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Test-tube B
Add a few drops of NaOH(aq) and shake; then, add Add a few drops of AgNO3(aq) and shake; then,
concentrated HCl dropwise, with shaking, until the allow to stand in sunlight.
solution is acidic.
(i)
(ii)
[
H is negative]
Sulphur dioxide gas is bubbled separately into cold water and hot water until an equilibrium is established in
each case.
Compare the acidity of the resulting solutions.
Explain your answer.
(ii)
Sulphur dioxide gas is a common pollutant found in exhaust fumes from factories, and it can be removed by
using aqueous sodium hydroxide.
(1)
(2)
Give TWO reasons why sulphur dioxide gas should be removed from the exhaust fumes?
(3)
Explain, in terms of the concept of chemical equilibrium, why aqueous sodium hydroxide can be used
to remove sulphur dioxide gas from the exhaust fumes.
(7 marks)
2NH3(g)
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
The graph below shows the amounts of nitrogen and hydrogen at different times after mixing 1 mole each of
the two gases in the container until equilibrium has been reached.
(i)
Which gas is consumed faster before equilibrium is reached? Explain your answer.
(ii)
(1)
(2)
Suggest how the time required for the system to reach the above equilibrium can be shortened. Explain
your answer.
nitrogen consumed?
(2)
hydrogen consumed?
(3)
ammonia formed?
(iv) Do you agree with the statement the yield of ammonia will be increased by adding water to the system?
Explain your answer.
(v)
(2)
2SO3(g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
(i)
H = -197 kJ mol-1
Suggest one method by which the amount of sulphur trioxide in the above equilibrium can be raised. Explain
your suggestion.
(ii)
In applying the above reaction to the industrial preparation of sulphur trioxide, the following two sets of
conditions are proposed:
Reactants
Temperature (oC)
Pressure (atm)
Catalyst
Case A
1000
100
V2O5
Case B
500
Pt
In each of the above cases, identify TWO conditions which are NOT favourable in industry. Explain your
answer.
(6 marks)
5. HKCEE 1994 I Q4
The manufacture of methanol can be represented by the following equation.
CH3OH(g)
CO(g) + 2H2(g)
H = 128 kJ mol-1
The yield of methanol is 45% when the following set of operating conditions is used:
Pressure
: 200 atm
Temperature : 400oC
Catalyst
: ZnO
With the intention of increasing the yield of methanol, a student suggested three other sets of conditions as
tabulated below:
Suggested set of conditions
Pressures / atm
Temperature / oC
Catalyst
100
400
ZnO
II
200
200
ZnO
III
200
400
Cr2O3
For each suggested set of conditions, decide and explain whether it can increase the yield of methanol.
(6 marks)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
(i)
-3
(ii)
Kc =
[ AB]
0.02
=
= 16.67 mol-1dm 3
[ A][ B] 0.04 0.03
(iii)
Kc =
[ AB ]
0.01
=
= 5 mol-1dm 3
[ A][ B ] 0.05 0.04
(iv)
increase in temperature
(v)
1
th
Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq)
Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s)
(You should mention all the solutions and apparatus required and outline the necessary experimental steps.
Chemical equations should be given wherever appropriate.)
(10 marks)
The method requires the use of known volumes and known concentrations of Ag+(ag) and
Fe2+(aq) for the reaction and the determination of the equilibrium concentration of Ag+(aq) by
titration with standard KSCN solution.
Procedures:
1. 25.0 cm3 of 0.10M Fe(NO3)2 solution is added to 25.0 cm3 of 0.10 M AgNO3 solution in a
conical flask.
2. Put the mixture in fume cupboard and wait for 10 hours to allow the reaction to reach
1
1
1
1
1
equilibrium.
Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s)
Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq)
0.1M)
Ag+(aq) + SCN-(aq) AgSCN(s)
Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) [FeSCN]2+(aq) blood red complex
The end point of the titration is indicated by the first appearance of red colour.
5. [Ag+(aq)]eqm= [Fe2+(aq)]eqm = x mol dm-3
3+
6. Kc =
-3
1
1
1
1
-----10
8. [HKAL 1988]
Consider the following reversible reaction:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
2SO3(g)
a.
A 1 dm3 reaction vessel at a given temperature was found to contain 0.11 mole of SO2, 0.12 mole of
SO3 and 0.05 mole of O2. What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, of the closed system?
b.
Another 1 dm3 reaction vessel contains 64 g of SO2 at the same temperature. How many moles of
O2 must be added to this vessel in order that, at equilibrium, half of the SO2 will be oxidized to SO3?
(Relative atomic masses: O, 16.00 ; S, 32.06.)
(7 marks)
Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq)
[FeSCN]2+(aq)
Outline such a method for the determination of the equilibrium constant Kc of the above equilibrium.
(4 marks)
CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l)
CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l)
12.01 g of ethanoic acid are treated with 4.61 g of ethanol in the presence of a catalyst. When the reaction
reaches equilibrium at 298K, 5.04 g of ethanoic acid are found to have reacted.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
What additional mass of ethanol would be required in order to use up a further 0.60 g of ethanoic acid?
(iv)
Would the addition of more of the same catalyst affect the value of Kc? Explain.
(7 marks)
N2(g) + O2(g)
2NO(g)
1.0 mol of O2(g) and 2.0 mol of N2(g) are allowed to react in a 2.0 dm3 closed container. Calculate the
concentration of N2(g), in mol dm-3, in the equilibrium mixture at 4200 K.
(3 marks)
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
In a simulation of the process, a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen was placed in a closed container. The
initial concentrations of nitrogen and hydrogen were 0.50 mol dm-3 and 1.50 mol dm-3 respectively. When the
equilibrium was attained at 723 K, 25.0 % of the original nitrogen was consumed.
(i)
Calculate the respective concentrations of nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia in the equilibrium mixture.
(ii)
(iii)
(I) State, with explanation, the effect of temperature on Kc for the reaction.
(II) Explain why the Haber process is not operated at temperatures much higher or much lower than
723 K.
(8 marks)
Ag(NH3)2+ (aq)
(1)
(2)
a.
For each of the reactions (1) and (2), write an expression for its Kc.
b.
#c.
Using your result in (b), calculate the solubility, in mol dm-3, of AgCl(s) in 0.10 M NH3(aq) at
298K.
[Ce3+(aq)][IO3-(aq)]3
Urea reacts with H + (aq) to give ammonium ions and carbon dioxide.
for this reaction.
(ii)
(iii) Tooth enamel consists mainly of hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3OH, which undergoes continuous
mineralisation and demineralisation according to the following equation:
With reference to the above information, suggest why the manufacturer of this brand of sugar-free
chewing gum claimed that chewing such gums after meals can help prevent tooth decay.
(5 marks)