Ahmed S.M.

, 130144739

Appendix A: Tables
Table I. Raw data for the pressure of ethane
as volume is decreased, at 24C

Table II. Raw data for the pressure of ethane

as volume is decreased, at 26C

Pressure/ 105 Pa
Volume/
cm

4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

1st
measure
ment

15.0
14.8
15.0
15.2
15.3
15.3
15.8
15.8
16.0
16.3
16.7
16.8
17.0
17.6
18.0
18.1
18.6
19.0
19.2
19.9
20.6
21.0
21.0
21.1
20.9
21.0
21.0
20.9
21.0
21.0
20.9
21.1
22.2
25.3
50.1

2nd
measure
ment

3rd
measure
ment

14.4
14.0
15.0
15.2
15.3
15.3
14.9
16.4
16.0
16.3
16.7
16.4
16.9
17.8
17.6
18.1
19.4
20.0
19.2
19.7
19.9
21.1
21.0
21.1
20.8
20.8
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
22.2
25.9
50.1

13.5
14.0
15.7
15.2
15.3
14.6
15.5
16.4
16.0
15.6
17.0
16.4
16.9
17.8
16.8
18.2
19.4
19.5
20.0
20.4
19.2
21.2
21.0
21.1
20.6
20.8
21.0
21.1
20.7
20.9
20.9
20.9
22.2
26.4
50.7

Pressure/ 105 Pa

Average
Pressure

14.3
14.3
15.2
15.2
15.3
15.0
15.4
16.2
16.0
16.0
16.8
16.5
16.9
17.8
17.5
18.1
19.1
19.5
19.5
20.0
19.9
21.1
21.0
21.1
20.8
20.9
20.9
21.0
20.9
20.9
20.9
21.0
22.2
25.8
50.3

0.722
0.481
0.392
0.000
0.000
0.415
0.501
0.363
0.000
0.382
0.160
0.241
0.008
0.095
0.585
0.083
0.495
0.459
0.468
0.343
0.688
0.090
0.000
0.030
0.155
0.114
0.076
0.092
0.124
0.080
0.009
0.075
0.023
0.550
0.341

Volume/
cm

4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

1st
measure
ment

15.3
15.5
15.4
15.7
16.1
15.9
16.4
16.4
16.7
17.0
17.2
17.7
17.9
18.2
18.9
19.2
19.7
20.1
20.7
21.3
21.7
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.4
24.7
29.0
51.8

2nd
measure
ment

3rd
measure
ment

15.8
16.4
14.5
15.7
17.0
15.9
16.7
16.4
17.5
17.0
17.2
18.4
17.5
18.8
18.9
18.8
19.5
20.5
20.8
21.3
21.7
21.2
23.0
22.9
23.0
23.1
23.1
23.1
22.9
23.0
23.0
23.4
25.1
29.3
52.3

15.4
15.6
15.4
15.7
16.9
15.9
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.8
16.2
17.1
17.0
18.2
19.7
19.1
19.7
19.5
21.4
21.0
21.7
21.2
23.6
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.1
22.9
23.0
23.1
23.4
24.7
29.7
51.1

4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

15.4
15.5
16.0
16.2
16.3
16.7
16.8
17.0
17.3
17.8
18.1
18.7
19.0
19.5
20.1
20.2
20.8
21.4
22.0
22.5
23.8
25.1
25.9
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
28.0
31.0
53.8

2nd
measure
ment

3rd
measure
ment

16.3
16.3
16.0
16.4
15.4
17.3
17.0
17.7
17.3
17.9
17.8
18.0
18.7
20.1
20.1
20.9
20.0
21.4
22.0
21.9
23.8
24.2
25.9
27.1
26.9
27.0
27.1
26.9
27.0
27.1
27.0
27.1
28.0
31.3
53.8

15.7
15.7
16.0
16.8
15.6
16.0
16.8
17.0
17.3
17.0
18.1
19.7
19.0
20.4
20.1
20.6
21.7
21.4
21.6
22.7
24.4
24.8
25.4
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
26.9
27.1
27.0
27.1
28.4
31.0
53.5

Note: is the standard deviation

Average
Pressure

15.8
15.8
16.0
16.4
15.8
16.7
16.9
17.3
17.3
17.6
18.0
18.8
18.9
20.0
20.1
20.6
20.9
21.4
21.9
22.4
24.0
24.7
25.7
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.1
28.1
31.1
53.7

0.251
0.498
0.526
0.014
0.492
0.041
0.191
0.000
0.496
0.099
0.574
0.659
0.482
0.310
0.491
0.226
0.132
0.520
0.374
0.191
0.000
0.469
0.551
0.034
0.000
0.056
0.049
0.051
0.031
0.024
0.037
0.000
0.222
0.340
0.612

Pressure/ 105 Pa

Pressure/ 105 Pa
1st
measure
ment

15.5
15.8
15.1
15.7
16.7
15.9
16.5
16.4
16.9
16.9
16.9
17.8
17.5
18.4
19.1
19.1
19.7
20.0
21.0
21.2
21.7
21.5
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.1
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.4
24.8
29.3
51.7

