the boyars
were manoeuvring between Lithuania, Poland, Hungary and the Golden Horde, and through peaceful policies
managed [to] stay in power for some time. "*/* Source reports conflicting. As mentioned above, Lubart was
recognised in Galicia, so Diedko may have been under his authority. Casimir, in his letter to the Pope of 1341,
mentions the oath of obedience made to him by the "Ruthenians". - Tainer MP, no. 566. King Ludwig of
Hungary calls Diedke "his faithful husband", i.e. a vassal. - Feyer, vol. 9, part 1, pp. 209-210. Diedke himself, in
a letter to the townspeople of Toruń, writes about "the rights of our predecessors" and calls Yuri "our lord/ruler"
and Casimir only "lord/ruler". - Bolesław-Jurij II, p. 157.

46/Zubrzycki D.:" Rys do historii narodu Ruskiego w Galicyi....".,Lwów 1837r . [ Rys do histori narodu
Ruskiego w Galicyi i hierachij cerkiewney w témże krolestwie. Z. 1, Od wprowadzenia Chrzściaństwa na Ruśi
aż do opanowaniu Rusi Czerwoney przez Kazimierz Wielki od roku 988 do roku 1340 / by Dyonizego
Zubrzycki. ]

47/ From which (also) it follows that he had no knowledge of Lubart's raids on Halicz and Lwów [which were to
take place after the death of Bolesław Trojdenowicz ] while writing his text... He also does not mention the
existence of "boyar Dymitr Diedka". He writes [however] that there is another version of this issue connected
with the allegedly incorrect date of the inscription which, according to the canon Lewicki (?), should refer not to
1341 but to 1292 (op.cit.jw)

48 / Жолтовський П. Художнє лиття на Україні ХІV - ХVІІ ст. К.: Наукова думка, 1973. - С. 120-144.
14
other settlers at the time ) to Lemberg from Germany, which does not contradict the fact that
this bell may indeed have been cast already in Lemberg /49
***
A detailed analysis of the history of the bell together with an analysis of its material structure
was presented in 2017 in his comprehensive study by Alexander Musin. /50
This researcher, although stating that "the recognition of Lubart's princely title in Lvov does
not allow us to clarify the nature of the power he exercised (at that time)....
/51 .this, however : "the independent confirmation of the baptismal name of Duke Lubart -
Dmitri" in the inscription already in itself (?) makes the hypothesis that the inscription
should (would) refer to Dmitri Dyadko, capitaneus Ruthenorum.(...)who never called
himself a prince..."52 /
While remaining convinced on this point, A. Musin also states that the bell cast in the second
half of 1341 OR AT THE BEGINNING OF 134253 / - although dedicated to the memory(?) of
Lubart's visit to Lvov (?) could not at the same time be a "monument to the victory over King
Casimir" and be cast "in honour of Lvov's incorporation" into the Lithuanian state". - as
other Ukrainian historians seem to suggest. /54
From the above citations, the key to solving this problem remains answering the question of
whether and when Lubart could have been in Lviv at all.
The fact that Lwów was the subject of Lubart's claims may be evidenced by an entry in
Długosz's chronicle55 /, which - according to St. Kielembet56 - is (his) mistake and should
concern not Lwów and the "Duchy of Lwów" but Lutsk.

49/Сукач С. Украинская колокольная историография/ Очерки колокололитейного искусства. -Т. ІІІ. -

Глава: XIV век. Город Львов. Юрский колокол Якова Скоры. - Суми: Ярославна, 2009.

