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The slack bus: There is only one such bus in the system. Due to losses in the network, the
real and reactive power cannot be known at all buses. Therefore, the slack bus will provide
the necessary power to maintain the power balance in the system. The slack bus is usually a
bus where generation is available. For this bus, the voltage magnitude and phase angle are
specified (normally the voltage phase angle is set to zero degrees). The voltage phase angle
of all other buses is expressed with the slack bus voltage phasor as reference.
The generating or PV-bus: This bus type represents the generating stations of the system.
The information known for PV-buses is the net real power generation and bus-voltage
magnitude. The net real power generation is the generated real power minus the real power
of any local load.
The load or PQ-bus: For these buses, the net real and reactive power is known. PQ-buses
normally do not have generators. However, if the reactive power of a generator reaches its
limit, the corresponding bus is treated as a PQ-bus. This is equivalent to adjusting the bus
voltage until the generator reactive power falls within the prescribed limits.
MVA
A
MVA
1 .0 2 pu
2 1 8 MW
5 4 M var
RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
1 .0 2 pu
T IM 3 4 5
MVA
MVA
SLA C K1 3 8
1 .0 1 pu
MVA
RA Y 1 3 8
1 .0 3 pu
A
MVA
3 3 MW
1 3 M var
MVA
1 6 .0 M var
1 .0 2 pu
MVA
1 8 MW
5 M var
MVA
MVA
1 .0 2 pu
RA Y 6 9
T IM 6 9
P A I6 9
1 .0 1 pu
MVA
2 3 MW
7 M var
1 .0 1 pu
3 7 MW
1 7 MW
3 M var
1 .0 2 pu
A
MVA
T IM 1 3 8
1 .0 0 pu
GRO SS6 9
1 3 M var
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA
A
MVA
M O RO 1 3 8
MVA
H ISKY 6 9
1 2 MW
5 M var
2 0 MW
8 M var
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 0 pu
P ET E6 9
DEM A R6 9
MVA
H A NNA H 6 9
5 1 MW
1 5 M var
5 8 MW
4 0 M var
2 9 .0 M var
1 4 .3 M var
MVA
UIUC 6 9
MVA
BO B6 9
1 2 .8 M var
1 4 0 MW
4 5 M var
MVA
5 6 MW
0 .9 9 7 pu
5 8 MW
3 6 M var
0 .9 9 pu
H O M ER6 9
1 4 MW
4 M var
MVA
MVA
MVA
1 .0 1 pu
H A LE6 9
MVA
BLT 6 9
1 .0 1 pu
1 5 MW
3 M var
1 .0 0 pu
BLT 1 3 8
1 .0 0 pu
MVA
LY NN1 3 8
3 3 MW
1 0 M var
MVA
A M A NDA 6 9
1 3 M var
0 MW
0 M var
MVA
MVA
MVA
A
MVA
1 .0 2 pu
MVA
MVA
MVA
A
A
BO B1 3 8
4 5 MW
1 2 M var
0 .9 9 pu
1 .0 0 pu
Using
case
from
Example
6.13
WO LEN6 9
4 .8 M var
MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 .0 1 pu
2 1 MW
7 M var
MVA
A
SH IM KO 6 9
7 .4 M var
1 .0 2 pu
A
MVA
MVA
MVA
1 0 6 MW
8 M var
1 5 MW
5 M var
A
MVA
3 6 MW
1 0 M var
A
A
6 0 MW
1 2 M var
MVA
MVA
7 .2 M var
MVA
1 .0 0 pu
0 .0 M var
1 .0 1 pu
MVA
1 .0 0 pu
P A T T EN6 9
MVA
MVA
MVA
1 .0 0 pu
LA UF6 9
1 .0 2 pu
2 0 MW
3 0 M var
1 .0 0 pu
MVA
2 3 MW
6 M var
0 MW
0 M var
MVA
LA UF1 3 8
1 .0 1 pu
4 5 MW
0 M var
WEBER6 9
2 2 MW
1 5 M var
1 .0 2 pu
BUC KY 1 3 8
RO GER6 9
2 M var
1 4 MW
3 M var
MVA
SA V O Y 6 9
1 .0 2 pu
4 2 MW
2 M var
JO 1 3 8
MVA
MVA
1 4 MW
1 .0 1 pu
MVA
SA V O Y 1 3 8
JO 3 4 5
1 5 0 MW
0 M var
MVA
MVA
1 5 0 MW
0 M var
MVA
1 .0 2 pu
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
16.0 MW
28.8 MVR
-16.0 MVR
59.7 kV
17.6 MW
28.8 MVR
40.0 kV
16.0 MW
16.0 MVR
Generators are
shown as circles
Arrows are
used to
show loads
16.8 MW
16.0 MW
6.4 MVR
0.0 MVR
44.94 kV
16.8 MW
6.4 MVR
10
40.0 kV
16.0 MW
16.0 MVR
16.0 MVR
Load Models
The ultimate goal is to supply loads with electricity
at constant frequency and voltage.
