Proposed Rule: Endangered and Threatened Species: Plant and Animal Species Candidates or Proposed For Listing, Findings On Resubmitted Petitions Description of Progress On Listing Actions Review

Wednesday,
May 11, 2005
Part II
Department of the
Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and
Plants; Review of Native Species That Are
Candidates or Proposed for Listing as
Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice
of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions;
Annual Description of Progress on Listing
Actions; Proposed Rule
VerDate jul<14>2003 17:16 May 10, 2005 Jkt 205001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\11MYP2.SGM 11MYP2
24870 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 90 / Wednesday, May 11, 2005 / Proposed Rules
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Wildlife and Plants during the period actions. We maintain this list for a
May 5, 2004, through May 2, 2005. variety of reasons: to notify the public
Fish and Wildlife Service DATES: We will accept comments on the that these species are facing threats to
Candidate Notice of Review at any time. their survival; to provide advance
50 CFR Part 17 knowledge of potential listings that
ADDRESSES: Submit your comments
could affect decisions of environmental
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife regarding a particular species to the
planners and developers; to provide
and Plants; Review of Native Species Regional Director of the Region
information that may stimulate
That Are Candidates or Proposed for identified in SUPPLEMENTARY
conservation efforts that will remove or
Listing as Endangered or Threatened; INFORMATION as having the lead
reduce threats to these species; to solicit
Annual Notice of Findings on responsibility for that species. You may
input from interested parties to help us
Resubmitted Petitions; Annual submit comments of a more general
identify those candidate species that
Description of Progress on Listing nature to the Chief, Division of
may not require protection under the
Actions Conservation and Classification, U.S.
Act or additional species that may
Fish and Wildlife Service, 4401 N.
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, require the Act’s protections; and to
Fairfax Drive, Room 420, Arlington, VA
Interior. solicit necessary information for setting
22203 (703/358–2171). Written priorities for preparing listing proposals.
ACTION: Notice of review. comments and materials received in Table 1 includes 286 species that we
response to this notice will be available regard as candidates for addition to the
SUMMARY: In this Candidate Notice of for public inspection by appointment at Lists of Endangered and Threatened
Review (CNOR), we, the U.S. Fish and the Division of Conservation and Wildlife and Plants (Lists), as well as 21
Wildlife Service (Service), present an Classification (for comments of a general species for which we have published
updated list of plant and animal species nature only) or at the appropriate proposed rules to list as threatened or
native to the United States that we Regional Office listed in SUPPLEMENTARY endangered species. Most of these
regard as candidates or have proposed INFORMATION. proposed species were previously
for addition to the Lists of Endangered Species assessment forms with identified in the 2003 CNOR (69 FR
and Threatened Wildlife and Plants information and references on a 24876, May 4, 2004). We encourage
under the Endangered Species Act of particular candidate species’ range, consideration of these species in
1973, as amended. Identification of status, habitat needs, and listing priority conservation planning, as well as other
candidate species can assist assignment are available for review at environmental planning, such as in
environmental planning efforts by the appropriate Regional Office listed environmental impact analysis done
providing advance notice of potential below in SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION or under the National Environmental
listings, allowing resource managers to at the Division of Conservation and Policy Act of 1969 (implemented at 40
alleviate threats and thereby possibly Classification, Arlington, Virginia (see CFR parts 1500–1508) and in local and
remove the need to list species as address above), or on our Internet Web statewide land use planning. Table 2
endangered or threatened. Even if we site (http://endangered.fws.gov/ contains eight species we identified as
subsequently list a candidate species, candidates/index.html). candidates or as proposed species in the
the early notice provided here could FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: The May 4, 2004, CNOR that we now no
result in more options for species Endangered Species Coordinator(s) in longer consider candidates. This
management and recovery by prompting the appropriate Regional Office(s) or includes two species that we listed as
candidate conservation measures to Chris Nolin, Chief, Division of threatened since May 4, 2004, one
alleviate threats to the species. Conservation and Classification (703– species that we withdrew the proposed
The CNOR summarizes the status and 358–2171). rule, one species that we removed from
threats that we evaluated in order to candidacy through a notice published
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
determine that species qualify as on August 18, 2004 (69 FR 51217), and
candidates and to assign a listing Candidate Notice of Review four species that we are removing from
priority number to each species. candidacy through this notice. The
Additional material that we relied on is Background
Region having lead responsibility for the
available in the Species Assessment and The Endangered Species Act of 1973, particular species maintains updated
Listing Priority Assignment Forms as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) records of information on candidate
(species assessment forms, previously (Act), requires that we identify species species.
called candidate forms) for each of wildlife and plants that are
candidate species. endangered or threatened, based on the Previous Notices of Review
We request additional status best available scientific and commercial The Act directed the Secretary of the
information that may be available for information. Through the Federal Smithsonian Institution to prepare a
the 286 candidate species. We will rulemaking process, we add these report on endangered and threatened
consider this information in preparing species to the List of Endangered and plant species, which was published as
listing documents and future revisions Threatened Wildlife at 50 CFR 17.11 or House Document No. 94–51. We
to the notice of review, as it will help the List of Endangered and Threatened published a notice in the Federal
us in monitoring changes in the status Plants at 50 CFR 17.12. As part of this Register on July 1, 1975 (40 FR 27823),
of candidate species and in management program, we maintain a list of species in which we announced that we would
for conserving them. We also request that we regard as candidates for listing. review more than 3,000 native plant
information on additional species that A candidate species is one for which we species named in the Smithsonian’s
we should include as candidates as we have on file sufficient information on report and other species added by the
prepare future updates of this list. biological vulnerability and threats to 1975 notice for possible addition to the
This document also includes our support a proposal to list as endangered List of Endangered and Threatened
findings on resubmitted petitions and or threatened, but for which preparation Plants. A new comprehensive notice of
describes our progress in revising the and publication of a proposal is review for native plants, which took
Lists of Endangered and Threatened precluded by higher-priority listing into account the earlier Smithsonian
Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 90 / Wednesday, May 11, 2005 / Proposed Rules 24871
report and other accumulated September 21, 1983 (48 FR 43098). We species are year-round residents of
information, superseded the 1975 notice also evaluated the need to emergency- rivers and large creeks and that young,
on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479). list any of these species, particularly juveniles, and subadults occupy
On November 28, 1983 (48 FR 53640), species with high priorities (i.e., species primarily the lower reaches of creeks
a supplemental plant notice of review with listing priority numbers of 1, 2, or and rivers and near-shore portions of
announced changes in the status of 3). This review and reevaluation ensures certain reservoirs. It is likely that after
various species. We published complete that we focus conservation efforts on emerging from the stream substrata,
updates of the plant notice on those species at greatest risk. As of May many of the larvae and postlarvae are
September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39526); 2, 2005, 18 animals are proposed for carried downstream to the mouths of
February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6184); endangered status; 2 animals are streams or into reservoirs. Newly mature
September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144); and, proposed for threatened status (not fish (≥5 years of age) appear to migrate
as part of combined animal and plant including proposed reclassifications of from the reservoirs to spawn and then
notices, on February 28, 1996 (61 FR endangered species); 1 animal is remain in the streams with the other
7596); September 19, 1997 (62 FR proposed for threatened-due-to- adults.