50/
Александр МУСИН : "КОЛОКОЛ СВЯТОГО ЮРА 6849 Г О Д А : МЕЖДУ Л Ь В О В О М , ПЛОЦКОМ,
ПЕТЕРБУРГОМ И ТЕРЕБОВЛЕЙ w: Княжа доба: історія і культура / [відп. ред. Володимир
Александрович]; Національна академі наук України, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича. -
Львів, 2017 - Вип. 11: Княжий Львів 1256-2016 (До річниці першої писемної згадки про ЛьвіB).,p.75-119
51 / op.cit. jw. .p .118-119 [in full: "The acknowledgement of Lubart's princely title in Lviv does not make it
possible to clarify the nature of the power he exercised, although it does correct to some extent traditional
historiographical ideas about the time and circumstances of the city's incorporation into the Polish state in the
1440s, as well as some economic development of the city at the time. In this case, the inscription is merely a
chronological identifier, which does not allow one to see in the bell "a monument to the victory over King
Casimir" or to believe that it could have been cast "in honour of Lviv's incorporation" into the Lithuanian
state"/101. "
52/jw. pp.118-119
53/ which, according to him, is to be confirmed by "a letter from Dmitry Dyadko dated February-June 1341
addressed to the municipal authorities of Toruń inviting Toruń merchants to come to Lviv without any
problems in connection with the reconciliation with King Casimir".
54 /vide jw. 118-119 and pp.254-255 (abbreviated text jw. in English)

55/ Joannis Dlugossii : "Annales seu Chronicae Incliti Regni Poloniae" .,PWN W-wa 1985 [text printed in t h e
original Latin] .,p.92

15
Despite the fact that no historian, Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Byelorussian or Lithuanian,
disputes the fact that "the war for the principalities (of Halicz and Vladimir) covering the
territory of so-called southern Rus covers the period at least of 1340-1349, it is impossible (in
compatible sources) to find information about the actions of troops commanded by Lubart in
1340-1341. On the contrary. According to the anonymous author of the Lithuanian version of
Lubart's political (and military) activities : the sources available to historians "are too scanty
to fully reconstruct the events of 1341-134957 /.Thus, we know nothing for sure about such
military activities of Lubart in Galicia, nor - even less - about whether and when he was able
to capture Lviv after defeating the army of Casimir the Great (?).
Both Russian and Ukrainian historians seem to focus more on the problem of Lubart's (real or
assumed) inheritance rights after the death of both Yurevichs and, in turn, after the death of
Boleslav-Jeremy in connection w i t h his marriage to the daughter of Andrew or Leo
Yurevichs and Lubart's alleged letter to the Cathedral (Sobor) of St John the Evangelist in
Luck which was allegedly written in 1322 (!). This letter Станіслав Келембет58 / believes to
be FALSE.
From the authentic letter of 28.06.1917 , which the Greek-Catholic consistories sent to the
Galician Commission of Conservators in Krakow , we can learn that its (the bell's) founder
was supposed to be "Prince Dmytr Lubart Koriatovich"59 / which only seems to prove that the
venerable monks themselves did not know who in fact founded this bell, confusing probably
Lubart himself with Aleksandr Koriatovich, who also ruled in Volhynia (but already in the
years 1336-1370)60 / with the bell itself, however, having nothing in common.
If (after all) the boyar Dmitri Dedko "ruled" in Galicia on behalf of Lubart61 / then the only
reasonable explanation for the content of this inscription is to consider that it was he who in
fact could have rung the bell "on behalf of" the prince Lubart , WHO neither in the

56 / "Повертаємось до питання про перший шлюб Любарта. Свідчення про нього, наведене у ЛВКЛ,
упродовж XV - першої половини XVI ст. сутттєвих "трансформацій" не зазнало. Лише Ян Длугош,
переказавши його у своїй хроніці, до успадкованого Любартом ducatus Wladimiriensis дописав на берегах
ще Leopoliensis et - можливо, замість Луцька, який фігурував поряд із Володимиром у ЛВКЛ
(Львівського ж князівства ніколи не існувало).": op cit: Станіслав Келембет : "ЛюбартДмитро
Гедимінович: перший шлюб і династичні права на ГалицькоВолинське князівство."," Ruthenica" XV
(2019), 141-167.,p.144.
57 / vide : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liubartas

58/ Станіслав Келембет : "ЛюбартДмитро Гедимінович: перший шлюб і династичні права на Галицько-
Волинське князівство."," Ruthenica" XV (2019), 141-167., S.157

/ vide: Yuri Smirnov:" GREEK-CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL p.v. ST. JURA WE LVOVIE"., ANNUAL
59