Table IV. Raw data for the pressure of ethane

as volume is decreased, at 30C

Table III. Raw data for the pressure of ethane

as volume is decreased, at 28C
Volume/
cm

Average
Pressure

0.446
0.391
0.022
0.320
0.438
0.618
0.134
0.397
0.000
0.496
0.202
0.830
0.168
0.506
0.011
0.328
0.833
0.025
0.242
0.413
0.360
0.471
0.261
0.048
0.038
0.000
0.026
0.055
0.039
0.036
0.020
0.050
0.227
0.155
0.143

Volume/
cm

4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

1st
measure
ment

15.8
15.9
16.4
16.5
16.7
17.4
17.4
17.7
18.2
18.0
18.9
19.1
19.6
20.4
20.5
21.4
22.9
23.6
24.0
24.5
26.0
27.0
29.0
31.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
37.0
42.0
58.0

2nd
measure
ment

3rd
measure
ment

15.6
14.9
17.1
15.5
16.7
17.2
17.8
17.7
18.5
17.3
18.9
19.1
20.4
20.4
20.9
21.4
22.9
24.1
24.7
23.6
25.0
27.0
28.1
31.0
32.8
33.3
35.1
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.1
34.9
36.0
42.0
57.4

16.1
15.9
16.5
17.3
16.7
18.4
17.4
17.7
17.7
18.0
18.6
19.1
19.6
20.4
20.5
21.4
22.7
22.9
24.4
25.2
26.0
27.5
28.8
31.3
32.5
34.0
35.1
35.0
35.1
34.9
35.1
35.0
37.1
43.0
58.0

Average
Pressure

15.9
15.6
16.7
16.4
16.7
17.7
17.5
17.7
18.1
17.7
18.8
19.1
19.9
20.4
20.6
21.4
22.8
23.5
24.4
24.4
25.7
27.2
28.6
31.1
32.8
33.8
35.1
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
36.7
42.3
57.8

0.258
0.562
0.383
0.903
0.000
0.627
0.231
0.000
0.406
0.400
0.153
0.034
0.454
0.002
0.222
0.000
0.107
0.620
0.337
0.773
0.563
0.304
0.458
0.154
0.255
0.410
0.071
0.000
0.053
0.036
0.040
0.036
0.591
0.556
0.318

5
Table V. Raw data for the pressure of ethane
as volume is decreased, at 32C

Table VI. Raw data for the pressure of ethane

as volume is decreased, at 34C

Pressure/ 105 Pa
Volume/
cm

4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

1st
measure
ment

16.5
16.5
16.6
16.9
17.2
18.0
17.8
18.4
18.8
19.2
19.7
20.3
20.5
21.4
22.0
22.3
23.0
24.0
25.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
35.0
38.0
40.0
42.0
43.5
45.0
45.0
45.0
46.0
47.0
50.0
65.0

2nd
measure
ment

3rd
measure
ment

17.0
16.5
16.6
17.7
17.2
18.0
17.5
18.4
18.9
19.5
20.4
21.2
20.3
21.4
22.2
22.3
22.9
23.1
24.7
25.3
28.4
30.0
31.8
34.9
38.9
39.4
42.0
43.1
44.9
45.0
45.0
46.0
46.2
49.0
64.3

15.8
16.7
15.8
16.5
17.2
18.0
18.6
18.5
18.8
18.5
19.7
20.3
20.5
20.5
22.0
22.2
23.0
25.0
24.3
26.6
28.0
30.1
31.2
35.0
38.0
39.6
42.0
43.2
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.8
46.2
49.0
64.3

Pressure/ 105 Pa

Average
Pressure

16.4
16.6
16.4
17.0
17.2
18.0
18.0
18.4
18.8
19.1
19.9
20.6
20.5
21.1
22.1
22.3
22.9
24.0
24.7
26.0
28.1
30.0
31.7
35.0
38.3
39.6
42.0
43.3
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.9
46.5
49.3
64.6

0.631
0.142
0.503
0.644
0.000
0.000
0.570
0.049
0.045
0.521
0.401
0.525
0.114
0.565
0.107
0.058
0.037
0.951
0.346
0.659
0.241
0.062
0.405
0.033
0.509
0.323
0.000
0.212
0.040
0.025
0.028
0.112
0.451
0.565
0.383

Volume/
cm

1st
measure
ment

4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

16.5
16.5
17.4
17.4
18.1
18.2
18.9
18.9
19.7
19.6
20.7
21.2
21.4
22.1
22.5
24.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
37.0
37.3
41.0
42.5
44.0
45.5
47.0
48.5
51.0
52.5
53.7
54.5
71.6

2nd
measure
ment

3rd
measure
ment

16.3
16.3
17.4
17.5
18.1
19.0
18.2
18.9
19.3
19.6
21.5
21.2
21.4
21.5
21.7
24.2
26.5
28.0
29.0
32.7
34.7
36.7
37.0
36.8
40.3
43.1
44.0
46.0
47.9
48.5
51.0
52.2
53.7
54.5
71.6