Electrical characteristics of individual loads matter,
but usually they can only be estimated
Actual loads are constantly changing, consisting of a
large number of individual devices,
Only limited network observability of load characteristics
11
Generator Models
Engineering models depend on the application.
Generators are usually synchronous machines: Exception
is wind generators,
For the generator, two models may be used:
A steady-state model, treating the generator as a
constant power source operating at a fixed voltage; this
model will be used for power flow and economic
analysis.
A short term model treating the generator as a constant
voltage source behind a possibly time-varying reactance.
12
1
Vk i 1
Ykk
N
Pk jQk k 1
YknVn i 1 YknVn i
*
n 1
n k 1
Vk i
An iterative procedure in which a correction for each of the voltages of the network is
computed in one step, and the corrections applied all at once is called Gaussian
Iteration. If, on the other hand, the improved variables are used immediately, the
procedure is called GaussSeidel Iteration.
Newton-Raphson Technique
Types of Busses
The equations used to update the estimates differ for different types of busses. Each bus in a
power system can be classified to one of three types:
Load Bus (PQ Bus): A buss at which the real and reactive power are specified, and for which
the bus voltage will be calculated. Real and reactive powers supplied to a power system are
defined to be positive, while the powers consumed from the system are defined to be
negative. All busses having no generators are load busses.
Generator bus/Voltage Controlled (PV Bus): A bus at which the magnitude of the voltage is
kept constant by adjusting the field current of a synchronous generator on the bus (as we
learned, increasing the field current of the generator increases both the reactive power
supplied by the generator and the terminal voltage of the system). We assume that the field
current is adjusted to maintain a constant terminal voltage VT. We also know that increasing
the prime movers governor set points increases the power that generator supplies to the
power system. Therefore, we can control and specify the magnitude of the bus voltage and
real power supplied.
Slack Bus (or Swing Bus): A special generator reference bus serving as the reference bus for
the power system. Its voltage is assumed to be fixed in both magnitude and phase (for
instance, 10 per unit). The real and reactive powers are uncontrolled: the bus supplies
whatever real or reactive power is necessary to make the power flows in the system balance.
In Practice
In practice, a voltage on a load bus may change with changing loads.
Therefore, load busses have specified values of P and Q, while V varies
with load conditions.
Real generators work most efficiently when running at full load.
Therefore, it is desirable to keep all but one (or a few) generators
running at 100% capacity, while allowing the remaining (swing)
generator to handle increases and decreases in load demand. Most
busses with generators will supply a fixed amount of power and the
magnitude of their voltages will be maintained constant by field
circuits of generators. These busses have specific values of P and |Vi|.
The controls on the swing generator will be set up to maintain a
constant voltage and frequency, allowing P and Q to increase or
decrease as loads change.
The term Y12 will be the negative of all the admittances stretching
between bus 1 and bus 2, which will be the negative of the
admittance of transmission line 1, so Y12 = -0.5882 + j2.3529.
Bus Variables
To other Busses
Bus k
Pk
PGK
Vk
QGK
Gen
Qk
PLK
QLK
Load
The Ybus gives the relationships between all the bus current
injections, I, and all the bus voltages, V; I = Ybus V.
The Ybus is developed by applying KCL at each bus in the
system to relate the bus current injections, the bus voltages,
and the branch impedances and admittances.
22
Ybus Example
Determine the bus admittance matrix for the network
shown below, assuming the current injection at each bus i is
Ii = IGi - IDi where IGi is the current injection into the bus from
the generator and IDi is the current flowing into the load.
23
Ybus Example
We can get similar relationships for buses 3 and 4
The results can then be expressed in matrix form
I Ybus V
I1
I
2
I3
I
4
Y A
YB
Y A YB
Y
Y A YC YD
YC
A
YC
YB YC
YB
0
YD
0
0 V1
YD V2
0 V3
YD V4