49398); October 25, 1999 (64 FR 57534); similarity-of-appearance status; and 145 Based on an analysis of preserved
October 30, 2001 (66 FR 54808); June plant and 141 animal candidates are specimens, the species is relatively long
13, 2002 (67 FR 40657); and May 4, awaiting preparation of proposed rules lived, with both sexes living at least to
2004 (69 FR 24876). Additionally, on (see Table 1). Table 2 includes eight 17 years of age; however, based on the
January 8, 2001 (66 FR 1295), we species we previously classified as size of fish seen in the streams, some
published our resubmitted petition either proposed for listing or candidates individuals probably live for over 20
finding for one plant species having an that we no longer classify in those years. Spawning typically occurs over
outstanding ‘‘warranted-but-precluded categories. cobble, with usually only a small
finding’’ on a petition to list. portion of sand and gravel, in moderate
We published earlier comprehensive Summary of New Candidates to fast runs in open areas and pockets
reviews for vertebrate animals in the Below we present brief summaries of formed by boulders and outcrops. The
Federal Register on December 30, 1982 five new candidates, including one spawning period for the sicklefin runs
(47 FR 58454), and on September 18, species of fish, one insect, one from late April through mid-May.
1985 (50 FR 37958). We published an crustacean, and two plants. Complete Past and recent collection records of
initial comprehensive review for information, including references, can the sicklefin redhorse, together with
invertebrate animals on May 22, 1984 be found in the species assessment what is known about the habitat
(49 FR 21664). We published a forms. You may obtain a copy of these utilization of the species, indicate that
combined animal notice of review on forms from the Regional Office having the sicklefin redhorse once inhabited
January 6, 1989 (54 FR 554), and with the lead for the species, or from our the majority, if not all, of the rivers and
minor corrections on August 10, 1989 Internet Web site (http:// large creeks in the Blue Ridge portion of
(54 FR 32833). We again published endangered.fws.gov/candidates/ the Hiwassee and Little Tennessee River
comprehensive animal notices on index.html). systems in North Carolina, Tennessee,
November 21, 1991 (56 FR 58804); and Georgia. Current estimates are that
Fish
November 15, 1994 (59 FR 58982); and, the species has apparently been
as part of combined animal and plant Sicklefin redhorse (Moxostoma sp.)— eliminated from roughly 60 percent of
notices, on February 28, 1996 (61 FR The sicklefin redhorse is a medium- its former range. This is a conservative
7596); September 19, 1997 (62 FR sized redhorse fish, reaching up to about estimate that: (1) Includes several miles
49398); October 25, 1999 (64 FR 57534); 18 inches, with an elongate, somewhat of the Hiwassee and Fontana Reservoirs
October 30, 2001 (66 FR 54808); June compressed body and a highly falcate within the present range of the species
13, 2002 (67 FR 40657); and May 4, (sickle-shaped) dorsal fin and are found (although portions of these reservoirs
2004 (69 FR 24876). Additionally, on in North Carolina, Tennessee and appear to provide survivable habitat for
January 8, 2001 (66 FR 1295), we Georgia. Detailed morphological and juvenile sicklefins, they do not provide
published our resubmitted petition genetic studies have concluded that the foraging or spawning habitat for adults
findings for 25 animal species having sicklefin redhorse is a distinct species. of the species); and (2) does not include
outstanding ‘‘warranted-but-precluded’’ The species is currently known to some of the higher reaches of some of
petition findings as well as notice of one occupy cool to warm, moderate gradient the creeks where the sicklefin redhorse
candidate removal. creeks and rivers, and, during parts of currently occurs in their lowermost
This revised notice supersedes all its early life stages, large reservoirs. In reaches. Additionally, the Cheoah River,
previous animal, plant, and combined streams, it is most often observed in Cullasaja River, Cartoogechaye Creek,
notices of review. riffles, runs, and well-flowing pools. It Oconaluftee River, and several other
feeds and spawns in gravel, cobble, and large tributaries in the Hiwassee and
Summary boulder substrates with no, or very Little Tennessee River systems may also
Since publication of the 2003 CNOR little, silt overlay. have once been inhabited by the
on May 4, 2004 (69 FR 24876), we Like many other redhorse species, the sicklefin redhorse.
reviewed the available information on sicklefin redhorse is known mainly from Impacts associated with the
candidate species to ensure that a flowing streams; however, also like construction and operation of dams for
proposed listing is justified for each many other redhorse species, the hydropower generation on the streams
species and reevaluated the relative sicklefin redhorse appears to have inhabited by the species is the primary
listing priority assignment of each adapted to spending at least part of its cause of the extirpation of the sicklefin
species. A candidate species is assigned life in the near-shore areas of redhorse throughout the majority of its
a listing priority number (LPN) of 1–12 impounded streams where pre- former range. These impoundments
depending on the magnitude of threats, spawning age sicklefins have been created by the dams eliminate spawning
the imminence of threats, and by its collected, mainly near the mouth of and foraging habitat of the adult
taxonomic status in accordance with our streams that feed the reservoirs. Current sicklefin redhorse by changing the
priority guidance as published on observations indicate that adults of the conditions from flowing to still water.
Water depth increases, flow decreases, areas that are presently primarily rural, the Miami blue has become established
and silt accumulates on the bottom. many of the communities within the at any of the release sites.
Impoundments not only destroy riverine watersheds of these streams are Extensive losses of the species’ habitat
habitat within the impounded portion of experiencing increasing development and fragmentation of remaining patches,
the stream, but they alter the quality and pressure, both commercial and along with mosquito control activities,
stability of the downstream reaches by residential, and are developing plans for are the likely cause of the species’
adversely affecting water flow regimes, upgrading and improving their decline. Although many areas on public
velocities, temperature, chemistry, and infrastructure (e.g., roads, water lands may offer suitable nectar and
nutrient cycles. Dams that operate by supplies, sewer/wastewater treatment other host plants, the extremely limited
releasing cold water from near the systems, etc.) to provide for increased dispersal ability of the species likely
bottom of the reservoirs lower the water densities of development. prevents these areas from becoming
temperature downstream, changing Because of the entire current range of occupied and used. The Miami blue
downstream reaches from warm-or cool- the sickelefin redhorse is affected by the butterfly is threatened by the combined
water streams to cold-water streams and threats described above, the magnitude influences of habitat destruction and
affecting their suitability for many of the of the threat to the species is high. modification, mosquito control
native species historically inhabiting Although the threats faced by the activities, and loss of genetic diversity
these stream reaches. The effects of sicklefin redhorse are significant, it is associated with isolated populations.
impoundments result in changes in fish not anticipated that the species will be The possibility for catastrophic events
and macroinvertebrate communities subject to these threats in the immediate (e.g., hurricanes) also poses a threat to
(macroinvertebrates are the main prey future. Therefore, we assigned a listing the survival of this butterfly. In addition
items of the sicklefin), species requiring priority of 5 to this species. to these threats, habitat loss and
clean gravel and sand substrates are lost. fragmentation, fire suppression,
Insects
In addition, dams result in the displacement of native host plants by
Miami blue butterfly (Cyclargus invasive exotic species, detrimental
fragmentation and isolation of
thomasi bethunebakeri)—The Miami land management practices, accidental
populations of remaining populations of
blue is a coastal butterfly that occurs at harm from humans, and inadequate
the sicklefin redhorse, acting as effective
the edges of tropical hardwood regulatory protection pose threats to the
barriers to the natural upstream and
hammocks (forests) and occasionally in species throughout the species historic
downstream expansion or recruitment
tropical pinelands and along trails, range. Predation, accidental harm or
of the species. Natural upstream and
utilizing open sunny areas in southern habitat destruction, and illegal
downstream population expansion and
Florida. The geographic range of this collection may also pose a threat to the
repopulation of the majority of the butterfly once extended from the Florida
species’ former range are restricted Miami blue due to the small population
Keys north along the coasts to about St. size at the known locations. Due to
because of the barriers posed by the Petersburg and Daytona, Florida.