16.4
16.0
17.8
17.4
18.1
18.2
18.0
19.2
19.1
19.6
20.7
20.3
20.5
23.0
21.5
24.0
27.0
28.0
29.3
31.1
34.5
36.0
36.5
37.3
41.8
42.5
43.5
45.4
46.9
48.2
51.0
53.1
53.5
54.5
72.0

Average
Pressure

16.4
16.3
17.5
17.4
18.1
18.5
18.3
19.0
19.4
19.6
20.9
20.9
21.1
22.2
21.9
24.1
26.8
28.0
29.1
31.9
34.4
36.2
36.8
37.1
41.0
42.7
43.8
45.6
47.3
48.4
51.0
52.6
53.6
54.5
71.7

0.108
0.248
0.215
0.020
0.000
0.459
0.481
0.156
0.312
0.000
0.505
0.542
0.466
0.709
0.535
0.128
0.288
0.002
0.161
0.805
0.344
0.424
0.286
0.293
0.747
0.325
0.298
0.342
0.570
0.202
0.000
0.492
0.099
0.018
0.244

Appendix B: Figures

Table VII. Raw data for the pressure of ethane

as volume is decreased, at 36C
Pressure/ 105 Pa
Volume/
cm

4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

1st
measure
ment

17.1
17.1
17.6
17.7
18.3
18.9
19.1
19.8
20.1
20.5
21.3
21.9
22.6
23.3
24.0
26.0
28.0
29.0
32.0
35.0
37.0
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.5
44.0
45.5
47.0
48.5
50.0
52.0
54.0
56.0
58.0
73.0

2nd
measure
ment

3rd
measure
ment

17.1
17.5
17.6
17.9
18.2
18.4
19.3
19.8
20.1
20.5
21.3
21.9
23.7
22.5
23.1
25.6
27.8
28.4
31.1
35.0
36.5
39.0
39.4
41.0
42.3
44.5
46.2
47.1
49.0
50.0
52.0
54.1
56.0
59.6
73.4

16.8
17.1
17.8
17.9
18.4
18.5
19.1
19.7
20.1
20.5
21.3
21.6
22.6
23.1
24.0
25.8
28.0
29.5
32.0
34.6
37.0
39.0
40.6
41.0
42.5
45.4
46.4
47.9
48.5
50.0
53.1
53.9
56.0
58.4
72.1

Note: is the standard deviation

Average
Pressure

17.0
17.3
17.7
17.8
18.3
18.6
19.2
19.8
20.1
20.5
21.3
21.8
23.0
23.0
23.7
25.8
27.9
29.0
31.7
34.9
36.8
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.4
44.6
46.0
47.3
48.7
50.0
52.4
54.0
56.0
58.8
72.8

0.159
0.228
0.113
0.086
0.139
0.250
0.089
0.055
0.040
0.000
0.033
0.169
0.655
0.404
0.506
0.209
0.141
0.508
0.523
0.206
0.273
0.000
0.598
0.012
0.106
0.695
0.459
0.494
0.295
0.000
0.658
0.096
0.000
0.456
0.000

FIG. B1. The p-V-isotherm for sulphur hexafluoride

SF6. It shows TC is at 46C and pC is at 3.8 MPa as
that is the point at which a plateau no longer occurs
(point C). The isotherms below 46C are
characterised by a plateau caused by the liquefaction
of the gas (vapour-liquid equilibrium). 5

6
p-V-isotherms of Ethane Gas at Varying Temperatures
60.0

50.0

T=24C
T=30C
T=36C

Pressure/ 0.1 MPa

T=26C
T=32C

T=28C
T=34C

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Volume/ cm
FIG. B2. Enlarged version of the p-V-isotherms from Fig. 2. Plotted pressure against volume of ethane gas
at different temperatures (numerical results can be found in Tables I to VII, in appendix A) showing the
critical point, C ( peak of shaded region), which corresponds to TC of 32.867 C and pC of 46.21.8105
Pa and the standard deviations of the points on the isotherms.
1

T. L. Hill, Statistical Thermodynamics, AddisonWesley, Reading (1960), p. 280

2

Gas Properties, Ethane, Gas Encyclopedia,

Accessed from http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/
Encyclopedia.asp?GasID=28, on 27 March 2015.
3

Van der Waals constants (data page),

A c c e s s e d f r o m h t t p : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o rg / w i k i /
Van_der_Waals_constants_(data_page) on 27 March
2015
4

PHYWE series of publications, PHYWE SYSTEME

GMBH & Co. KG, D-37070 Gttingen 23204-00
5

QMUL Physics Laboratory Experiments, Thermal

equation of State and Critical point of Ethane (2014)
Accessed from http://qmplus.qmul.ac.uk/mod/resource/
view.php?id=212359 on 27 March 2015