Lviv 2014-2016 ., Lviv Institute, Warsaw 2016r p.7-34 .,op.cit p . 27

60 /vide: Александр Кориатович - Википедия (wikipedia.org)

61/"В 1349 году, после смерти воеводы и боярина Дмитрия Детька, управлявшего Галичем от имени
Любарта, польский король при помощи войск Золотой Орды, Венгриии и Мазовии завладел практически
всем Галицко-Волынским княжеством, в том числе Львовом и Брестом." [Любарт Гедиминович -
Википедия (wikipedia.org) ]

16
Lvov nor in Galicia in 1341 although from the beginning of his reign in Vladimir Volyn he
titled himself "Grand Duke of Halicz and Vladimir"62 /

4. DANIEL'S RIVER: "Корона короля Данила" (Fig.10 a-f)

The lost mitre of the Uniate Bishop of Przemyśl, Jerzy Winnicki, which was found until 17
September 1939 in the bishop's treasury in Przemyśl, despite the confirmed fact that it could
have been created no earlier than at the beginning of the 18th century and as such was
modelled on the
The 17th -century crown of Emperor Rudolf II63 / STILL remains the only material evidence
of the coronation of Daniel Halytsky64 / - today supposedly irretrievably lost.65 / (Fig.4 a-b)

Fig.4 a-b.: a) crown of Rudolf II 66/; b)lost mitre of the Bishops of Przemyśl allegedly altered from the
alleged crown of Daniel Romanowicz according to a drawing by von Siegel 67 /.

62/(as also confirmed by the content of Lubart's biography on the Lithuanian Wikipedia page: Liubartas -
General Lithuanian Encyclopaedia (vle.lt))
63/ for :Andrzej Gil:" King Daniel Romanowicz's crown and the mitre of the Uniate bishops of Przemyśl in the light
of sources";in :" Ruthenica" XI (2012), 78-86 ; p. 84.
64 /(although, strangely enough, these historians make no mention of the possible 'fate' of two other royal
insignias in Latin Europe associated with the coronation act, namely the sceptre and the apple....
65/still - despite the fact that as a result of research it was already known at the end of the 19th century that the
myth was created i n t h e 18th century this myth is still repeated and "the search for it is still going on"
(vide footnote 72)

66/Crown of the Holy Roman Emperor Rodolfo II Habsburg (1552-1612). Attributed to the goldsmith Jan
Vermeyen (1559-1606) 1602 Vienna Museum of Art History - Crown of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II
17
Habsburg (1552-1612). Probable (meisterdrucke.co.uk)

18
The fact that it is in fact only an alteration of the original crown of Daniel Halicki, which
was to be crowned by Abbot Opitzo in December 1353 or early January 1354 in Drohiczyn,
was confirmed by the archivist and librarian of the Przemyśl chapter, member of the "Sicz"
Society, Fr. Myron Podoliński68 / , and the fact that (as demonstrated by research to which the
mitre was subjected in the late years of the nineteenth century69 /) it was made of copper and
not gold or silver i n no way prevented this "discovery" of Podoliński from being m a d e
public by Mikhail Hrushevsky70 / together with a relevant illustration made by von Siegel for
the publication of the "Illustrated History of the Austro-Hungarian Empire"71 / still (since
then) uncritically reproduced in contemporary Ukrainian historical journalism ,uncritically
reproduced .72/
In support of this conviction that, if not all of it, then at least some part of it should have come
from "King Daniel's crown", further hypotheses are being put forward, directly relating it to
the Crown Treasury of the Dukes of Halych, which was exported by Casimir the Great from
Lviv in 1341.