existing dams and impacts to the nonimminent threats of high magnitude
Although little specific historic as described above, we assigned a listing
tailwaters associated with the current information exists on the abundance
operation of the dams. As a result, the priority number of 6 to this subspecies.
and distribution patterns of the Miami
Hiwassee River system and Little blue, it is clear that the occurrence of Crustaceans
Tennessee River system populations are this butterfly throughout its historic Diminutive amphipod (Gammarus
isolated from each other. This isolation range has been significantly reduced, hyalleloides)—The diminutive
decreases their ability to respond to with only small remnants remaining. amphipod is a small amphipod that is
nature- and human-induced changes in Despite extensive surveys of known ranked as ‘‘critically endangered
their environment and increases their suitable habitat and/or historical throughout its range’’ (G1) by
vulnerability to extirpation. Wastewater records, the species is now found only NatureServe and ‘‘critically endangered
discharges, together with impacts to in a single metapopulation, located at throughout its range’’ (S1) by the State
water and habitat quality associated Bahia Honda Key State Park (Park), with of Texas. Based on surveys and genetic
with a variety of other land disturbance a few immature individuals on West analysis, this species only occurs in four
activities carried out without adequate Summerland Key. This metapopulation spring outflows in the Toyah Basin,
measures to control storm water and is comprised of thirteen distinct Balmorhea area of Reeves and Jeff Davis
erosion, also played a significant role in colonies in the Park. Counties, Texas; these springs are all
the decline of the species. In November 2002, the Service within about 8 miles (13 km) of each
Many of the same factors believed to worked with researchers and the State other within the San Solomon Spring
have contributed to the extirpation of to establish a captive propagation System. In addition to being an
the species from much of its former program for the Miami blue due to the important habitat for rare aquatic fauna,
range potentially threaten these low estimated population at its only this spring system is also an important
remaining populations. All of the known location. As of December 2004, source of irrigation water for the farming
surviving occurrences of the sicklefin the captive colony had numerous communities in the Toyah Basin. The
redhorse are restricted to relatively short generations, with hundreds of primary threat to the species is the loss
reaches of the streams they occupy, individuals in captivity. Efforts have of surface flows due to declining
primarily due to existing dams. Their been undertaken to reintroduce captive- groundwater levels from drought and
limited distributions make them bred Miami blues to Federal lands (i.e., pumping for agricultural production.
extremely vulnerable to the effects from Everglades National Park and Biscayne The natural ciènega habitats (marshland
single catastrophic events (such as toxic National Park) within the butterfly’s communities associated with perennial
chemical spills, major sedimentation historic range. However, subsequent springs and headwater streams) of the
events, channel modification, etc.) and/ monitoring has indicated an Balmorhea area have been mostly
or the cumulative effects of lesser inconsistent or sporadic presence of altered over time to accommodate
impacts to their habitat and numbers. only a small number of individuals of agricultural irrigation. Most significant
Although the majority of the streams varying life stages at release sites. was the draining of wetland areas and
still occupied by the species occur in Monitoring results do not indicate that the modification of spring outlets for
development of human use of the water is being rapidly developed. There are no to influence the habitat occupied by the
resources. Although the land plans being implemented for the species, and may be facilitating (via a
surrounding the amphibod’s current management, protection, or reduction in the frequency and
habitat is owned and managed by The conservation of the species. The magnitude of scouring events) the
Nature Conservancy, Bureau of Colorado Rare Plant Technical establishment and spread of mimosa
Reclamation, and Texas Parks and Committee, including botanists from the (Albizia julibrissin) (an invasive,
Wildlife Department, the water needed Colorado Natural Heritage Program, has nonnative shrub). Because mimosa is
to maintain its habitat has declined due identified I. polyantha as the species already shading established Solidago
to a reduction in spring flows, possibly most in need of protection and recovery plumosa plants, it may potentially be
as result of private groundwater efforts in 2005 in Colorado. We assign competing for seed germination and
pumping in areas beyond that are this species a listing priority number 2 seedling establishment sites. The threats
controlled by these landowners. based on imminent habitat destruction posed by lack of scouring and the
Pumping of the regional aquifer system throughout its narrow range. subsequent establishment and spread of
for agricultural production of crops has Solidago plumosa (Yadkin River mimosa are ongoing and, therefore,
resulted in the drying of other springs goldenrod)—A member of the considered to be imminent. The threat
in this region, including Comanche Asteraceae family, Solidago plumosa is posed by the nonnative hybrid bush
Springs, which was once a large surface endemic to the Yadkin River in North honeysuckle (Lonicera x bella) is more
spring in Fort Stockton, Texas. Another Carolina and was originally described remote, as the species has not yet
example is Phantom Lake Spring, one of from the Narrows Canyon and Falls area established in habitats occupied by
the sites of occurrence for the of this river in 1894. Currently, plants Solidago plumosa. We conclude that the
amphipod, which ceased flowing in are know to exist in only two locations, threats affecting the species are of a
2000; aquatic habitat is now supported located approximately 2 kilometers moderate to low magnitude, but are
only by a pumping system. Another apart along the shoreline of the Yadkin imminent, leading to a listing priority
threat to amphipod habitat is the River in North Carolina. This species is number of 8.
potential degradation of water quality ranked as ‘‘critically endangered
throughout its range’’ (G1) by Summary of Listing Priority Changes in
from point and nonpoint pollutant
NatureServe and ‘‘critically endangered Candidates
sources. This pollution can occur either
directly into surface water or indirectly in the state’’ (S1) by the North Carolina We reviewed the listing priority
through contamination of groundwater Natural Heritage Program. The historical number for all candidate species and are
that discharges into spring run habitats and current impacts resulting from the changing the numbers for the following
used by the amphipod. The primary construction and operation of reservoirs species. Some of the changes reflect
threat for contamination comes from appear to be similar at each of these two actual changes in either the magnitude
herbicide and pesticide use in nearby surviving occurrences of the species, as or imminence of the threats, and in two
agricultural areas. does the threat posed by invasive, cases, reflect a change in the taxonomy
Although the physical condition of nonnative vegetation. The species of the species. For some species, our
the areas where this species is found has appears to persist in areas subjected to changes in the listing priority number
changed dramatically over time from periodic water scouring of a velocity reflect efforts to ensure national
human actions, at least a portion of the sufficient to prevent the establishment consistency as well as closer adherence
native biota remain. However, three of of other species without eliminating to the 1983 guidelines in assigning these
the four known current occurrences of previously established Solidago numbers, rather than a change in the
the species are in degraded habitats (the plumosa plants (the age of which is nature of the threats.
exception is East Sandia Spring) unknown). At the same time, although Mammals
because the natural conditions of the dependent upon some level of flood
springs have been substantially scouring, the species does not appear to Mazama pocket gopher (Thomomys
modified for human use. Any additional be tolerant of prolonged inundation as mazama ssp. couchi, glacialis, louiei,
modifications to the spring flow habitats it does not occur in frequently flooded melanops, pugetensis, tacomensis,
will further threaten the species. habitats. Therefore, the availability of tumuli, and yelmensis)—Candidate
Therefore, with imminent threats of suitable habitat and the fate of all status applies to each of these eight
high magnitude, we assign this species known populations of this species are subspecies of Thomomys mazama, all of
a listing priority number of 2. primarily determined by the manner in which are associated with glacial
which the Narrows and Falls Reservoirs outwash prairies in western
Flowering Plants Washington. We do not include other T.
are operated. To the extent that
Ipomopsis polyantha (Pagosa operation of hydroelectric facilities mazama subspecies that occur in
skyrocket)—Pagosa skyrocket is an could be modified in the future to Oregon and California (commonly
extremely narrow endemic with a global enhance conditions for Solidago referred to as ‘‘western pocket gophers’’)
distribution limited to a 13-mile range plumose, the effects of reservoir as candidate species. Except as
on outcrops of Pagosa-Winifred soils construction and operation are not otherwise noted, the following
derived from mancos shale in Archuleta believed to be permanent or irreversible. description applies to each of the
County, Colorado. The total population Thus, the magnitude of these threats subspecies. Most populations are small,
size is estimated to be between 2,246 may be substantially reduced. In light of isolated, and patchily distributed. There
and 10,626 plants. It is ranked as all of these considerations, the are no historical data and scant
‘‘critically endangered throughout its magnitude of threats to the species is quantitative data on current
range’’ (G1) by NatureServe and estimated to be ‘‘moderate to low.’’ populations. Several populations are
‘‘critically endangered in the state’’ (S1) One of the primary threats that now extirpated. Two, and possibly
by the Colorado Natural Heritage affected the species (construction of three, of the subspecies may be extinct
Program. Populations are on federal Narrows and Falls Reservoirs and the (T. m. louiei, T. m. tacomensis, and T.
highway rights of way and private resulting inundation of suitable habitat) m. tumuli).
lands. Much of the occupied habitat on has already occurred. However, Threats include destruction and
private lands has been subdivided and operation of these reservoirs continues alteration of prairie habitat due to
development, altered fire regimes, and A recent taxonomic study that habitat to agricultural use, predation,
encroachment of native and nonnative examined the morphology of this recreational shooting, disease, potential
plants; conflicts with military activities subspecies as well as those of adjacent effects of pesticides, and potential
and airport development and populations of another subspecies (S. t. effects of drought on forage quality and
maintenance activities; house cat tereticaudus) revealed that the original quantity. However, while the magnitude
predation; consideration as agricultural classification of this subspecies may be of threats remains high for the
pests; and vulnerability to naturally in question. Pelage (hair) color was Washington ground squirrel, the
occurring, random events. The found to be different among the two immediacy of threats has declined in
magnitude of threats is high due to subspecies. In addition, this study also the past year. The majority of existing
patchy and isolated population discovered that putative S. t. colonies (in Oregon and throughout the
distributions in habitats highly desirable tereticaudus populations in Death species’ current range) are located on
for development and subject to a wide Valley, the western central region of the the Boardman Bombing Range and the
variety of human activities that Mojave Desert, and Borrego Valley were Boeing tract, which contain the largest
permanently alter the habitat. There are more similar in pelage color to S. t. contiguous suitable Washington ground
high and constant invasions of plant chlorus in the Coachella Valley than squirrel habitat. Although Boardman
species altering the quality of remaining other S. t. tereticaudus populations from Bombing Range activities are not
habitat. Loss of any of the subspecies the Colorado River region of eastern certain, they are not expected to change
will reduce the genetic diversity and Imperial and Riverside Counties. We are significantly in the foreseeable future.
likelihood of the continued existence of awaiting peer review of this report In 2003, the largest threat to colonies
the species in Washington. Threats are before we take action to reconsider in Oregon was the imminent conversion
imminent because many of those listed whether this subspecies is valid. In the of the Boeing tract for agriculture. This
above are ongoing. It is likely that the meantime, we are seeking funding to would have resulted in the permanent
extirpation of some populations and the pursue a genetic study that will loss of habitat for one of the largest
extinction of two, and possibly three, determine this species’ taxonomy based contiguous blocks of Washington
subspecies are the result of one or more on DNA. Based on our evaluation that ground squirrels. However, in 2004, a
of these threats affecting each of these the threats pose an imminent risk of a 25-year Multi-Species Candidate
populations and subspecies. One high magnitude, we changed the listing Conservation Agreement with
subspecies is threatened by gravel pits, priority number for this subspecies from Assurances (CCAA) was signed by
and two subspecies are located on a 6 to a 3. Threemile Canyon Farms, The Nature
airports with planned development. Conservancy, Portland General Electric,
Washington ground squirrel Oregon Department of Fish and
Because of the increased imminence of (Spermophilus washingtoni)—This
threats, we changed the listing priority Wildlife, and the Service. The parties
species is one of the smallest members will implement habitat management,
number for each of the eight subspecies of the subgenus Spermophilus, and is
of the Mazama pocket gopher from a 6 operational modifications, and
found within the shrub-steppe habitat of conservation measures for four non-
to a 3. the Columbia Basin ecosystem of listed species, including the Washington
Palm Springs (Coachella Valley) Washington and Oregon. The soil types ground squirrel, on approximately
round-tailed ground squirrel used by the squirrels are distributed 93,000 ac (37,636 ha) enrolled in the
(Spermophilus tereticaudus chlorus)— sporadically within the species’ range, CCAA. Under this agreement, Threemile
The Palm Springs round-tailed ground and have been seriously fragmented by Canyon Farms placed 22,600 ac (9,146
squirrel is one of four recognized human development in the Columbia ha) of the Boeing tract into a permanent
subspecies of round-tailed ground Basin, particularly by conversion to Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
squirrels. The range for the Palm agricultural use. Where agriculture Conservation Easement (Boardman
Springs round-tailed ground squirrel occurs, little evidence of ground squirrel Conservation Area). Also, Portland
corresponds to the Coachella Valley use has been documented, and reports General Electric identified 888 ac (356
region in Riverside County, California. indicate that ongoing agricultural ha) for management as part of the
Primary habitat for the Palm Springs conversion eliminates Washington Conservation Area for the duration of
round-tailed ground squirrel in the ground squirrel habitat. The most the CCAA. The Boardman Conservation
Coachella Valley is the mesquite sand contiguous, least-disturbed expanse of Area will be managed by TNC with the
dune/hummock community. The suitable Washington ground squirrel goal to maintain and improve where
species also is found in smaller numbers habitat, and likely the densest feasible the integrity of existing native
in creosote communities on sand dunes distribution of colonies within the range communities and associated species
and hummocks. Approximately 90 of the species, occurs on the Boeing site covered by the CCAA, including the
percent of the mesquite hummock and Boardman Bombing Range in Washington ground squirrel. All but two
communities in the Coachella Valley are Oregon, and on Federal and State- known sites and the majority of suitable
estimated to have been lost since 1939, owned land in Washington. However, in habitat on the Boeing tract are located
a reduction from 3,363 hectares (8,309 Washington, recent declines in some on the Boardman Conservation Area and
acres) to 352 hectares (870 acres). Future colonies have been precipitous and the therefore are protected from irreversible
development threatens more mesquite reasons for them are unknown. In 2001, habitat modification. Based on our
communities occupied by the Palm for instance, entire colonies of ground current evaluation of threats, we
Springs round-tailed ground squirrel. squirrels were no longer occupied on changed the listing priority number
The largest unprotected mesquite the Columbia National Wildlife Refuge from 2 to 5 for this species as the threats
community in Indio Hills was recently and Seep Lakes Management Area near are no longer imminent.
developed, effectively eliminating a Othello, Washington, despite the State
large ground squirrel population. The protected status of the species in the Birds
rapid growth of urban development in area. Current and potential threats to the Spotless crake (Porzana tabuensis),
the Coachella Valley is threatening continuing survival of the species American Samoa Distinct Population
existing ground squirrel populations include the following: habitat loss from Segment (DPS)—The genus Porzana is
with habitat fragmentation. the conversion of potential and known widespread in the Pacific, where it is
represented by numerous island- French Polynesia, and G. stairi is malaria is endemic is likely to increase
endemic and flightless species (many of endemic to Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji. All with global climate change.
which are extinct as a result of six species have some level of Efforts are underway to reduce habitat
anthropogenic disturbances) as well as threatened status on the International loss through control of invasive
several common and cosmopolitan Union for Conservation of Nature and nonnative plants in some areas, but
species such as the common crake. The Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List. there is no weed control in most of the
spotless crake is found in the Some authors recognize two subspecies range of the Kauai creeper, and habitat
Philippines, Australia, Fiji, Tonga, of the friendly ground-dove, one, loss is already occurring. Also, there are
Society Islands, Marquesas, slightly smaller, in the Samoan currently no efforts to control habitat
Independent Samoa, and American archipelago (G. s. stairi), and one in damage by feral ungulates within the
Samoa. No subspecies are currently Tonga and Fiji (G. s. vitiensis), but range of the Kauai creeper.
recognized. morphological differences between the A large scale survey in 2000 showed
The status of populations in other two are minimal. In American Samoa, that in the last 30 years the estimated
areas is not well known, but the species the friendly ground-dove has been population declined nearly 80 percent
is thought to be in decline throughout found on the islands of Ofu and Olosega (from 6,832 ± 966 to 1,472 ± 680 birds),
the oceanic Pacific, with at least one (Manua Group). the range decreased approximately 60
known extirpation (from the island of Of the primary threats to the percent (from 21,750 to 8,896 acres
Futuna). In American Samoa, the subspecies (predation by nonnative (8,800 to 3,600 hectares)), and the
population of the spotless crake is species, poaching and habitat loss), only species has disappeared from much of
restricted to the summit of Tau Island. predation by nonnative species is the periphery of its range. The listing
The only known population in thought to be occurring now, and likely priority number for the Kauai creeper is
American Samoa co-occurs with has been occurring for several decades. changed from a 5 to a 2 because the
Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), which This predation may be an important threats facing the species are of a high
are known to prey on birds and their impediment to increases in the magnitude and are imminent.
eggs and young. The spotless crake is Yellow-billed cuckoo, Western
population. Predation by introduced
particularly vulnerable because it is Continental U.S. DPS (Coccyzus
species has played a significant role in
small, nests on the ground, and on Tau americanus)—While the cuckoo is still
reducing and limiting populations of relatively common east of the crest of
summit has no wetland refuge from
island birds, especially ground-nesters, the Rocky Mountains, biologists
predators. Finally, this single
in the Pacific and other locations estimate that more than 90 percent of
population, which existing survey data
worldwide. Nonnative predators known the bird’s riparian (streamside) habitat
suggest is a small population, is at risk
or thought to occur in the range of the in the West has been lost or degraded.
from stochastic occurrences such as
friendly ground-dove in American These modifications, and the resulting
typhoons and inbreeding depression.
Samoa are feral cats (Felis catus), decline in the distribution and
These threats affect the entire known
Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans), black abundance of yellow-billed cuckoos
population of this species in American
Samoa, and are potentially lethal to rats (R. rattus), and Norway rats (R. throughout the western states, are
individuals. The magnitude of threats norvegicus). Consistent monitoring believed to be due to conversion to
facing the species is thus high, and using a variety of methods over the last agriculture; grazing; competition from
these threats are more imminent than 5 years yielded few observations of this nonnative plants, such as tamarisk; river
previously inferred because additional taxon in American Samoa. The total management, including altered flow and
surveys indicate that this species occurs population size is poorly known, but is sediment regime; and flood control
only as a single, small population in unlikely to number more than a few practices, such as channelization and
American Samoa. hundred pairs. The distribution of the bank protection. Riparian habitat is
Although this species may use a wide friendly ground-dove is limited to steep, continuing to be destroyed through land
variety of habitats, wetland habitats may rocky slopes; areas that are not common use conversion and grazing. Threats to
be necessary for self-sustaining in American Samoa. Threats to this the yellow-billed cuckoo have not
populations of the crake to persist in the subspecies have not changed over the changed over the past year, but to better
presence of predators. Wetland habitats past year, but to better reflect the fact reflect the fact that threats are
are limited in American Samoa, and that threats due to small population size imminent, we revised the listing priority
enforcement of their conservation under and nonnative predators are imminent, number from a 6 to a 3 for this DPS.
local and Federal law is not consistent. we revised the listing priority number Many-colored fruit-dove (Ptilinopus
The listing priority number for the from a 6 to a 3. perousii perousii)—Two subspecies of
spotless crake is changed from 6 to 3 Kauai creeper (Oreomystis bairdi)— the many-colored fruit-dove exist. One,
because surveys on Tau over the past The Kauai creeper, or akikiki, is a small P. p. perousii, is found in American
several years have failed to yield Hawaiian honeycreeper found only on Samoa, within the four main islands of
evidence of this species in locations the island of Kauai, Hawaii, with no Tutuila, Olosega, Ofu, and Tau, and
other than the summit, no observations described subspecies. The species is Independent Samoa. Another
of this species have been made during known to be presently facing the subspecies, P. p. mariae, is found in Fiji
extensive, ongoing surveys of birds primary threats of disease (avian and Tonga.
elsewhere in American Samoa, and the malaria) and habitat degradation and The primary threats to P. p. perousii,
threat from rat predation is ongoing. loss. These threats have persisted over loss of the native banyan trees on which
Friendly ground-dove (Gallicolumba several decades, and are affecting a large it depends, poaching, and predation by
stairi stairi)—The genus Gallicolumba is proportion of the population. nonnative mammals, are thought to
distributed throughout the Pacific and The mosquito vector of avian malaria occur at levels insufficient to have a
Southeast Asia. The genus is has been found throughout the range of detrimental effect on the species’
represented in the oceanic Pacific by six elevations over which the creeper population in American Samoa. This is
species. Three are endemic to occurs, and malaria transmission occurs demonstrated by the fact that 5 years of
Micronesian islands or archipelagos, at least periodically over the species’ extensive and intensive monitoring
two are endemic to island groups in entire range. The area of forest where indicate an increase in the detected
relative abundance of many-colored Xantus’s murrelet (Synthliboramphus resulting in death as chicks are
fruit-doves in American Samoa. This hypoleucus)—Xantus’s murrelet is a dependent on parents for survival.
trend may have been interrupted by small seabird of the Alcid family that Additionally, squid boats operate in
Typhoon Heta in January of 2004, when occurs along the western coast of North shallow waters close to Xantus’s
damage to their primary food plants, the America in the United States and murrelet breeding colonies in the
two species of native banyan trees, may Mexico. Xantus’s murrelet populations California Channel Islands. Increased
have altered the doves’ foraging to make in the United States and Mexico appear predation on Xantus’s murrelets by
them more vulnerable to the to have declined due to a wide variety Western gulls (Larus occidentalis) and
opportunistic poaching that typically of threats, with substantial declines barn owls (Tyto alba) as a result of
takes place after typhoons (Craig et al. evident at the largest known breeding lighting, particularly from squid boats,
1994). population and extirpations on three of near breeding colonies has been
At present, no disturbance other than the Mexican islands. Data from the documented. To address the threat from
typhoons is known to affect the largest breeding population on Santa light pollution, the California
abundance, distribution, or productivity Barbara Island in the United States Department of Fish and Game
of native banyans in American Samoa. indicated a dramatic decline (as much implemented regulations to require
Loss of native rainforest harboring these as 70 percent from 1977 to the mid- shielding and limit wattage of lights
banyans and, presumably, the nesting 1990s); data from other islands are used by boats conducting nighttime
habitat for the many-colored fruit-dove scarce. fishing activities. Although these
is not currently considered to be taking Although the decline in Xantus’s regulations do not remove the negative
place at a rate that poses a severe or murrelet populations appears to have effects of this activity, they likely have
imminent risk to the many-colored fruit- been substantial, some of the largest resulted in a reduction of the impacts.
dove, and poaching of this species is threats are being addressed, and, to Although not likely responsible for the
thought to be an extremely rare some degree, ameliorated in the United species’ current low numbers, oil
occurrence. States. For example, although predation pollution may pose a potential threat to
is a large contributor to the current low the survival of the Xantus’s murrelet
Predation by introduced species has
population numbers of the Xantus’s population.
played a significant role in limiting and
murrelet, it does not pose as imminent Despite actions to address some of the
extirpating populations of island birds
a threat as it once did. Cats and rats threats to this species, a recent proposal
in the Pacific and other locations
have been removed from many of the by ChevronTexaco Corporation to build
worldwide (Atkinson 1977, 1985; Moors
islands where they once occurred. a liquid natural gas (LNG) facility 600
and Atkinson 1984). Nonnative
Anacapa Island implemented a rat meters offshore Islas Los Coronados in
predators known to occur in the range
eradication program in 2001 that seems Baja California, Mexico, poses a threat
of the many-colored fruit-dove in
to have been successful in removing that to the survival of the Xantus’s murrelet.
American Samoa that could be a
nonnative predator of the Xantus’s The Los Coronados islands support the
significant threat to this arboreal-nesting murrelet. Rats were eradicated in 1994 largest known breeding population of
bird are black rats (R. rattus), Norway from San Roque Island. Although the Xantus’s murrelets in the world. The
rats (R. norvegicus), and feral cats (Felis nonnative herbivores have been absent construction and operation of the
catus). However the continued existence from Santa Barbara Island since the late proposed LNG facility at Islas Los
of this species and the recently 1950s, their presence facilitated the Coronados would increase levels of
documented increase in its abundance, introduction of non-native grasses, disturbance to Xantus’s murrelets.
suggest that predation, while a potential which continue to exist and spread on Sources of disturbance include: (1)
threat, is not of a high-magnitude. The that island. The conversion of native Bright lights at night from the facility
total population size of the many- habitat to nonnative grassland that has and visiting tanker vessels; (2) noise
colored fruit-dove is unknown, but may occurred on Santa Barbara Island poses from the facility; (3) noise from
number up to a few hundred pairs. a threat to the population of Xantus’s helicopters visiting the facility; (4)
In Independent Samoa, the many- murrelet due to the fact that the island ingress and egress of tanker vessels; and
colored fruit-dove may be more is only one square mile in size and (5) other vessels transporting personnel
abundant than it is in American Samoa, holds the majority of the nesting and supplies. These factors would have
but this difference likely reflects population in California. Introduction of a serious impact on the islands’
difference in island size—the main nonnative grasses has modified the population of Xantus’s murrelets, and,
islands of Independent Samoa are both habitat. Such habitat modification is taken together, the cumulative
an order of magnitude larger than the thought to have increased the endemic disturbance caused by this proposed
islands of American Samoa—and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus facility would have substantial negative
greater abundance in Independent elusus) population, a native predator of consequences for the colony.
Samoa of the two native figs, Ficus Xantus’s murrelet eggs. Additionally, there are potential
prolixa and F. obliqua, that are the The Service has been working with impacts to the Xantus’s murrelet prey
preferred food of this fruit-dove. the State of California, National Park base due to increased seawater
However, ongoing deforestation Service, and National Marine Fisheries chlorination resulting from this facility.
(potentially exacerbated by severe Service to address the threats of light The ocean waters around Islas Los
storms) and hunting are considered to pollution and human disturbance. Many Coronados are highly productive and
threaten the many-colored fruit-dove in nocturnal birds are attracted to the very important foraging areas for
Independent Samoa, and this lights of commercial fishing vessels and breeding, migrant, and wintering
subspecies’ status there is described as Xantus’s murrelets and other seabirds seabirds such as the Xantus’s murrelet.
‘‘Conservation Concern.’’ We changed become exhausted from continual The loss of large numbers of prey could
the listing priority number for the many- attraction and fluttering near lights or be detrimental to seabirds that depend
colored fruit-dove from 6 to 12 because collide with lighted vessels, the impact on Islas Los Coronados for foraging at
the overall magnitude of threats is resulting in injury or death. Chicks have various times of year. Degraded water
moderate to low and these threats are been documented to separate from their quality around Islas Los Coronados may
not imminent. parents due to vessel lights, often also result from this project, such as
from the seawater chlorination process. substantially on an annual basis. The hellbenders for commerce and scientific
A gas spill from the facility or pipeline Missouri Department of Conservation purposes is also likely contributing to
could have substantial negative effects reports that gigging popularity and their decline. The regulations in place
on the Xantus’s murrelet. Due to the pressure has increased, which presents that could prevent these impacts,
now imminent threats from the a significant threat to hellbenders including the Clean Water Act and State
proposed LNG facility, we changed the during the breeding season as they tend laws, have been inadequate in
listing priority number for this species to move greater distances and preventing Ozark hellbender declines to
from a 5 to a 2. congregate in small groups where they this point. Finally, most of the
are an easy target for giggers. Canoe, remaining Ozark hellbender populations
Amphibians
kayak, and motor/jet boat traffic has are small and isolated, making them
Black Warrior waterdog (Necturus increased in recent years on the Jacks vulnerable to individual catastrophic
alabamensis)—The Black Warrior Fork, Current, Eleven Point, and North events and reducing the likelihood of
waterdog inhabits streams above the Fork Rivers. The popularity of these recolonization after localized
Fall Line within the Black Warrior River float streams has grown to the point that extinctions. Due to substantial increases
Basin in Alabama. There is very little the National Park Service is considering in recreational pressures on Ozark
specific locality information available alternatives to reducing the number of hellbender rivers on an annual basis, we
on the historical distribution of the boats that can be launched daily by changed the listing priority number for
Black Warrior waterdog, however, as concessionaires, but no change has been this subspecies from a 6 to a 3.
limited attention was given to this adopted and even if one is, floating will
species between its description in 1937 Clams
still occur. Horse trail rides are
and the 1980’s. There are a total of 11 extremely popular along both the Jacks Georgia pigtoe (Pleurobema
known historical records from 4 Fork and Current National Scenic hanleyanum)—The Georgia pigtoe was
Alabama counties. Two of these sites Rivers. In 2003, the Missouri historically found in shallow runs and
have now been inundated by Department of Natural Resources added riffles in large creeks and rivers of the
impoundments. Extensive survey work a 7-mile stretch of the Jacks Fork River Coosa River drainage system in
was conducted in the 1990’s to look for to the 303(d) list of impaired waters for Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. The
additional populations. Currently, the organic wastes (fecal coliform) species is currently known to exist in
species is known from 14 sites in 5 immediately downstream from a localized portions of the upper
counties. commercial horse trail ride outfitter. Conasauga River in Murray and
Water quality degradation is the To date, nothing has been done to Whitfield Counties, Georgia, and in a
biggest threat to the continued existence reduce or ameliorate ongoing threats to short reach of the Coosa River below
of the Black Warrior waterdog. Most Ozark hellbenders. The Ozarks region Terrapin Creek, Cherokee County,
streams that have been surveyed for the continues to experience rapid Alabama. The Georgia pigtoe is very
waterdog showed evidence of pollution urbanization, expansion of industrial rare, with only a few observations of
and many appeared biologically agricultural practices such as living animals over the past 15 years.
depauperate. Sources of point and concentrated animal feeding operations Impoundment and pollution are
nonpoint pollution in the Black Warrior (chickens, turkeys, hogs, cattle), and implicated in the decline and
River Basin have been numerous and logging. No laws are in place that disappearance of the species. We
widespread. Pollution is generated from preclude livestock from grazing in changed the listing priority of the
inadequately treated effluent from riparian corridors and resting in or Georgia pigtoe from a 5 to a 2 due to
industrial plants, sanitary landfills, along streams and rivers. Missouri is the rarity and continued lack of success into
sewage treatment plants, poultry second largest beef cattle producing locating living animals.
operations, and cattle feedlots. Surface state in the nation, with the majority of
mining represents another threat to the Snails
animal units produced in the Ozarks.
biological integrity of waterdog habitat. Both Arkansas and Missouri are the Bonneville pondsnail (Stagnicola
Runoff from old, abandoned coal mines leading States in poultry production. bonnevillensis)—The Bonneville
generates pollution through The fact that the majority of the Ozarks pondsnail occupies four spring pools
acidification, increased mineralization, region in Missouri and Arkansas is north of the Great Salt Lake in Box Elder
and sediment loading. An additional comprised of karst topography (caves, County, Utah (Horse Spring B, Horse
threat to the Black Warrior waterdog is springs, sinkholes, and losing streams) Spring B South, Pipe Spring, and
the creation of large impoundments that further complicates the containment Shotgun Spring). While the total
have flooded thousands of acres of its and transport of potential contaminants. number of individuals is unknown, the
habitat. These impoundments are likely In short, the abundance of treatment total occupied habitat is less than one
marginal or unsuitable habitat for the facilities and lack of adequate treatment hectare. Two previous threats to this
salamander. Threats to the Black facilities or practices for both human species now appear to have been
Warrior waterdog have not changed over and livestock waste poses a significant resolved. Leaks from petroleum
the past year, but to better reflect the and ever increasing threat to aquatic pipelines in the area have occurred in
fact that threats from the pervasive ecosystems. The decrease in Ozark 2000 and 2002; however, Chevron
water quality degradation in the Black hellbender range and population size Pipeline (which has responsibility for
Warrior Basin are imminent, we and the shift in age structure are likely operation and maintenance of the
changed the listing priority number caused by a variety of historic and pipelines) has addressed potential
from a 5 to a 2 for this species. ongoing activities. The primary cause of threats from pipeline leaks with internal
Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus these trends is habitat destruction and integrity inspections and alerts prior to
alleganiensis bishopi)—Since the modification through impoundment, leakage. Consequently, potential
species was elevated to candidate status channelization, siltation, and water pipeline leaks are not a current threat.
in 2001 (66 FR 54808), the known quality degradation from a variety of Intensive, unregulated grazing can
threats have increased. In particular, sources, including industrialization, degrade the habitat of aquatic species,
recreational pressures on Ozark agricultural runoff, mine waste, and including Stagnicola bonnevillensis, but
hellbender rivers have increased timber harvest. Overutilization of the springs where this species occurs
have been fenced to restrict livestock a Conservation Agreement and Strategy Flowering Plants
use and this is not a current threat. for this species. Bidens amplectens (Kookooalu)—This
Current threats to this species include Interrupted (Georgia) rocksnail species is an erect perennial or
perchlorate and trichloroethelene (TCE) (Leptoxis foremani (downei))— facultatively annual herb found in
contamination from ATK Thiokol, Inc. Interrupted rocksnails historically mixed lowland dry shrubland/grassland
(Thiokol). Until recently, Thiokol occurred in shoals, riffles, and reefs of on Oahu, Hawaii. This species is known
disposed of waste products such as small to large rivers in the Coosa River from one population of 500 to 1,000
perchlorate and TCE in an area 6.5 km Basin of Alabama and Georgia. Today, individuals in the Waianae Mountains.
(4 mi) upstream from the pondsnail’s only a single surviving natural Threats to the species include nonnative
habitat, within the same hydrologic population is known from a short reach plants that increase the fuel load and
ground water gradient as the occupied fire threat, and compete for habitat. We
of the Coosawattee River, Georgia.
snail habitat. Contaminated soils have have changed the listing priority
During a 1999 census, 10–45 interrupted
been removed and the area capped to number for this species from 5 to 2
rocksnail snails per square meter were
prevent further contamination. because the threats are ongoing, and
found in this reach. In 2004, a 6 man-
Groundwater sampling indicates that therefore, imminent.
hour search was required to find 20
the 10 µg/l isoline of the TCE plume is Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera
0.5 km (0.3 mi) north of Shotgun and individuals. Water quality is suspected
as the cause of decline. A captive colony (Kookooalu)—This species is an erect,
Pipe Springs. The 100 µg/l isoline of the perennial herb found in Cheirodendron-
TCE plume is 2.4 km (1.5 mi) northwest of approximately 200 snails was
established at the Tennessee Aquarium Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet
of Shotgun Spring. The 1000 µg/l isoline forest on Maui, Hawaii. This subspecies
of the TCE plume is 3.5 km (2.2 miles) Research Institute (TNARI) in 2000 for
is known from 11 populations with a
northwest of Shotgun Spring. Levels of study and propagation. During the
total of approximately 500 individuals,
percholate measured in June 2004 range winter of 2003, the Alabama Department
and is restricted to the island of Maui.
from 6.6 µg/liter in Fish Spring to 287 of Conservation and Natural Resources
Threats to the species include ungulates
µg/liter in Pipe Spring. The acute released about 3000 juvenile interrupted
that eat this plant and degrade and
toxicity of TCE and perchlorate to rocksnails from the TNARI colony into
destroy habitat, and by nonnative plants
Stagnicola bonnevillensis is under the Coosa River above Wetumpka, that compete for habitat. We have
investigation, but both substances are Elmore County, Alabama. The status of changed the listing priority number for
potentially lethal to most wildlife this reintroduction is currently this species from 6 to 3 because the
species. The current levels of TCE and unknown. We changed the listing threats are ongoing, and therefore,
perchlorate in the occupied springs and priority number for the interrupted imminent.
the approaching groundwater plume are rocksnail from a 5 to a 2 due to the Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla
of concern for the future of this species recent precipitous decline of the only (Kookooalu)—This species is an erect,
and its habitat. Thiokol is taking known naturally surviving population perennial herb found in open mixed
corrective action to identify and in the Oostanaula River. shrubland to dry Metrosideros forest on
remediate groundwater contamination Newcomb’s tree snail (Newcombia the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. This
through a Corrective Action Plan (an cumingi)—A tree-dwelling species, species is endemic to the island of
updated groundwater model and risk Newcomb’s tree snail belongs to the Hawaii, where it is restricted to an area
assessments are to be completed in May snail family, Achatinellidae. The of less than 10 square miles (26 square
2005 under this plan). Bioassay studies species is endemic to the island of kilometers). This species is known from
are being initiated to determine the Maui, where it is currently known from four populations totaling approximately
effect of these contaminants on the snail a single remaining population. This 3,000 individuals, the majority of which
and its habitat. species is currently threatened by occur in only two populations. Threats
Although the range of this species is habitat loss and modification and by to the species include land development
highly restricted and the only known predation from nonnative predatorial and nonnative plants such as
habitat is currently threatened by snails. Because the threats are of a high Pennisetum setaceum and Leucana
chemical contamination of the ground magnitude and are now considered leucocephala, which degrade habitat,
water, we consider the following actions imminent because they are ongoing, we possibly contributing to fire. We have
that are addressing these threats to be changed the listing priority number changed the listing priority number for
significant enough to have reduced the from a 5 to a 2. this species from 6 to 3 because the
magnitude of threats from high to threats are ongoing, and therefore,
moderate: discontinued disposal of Crustaceans imminent.
wastes in an unlined impoundment, Brickellia mosieri (Florida brickell-
removal of contaminated soil, Anchialine pool shrimp (Vetericaris bush)—This white-flowered, narrow-
installation of a cap to prevent chaceorum)—Vetericaris chaceorum is leaved herb in the aster family occurs in
infiltration of water into soils beneath an anchialine pool-inhabiting species of central and southern Miami-Dade
impoundment, monitoring of shrimp belonging to the family County, Florida, from Southwest 120th
downgradient groundwater for Procarididae. This species is endemic to Street to Florida City. It is found
contamination, implementation of a the Hawaiian Islands and is currently exclusively in pine rocklands, where it
Corrective Action Plan to characterize known from one population on the tends to occur in areas within open
and remediate groundwater island of Hawaii. The primary threats to shrub canopy and exposed limestone
contamination, implementation of a site this species are habitat loss and with minimal organic litter.
management plan, and development of predation from nonnative fish species. Approximately 99 percent of the former
a groundwater model and risk We changed the listing priority number habitat has been converted to urban
assessment. Thus, we changed the for this species from a 2 to a 1 as this areas or farmland. Seventeen
listing priority from a 2 to an 8. species is in a monotypic genus. The occurrences currently are confirmed in
Additionally, the Utah Division of threats remain imminent and of a high remnant blocks of habitat; thirteen are
Wildlife Resources is currently drafting magnitude. owned or managed by Miami-Dade
County and the others are privately is currently threatened by pigs that this reason, we have revised the
owned. Of the known occurrences most degrade and destroy habitat and immediacy of threats to nonimminent.
contain a low density of plants; only nonnative plants that outcompete and Because none of the threats to C.
two occurrences are believed to contain displace them. We have changed the persistens are anticipated to cause
more than 1,000 individuals and the listing priority number for this species extinction in the immediate future and
total population is estimated to be no from 5 to 2 since the threats are ongoing, because the nonimminent threats are of
more than 10,000 individuals, but more and therefore, imminent. a high magnitude, we assigned a listing
likely to be 5,000 to 7,000 individuals. Calochortus persistens (Siskiyou priority number of 5 to this species.
There is little likelihood of finding mariposa lily)—The Siskiyou mariposa Canavalia napaliensis (Awikiwiki)—
significantly more populations. Fire lily is a narrow endemic that is This species is a perennial climber
suppression is one of the greatest threats restricted to two disjunct ridge tops in found in open dry sites and coastal
to this species. Fire is required to the Klamath-Siskiyou Range on the strand, diverse lowland dryland/mesic
maintain the pine rockland community California-Oregon border. In California, forest to mixed mesophytic forest on
but with fire suppression, hardwoods this species is currently found at nine Kauai, Hawaii. Canavalia napaliensis is
eventually increase and shade out separate sites on approximately 10 known from three populations totaling
understory species such as Brickellia hectares (ha) (24.7 acres (ac)) of Klamath several hundred individuals in a small
mosieri. The other most significant National Forest and privately owned section of the Na Pali coast. This species
threat is exotic plants. Throughout its lands that stretch for 6 kilometers (km) is currently threatened by goats that eat
range the species also is threatened by (3.7 miles (mi)) along the Gunsight- this plant and degrade and destroy
invasive exotic plants, and even if Humbug Ridge. In 1998, five Siskiyou habitat, and by nonnative plants that
effective control methods are found for mariposa lily plants were discovered on outcompete and displace them. We have
existing invasive exotic plants, Bald Mountain, west of Ashland, changed the listing priority number for
additional invasive exotic plants are Jackson County, Oregon. this species from 5 to 2 since the threats
expected to emerge since areas near the Major threats include competition and are ongoing, and therefore, imminent.
managed pine rockland contain exotic shading by native and nonnative species Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. pinetorum
species and can act as a seed source of fostered by suppression of wild fire; (Pineland sandmat)—This small,
exotics allowing them to continue to increased fuel loading and subsequent upright, round-leaved herb belonging to
invade the pine rockland. However, 13 risk of wild fire; fragmentation by roads, the spurge family is known only from
of the 17 sites are on conservation lands fire breaks, tree plantations, and radio- the southern portion of the Miami Rock
where control of invasive exotic species tower facilities; maintenance and Ridge in Southern Miami-Dade County,
is being implemented, as well as construction around radio towers and Florida. This species occurs in tropical
controlled burns. Overall, the telephone relay stations located on pine woods on limestone rock (rock
magnitude of threats to the Florida Gunsight Peak and Mahogany Point; and pinelands). It is shade intolerant and
brickell-bush is moderate. The threats soil disturbance and exotic weed and requires periodic prescribed fires to
are also ongoing and therefore, grass species introduction as a result of reduce competition from woody
imminent. Thus, we have revised the heavy recreational use and construction vegetation. The total number of plants
listing priority number from a 5 to an 8. of fire breaks. Dyer’s woad (Isatis has been estimated to be fewer than
Calamagrostis expansa (no common tinctoria), an invasive, nonnative plant 10,000. Plants occur on conservation
name)—This species is a robust, short- that may prevent germination of lands at Everglades National Park and
rhizomatous perennial found in wet Siskiyou mariposa lily seedlings, is now seven relatively small pinelands owned
forest, open bogs, and bog margins on found throughout the California by Miami-Dade County, one private
the islands of Maui and Hawaii, Hawaii. population, affecting 90 percent of the preserve, and a governmental non-
Historically rare, Calamagrostis expansa known lily habitat. Forest Service staff conservation site. Additionally, fewer
was restricted to wet forest and bogs on and the Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands than 1,000 plants are estimated to occur
Maui. Currently, this species is known Center cite competition with dyer’s at less than 10 privately owned
from 100 populations of 1 or 2 woad as a significant and chronic threat unprotected sites. The most serious
individuals each on Maui, and was to the survival of Siskiyou mariposa lily. threats are lack of fire in small urban or
recently discovered in 5 populations The combination of restricted range, near-urban preserves and invasive pest
totaling approximately 300 individuals extremely low numbers (five plants) in plants. Despite effective exotic pest
on the island of Hawaii. The species is one of two disjunct populations, poor plant management in Everglades
currently threatened by pigs that competitive ability, short seed dispersal National Park and on Miami-Dade
degrade and destroy habitat and distance, slow growth rates, low seed County lands, the pest plant threats
nonnative plants that outcompete and production, apparently poor survival remain, and new problems, such as Old
displace them. We have changed the rates in some years, and competition World climbing fern, are emerging.
listing priority number for this species from exotic plants threaten the While there are inherent difficulties in
from 5 to 2 since the threats are ongoing, continued existence of this species. maintaining small pinelands and the
and therefore, imminent. However, as a result of information exotic pest plant threats are serious,
Calamagrostis hillebrandii (no gained during the 2003 field season, the overall, the threats are moderate in
common name)—This species is a listing priority number has been magnitude; the largest population
slender, short-rhizomatous perennial changed from 2 to 5. Our previous rating occurs on Everglades National Park
found in Metrosideros-Machaerina was based on the reported results of where invasive species are being
montane wet bog or ohia-kuolohia- unpublished demographic research that actively controlled and fire is being
Oreobolus (Metrosideros-Rhynchospora- showed an absence of reproduction, used to maintain habitat for this species.
Oreobolus) mixed bog on Maui, Hawaii. leading the Service to rate the The threats are imminent since they are
This species is known from two immediacy of threats as imminent. ongoing. Therefore, we are revising the
populations of about 500 individuals, However, during last season’s extensive listing priority number for the pineland
restricted to the bogs of West Maui, survey, