IEM1101

ELECTRICAL MULTITASKING
FOR INSTRUMENTATION

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

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photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner. This document has been produced by PETRONAS whether by itself or
through third party consultants and the manner in which this document is used is strictly controlled by PETRONAS.

IEM1101 Chapter 1
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, trainees will be able
to:
a) Identify safety in electrical measurement
b) List types of measuring instrument and function
c) Demonstrate the application of the measuring
instruments
d) Perform measuring instrument maintenance

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

1. SAFETY ON ELECTRICAL
MEASUREMENT
2. ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in a form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner. This document has been produced by PETRONAS whether by itself or
through third party consultants and the manner in which this document is used is strictly controlled by PETRONAS.

INTRODUCTION
The most significant danger to people carrying
out electrical testing work is that they might
suffer an electric shock.
Any simultaneous contact of a part of the body
with a conductor that is live at a dangerous
voltage will result in an electric shock.
There is also a risk of burn injuries resulting from
arcing when conductors are accidentally shortcircuited.
2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

INTRODUCTION
Precautions that are recommended as part of
a safe system of working for electrical testing:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Risk assessment
Test area
Live part with RCD
Test equipment
Power supply earthing
Standards and regulations

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

HOW SHOCK OCCURS?

Electric shock occurs when the body becomes
part of the electrical circuit. This can happen
when:
a) The body comes into contact with wires in an
energized circuit.
b) The body comes into contact with one wire of
an energized circuit and a path to the ground.
c) The body comes into contact with a metallic
part that has become energized.
2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

The severity of the shock depends on three
factors:
a) The length of time the body is in the circuit
b) The amount of current flowing through the body
c) The path of the current through the body

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

TREATMENT OF ELECTRIC
SHOCK
The following procedures for action in the
event of electric shock must be taken.
Immediate and speedy action is necessary.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Separate the person from current source

Do CPR, if necessary
Check for other injuries
Send for assistance

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL INJURY

Injury Type
Electric Shock

Electrocution
Falls

Burns

Explanation
Electric shock is a reflex response possibly involving trauma which
occurs when electrical current passes over or through a workers
body. It usually involves burns and abnormal heart rhythm and
unconsciousness.
Electrocution occurs when electrical current passes over or
through a workers body resulting in a fatality.
Electric shock may cause muscles to contract using a worker to
lose his or her balance and fall. An explosion from an electrical
incident can also cause a fall.
Electrical burns are the most common shock-related, nonfatal
injury. They occur when a worker contacts energized electrical
wiring or equipment. Electrical burns often occur on the hands
and feet.
2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

MEASUREMENT CATEGORY
Category
CAT IV

Description
Three-phase at utility connection, any
outdoor conductors

CAT III

Three-phase distribution including

single-phase commercial lighting

CAT II

Single-phase receptacle connected

load
CAT I

Electronic
2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

1. SAFETY ON ELECTRICAL
MEASUREMENT
2. ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in a form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner. This document has been produced by PETRONAS whether by itself or
through third party consultants and the manner in which this document is used is strictly controlled by PETRONAS.

INTRODUCTION
Measurement is the process of measuring the
electrical parameters using the measuring
instruments either the portable or fixed
instrument.
The parameters are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Current
Voltage
Resistance
Power and energy
Frequency
2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

ANALOG METER
Instrument or meter using the calibrated
static or stationary scale of reading to indicate
the result of measurement or test and the
indication is made by a moving pointer.

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

DIGITAL METER
Meters or instruments which give the
measuring result through the digit numbers
produced by the LED or liquid crystal

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

CURRENT MEASUREMENT
Measure the current that flow in the circuit.
60A and below Ammeter directly connected.
Above 60A - a CT operated ammeter where
the CT step down the value to 5 or 1A.
Types of meter used are:
a) The ammeter.
b) Multimeter (amp range).
c) Clamp-on ammeter.
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CURRENT MEASUREMENT

Digital

Analog

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

Clamp On

CURRENT MEASUREMENT
Ammeters are connected in series and not
parallel.
For DC operation, the polarity must be correct
otherwise the meter will deflection
backwards.

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

CURRENT MEASUREMENT

Current measurement on single phase circuit using

ammeter
2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

CURRENT MEASUREMENT

Current measurement on single phase circuit using clampon ammeter

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

CURRENT MEASUREMENT

Ammeter connection on LV Switchboard

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

CURRENT MEASUREMENT

Switchboard ammeter and selector

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
Measure the potential difference between
two phases or conductors using voltmeter.
Voltmeter connected in parallel.
DC operation - the polarity must be correct
otherwise the meter will deflection
backwards.
415V voltmeter directly connected
High voltage voltmeter need PT.
2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

Digital

Indicator

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

Single line diagram for voltmeter connection

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
Feeder

Feeder
N

ACB

ACB

3 x 5A
V

P.T

3 x 5A
V

VS

Busbar
Mccb

Low Voltage

VS

Busbar
Mccb

High Voltage

Full line diagram for voltmeter connection

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

Switchboard voltmeter and selector

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
The value of winding or coil resistance can be
measured using the Ohmmeter or
Multimeter.
Dead test.

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
R is too small - winding is short circuited ie
inter-turn short.
R is too high or infinity- the winding is open.
3 equipment (eg 3 motor) - all three coils
or windings must have the equal R.
R for contacts - during the ON/make condition
is low.

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Digital
ohmmeter

Motor winding resistance

measurement
2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Contacts resistance measurement

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

POWER AND ENERGY

MEASUREMENT
Power measurement involves:
a) True power - the amount of energy consumed by
load using wattmeter or kilowatt meter.
b) Reactive power which is measured by using VAR
meter or kVAR meter.
c) Maximum demand, the capacity of electricity
usage using Maximum meter
d) Power factor, the measure of efficiency using PF
meter.
2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

POWER AND ENERGY

MEASUREMENT
Live test.
Power meters have current coil and voltage
coil.
The current coil - connected in series with the
load
The voltage coil - connected across/parallel
the load.

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

POWER AND ENERGY

MEASUREMENT
Feeder
CB

3 CTs

kW h

kW

MD

kVar

3 x 5A

P.T
1 Ct

P.F

BUSBAR
CB

Single line diagram for power meters connection

2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

 2012 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)