67 / "Die o "sterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild" ., vol. XIX - "Galizien".,Wien 1898.,p.167

68 / according to A.Gil. For another view on this issue see : (1) Митра перемиських єпископів - Вікіпедія
(wikipedia.org)
: "За автора міфу слід вважати Юліана Никоровича, а датою його поширення - 1879 рік " (in footnote:
Никорович Ю. Схиматизм всего клира руско-католического Богом спасаемои епархіи Перемишльской на
год от рожд. Хр. 1879. - Перемышль, 1879.;(2) Богдан-Марян Білий :" ЛЕҐЕНДАРНА митра
перемиських владик (так звана "Данилова к о р о н а ").",in: "Наше слово" №3, 18 січня 2009 року
(ІСТОРІЯ ■ 2009-01-16 ).
[ЛЕҐЕНДАРНА митра перемиських владик (так звана "Данилова корона") | Nasze Slowo (archive.org) ]
69/"Знавець історії мистецтва владика Іван Ступницький зацікавився митрою 1875 р. Щоб їїї описати,
скликав комісію експертів. Опис предмета та висновки вчених не дають однозначної відповіді на питання
про походження митри. Цінним є опис. У ньому знаходиться інформація, що митра була мідна,
інкрустована 972-ма маленькими рубінами та 300-ма маленькими перлинами в переділах. Ці камені були
погано ошліфовані невправною рукою ювеліра-аматора, що дискваліфікує її як можливу королівську
корону, виконану на замовлення римського папи. Хрест на митрі походив з ХVII ст." (op.cit. by Богдан-
Марян Білий jw. (2)

70 / Грушевскiй М. Илюстрированная исторiя Украины, С.-Петербургъ 1913, p. 113, il. 108

71 / "Die o "sterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild" ., vol. XIX - "Galizien".,Wien 1898

72 /vide : (1) Оксана Мокрієнко : "Корона Данила Галицького -Цей вінець покривав голову
володаря держави, яка проіснувала від середньовічя до 1918 року" [ https://expres.online/istoriya-
plyus/corona-danila-galitskogo 08.12.2022 ] ; (2) Ольга ВАСЬКІВ : "Корона першого короля зникла"
[Данило Галицький отримав корону від Папи | Новини на Gazeta.ua 07 жовтня 2022 ].

19
Basing his view on this information - but at the same time stipulating that "there is no reliable
data about the fate of (the very) crown of Daniel from 1340 to 1700 - Marian Bilij [Марян
Білий] claims ( without, however, giving the source of this news) that : (that) in the years
1700-1713 the Uniate Metropolitan of Przemyśl, Yuri Vynnitsky, had his mitre made on the
basis of an unknown Old Russian princely crown, adding to it the jewels of the Vynnitsky
family. "73 / According to this hypothesis, such a "crown" was presented in his reconstruction
by Alexei Rudenko in 200274 / (Fig.5a)
Mariusz Bartnicki, on the other hand, supposes (on the basis of the examination of the seals
preserved in the documents of Bolesław Trojdenowicz) that the shape of the (lost?) crown of
Daniel should be sought in the shape of the crown on the head of the alleged maker and owner
of these seals, who would be the son of Lev Danilovich - Yuri Lvovich.75 / (Fig.5b)

Fig.5 a-b : a) replica of the so-called crown of Danyl Romanovich according to Alexei Rudenko. 2002/76/
; b) the appearance of the crown on the alleged seal of Yuri Lvovich on a document from 131677/.

A similar hypothesis - albeit referring to a different pattern - is presented by the anonymous

author of the information posted on the Wikipedia pages on "King Daniel's crown"

73/
Богдан-Марян Білий :" ЛЕҐЕНДАРНА митра перемиських владик (так звана "Данилова корона")",in:
"Наше слово" №3, 18 січня 2009 року (ІСТОРІЯ ■ 2009-01-16 ).

74 / Репліка так званої корони Данила Романовича виконана Олексієм Руденком. 2002 рік : Crown of Rus-
Ukraine - Митра перемиських єпископів - Вікіпедія (wikipedia.org)
75/ Bartnicki M: "The case of the coronation insignia of King Daniel Romanowicz". , in : "Zamojsko-Wołyńskie

Zeszytu Muzealne",vol.5,Zamość-Łuck 2008-2010 [2012].,pp.37-46

76 / Репліка так званої корони Данила Романовича виконана Олексієм Руденком. 2002 рік
77/photography detail stamp z original according to specificationsarchive
Berlin archive XX_HA_Schiebl_81_Nr_1_0003

20
stating that: "The crown of Daniel Romanovich was of western origin, so it most likely had the
appearance of a rim topped with four spires in the form of a lily, which was common in those
days." Illustrating the above with an image depicting King Wenceslas II of Bohemia and
Poland on a fragment of a miniature from the Manes Codex of the 14th century. /7879 / (Fig.6
b)

In this situation it is not surprising that a kind of sensation was caused by the public
presentation by Oleksandr Alfyorov, (candidate of science - scientific worker of the Institute
of History of Ukraine National Academy of Sciences) Valery Mishchenko (founder of the
Laboratory of History of Architecture and Reconstruction) on 18 August 202180 / its alleged
reconstruction which - according to its authors - would be directly (supposedly) derived from
the crown of Henry III (Fig.6a) /81

The problem, however, is that it is difficult to see this pattern in the surviving models of both
the one preserved on the royal statue in Westminster Abbey and the crown, which has been
the model for the royal state crown of the 'Kingdom of England' since 1320.(Fig.7a- b)

78/Vaclav2 hlava - Mitra of the Bishops of Przemyśl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ; Митра перемиських
єпископів - Вікіпедія (wikipedia.org) ; Mitra of the Bishops of Przemyśl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

79/
Heidelberg University Library, cod. Chum. german. 848 Manuscript of the Great Heidelberg Song (Codex
Manesse) (Zurich, c. 1300 to c. 1340) (uni-heidelberg.de)

/ 18.08.2021r presentation of the reconstruction of King Daniel's crown: A 3D model of Daniel Halitsky's crown
80

was shown in Kiev (ukrinform.ua)

81 / from the authors' conference statement: ""Before we started to develop the model, we looked at many
other crowns of the time, because the line between authenticity and fantasy is very thin and it is necessary,
above all, to have a good understanding of the art of the 12th and 13th centuries. centuries. We took as a basis
the crown of Henry III according to the "drawing of the king holding a sceptre", because the way it is depicted
is similar to the crown of Daniel of Halich"- op.cit. by jw.

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Fig.6 a-b : (a) reconstruction of the alleged crown of King Daniel according to Oleksandr Alfyorov
and Valery Mishchenko82/; (b) crown of King Wenceslas II of Bohemia and Poland on a miniature of the
'Codex Manesse' from the 14th century.

Fig.7 a-b : appearance of the crown of King Henry III- King of England: a) in St Edward's Chapel,
Westminster Abbey83/ ; b) British state crown according to Henry III's crown design of 132084/.

As can easily be seen in all the versions of its appearance presented above, the dominant
belief is that it was an insignia of not Eastern but Western European design, although based
on "only" surviving source accounts it seems clear that (as depicted on the Lviv monument to
Daniel85 ) this symbolic
the "headdress" was not a "crown" but it was - in the Russian tradition obvious ; a royal
diadem..../ /8687 /(Fig.8a)

82/////////////////
83 / https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henry_III_of_England#/media/File:Henry-the-iii-of-
england.jpg

84/ /https://businessinsider.com.pl/wiadomosci/koronacja-karola-iii-dobiegla-konca-ile-warta-jest-jego-
crown/142tcrq ; https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brytyjska_korona_pa%C5%84stwowa

85/ although the very appearance of Daniel is pure fantasy of the artist - "we cannot say anything about his
appearance. There is not a single piece of information on this subject preserved in written sources" (!) ,
vide: Dariusz Dąbrowski: "Daniel Romanowicz -król Rusi" (1201-1264) .,Biografia polityczna".,wyd. Avalon -
Kraków 2012r. (in the introduction).
86 / According to a Ukrainian historian (see interview with Aleksandr Golovko : Історик-медієвіст Олександр
Головко 770th anniversary of Danylo's coronation: how a Halych-Volhynia prince became the king of Rus
(radiosvoboda.org) 13.X.2023r) : like Koloman, Daniel was 'crowned' not with a classical 'European crown' but
with a DIADEM (Поширеним є уявлення, ніби Данило коронувався короною. А насправді і Данило, і
Коломан, про якого я згадував, коронувалися вінцем. Вінець - це така обручка без всяких особливих
прикрас, але з якогось дорогоцінного металу.

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This claim, however, is in apparent contradiction with the image of "King" Daniel which
adorns the hall of the Lviv City Hall (modelled on a 19th century engraving) with a headdress
directly referring to the 18th century P r z e m y ś l bishop's mitre (Fig.8b.).

Fig.8 a-b. : a) the diadem on the head of Daniel Romanowicz on the equestrian monument in Lviv , b)
the mitre according to the model of a 19th-century lithograph from the bust of Daniel Romanowicz
standing in the hall of the City Hall in Lviv

This forms a juxtaposition with the alleged portrait of his son, Leo, wearing attire modelled on
that of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, with a distinctive headdress in the form of a
"prince's mitre". - A bizarre set - completely devoid of any factual basis, transferring the
recipients of this message into the world of fantasy, with nothing to do with science.(Fig.8 a-
b)
The dilemma of whether this "headdress" of Daniel's could have been a crown of Western
European design or a diadem in the form of a classical "hoop" is resolved (?) by a peculiar
"combination" of these two forms of "symbol of majesty" on another page of the Russian-
language Wikipedia under the entry "Russian Crown":

87/ or - according to Kotlar [Н.Ф. Котляр]: "stemma" -meaning "a strip of gold with several vertical prongs"
(op.cit. : Александр МАЙОРОВ : БЫЛ ЛИ ДАНИИЛ ГАЛИЦКИЙ КОРОНОВАН ПАПОЙ
ИННОКЕНТИЕМ IV? .,in : "Rusii" nr.3(25),2011.,p.42-49.,p.43

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For it is to be - detailed in the detail (!) - made of gold-plated silver hoop - 17.7 cm in
diameter - to which has been added "an openwork structure composed of rhythmically
repeating lily flower buds..."88 /

Fig.8 a-b : a) alleged image of Daniel Romanovich on a 19th century engraving ; b) alleged
image of Lev Danilevich according to a painting by Lukasz Dolinski commissioned by the Basilian
Fathers in Lviv around 1775 /.89

As it is to be presumed from the further content of the above description, the reconstruction of
this insignia directly refers to : the crown which was supposed to come from the so-called
Russian treasure, "transported from Lviv to Krakow in 1340 by King Casimir the Great.
Among the jewels exported were Russian insignia: two diadems, a costly ducal mantle and a
throne decorated with gold and precious stones...." (Fig.9a-b) / /9091

88/ Russian Crown - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

89/depicts an alleged image of Leo Danilovich (1225?-1301) in the attire of the Grand Duke of Lithuania (!) and
in 17th century armour against a panorama of Lviv from the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries (!)

90 / op.cit. jw.
91 /" Гаданий вигляд Руської корони". : Руська корона - Вікіпедія (wikipedia.org)
20
Fig.9 a-b : .Alleged appearance of the Russian crown ( Руська корона - Russian Crown - Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia ; b) authentic diadem from the 11th century : Diadem from the Kiev treasury of 1889.

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Fig.10 a-f : Appearance of the alleged crown in Ukrainian iconography : a ) according to a 19th
century engraving [Барвіньский O.:" Істория України-Руси".,1904] ; b) Король Данило (1201-1264).
[Автор - Микола Бідняк (фото люб'язно надане родиною Миколи Бідняка) ]; c) bust of Daniel
Romanovich in the hall of the Lviv City Hall d) on a stamp of the Ukrainian post office
[https://bomarka.com/ukraina/1136/7808/ ] ;
e)according to the illustrations in : "Manuscript of the Great Heidelberg Song (Codex Manesse)" ; f)
from contemporary book illustration [http://www.russian-chronicle.ru/drevnaya-rus/galicko-volynskoe-
knyazhestvo- page7.html ].

A.M. Szymski (adamszymski@poczta.onet.pl) 15.12.2033

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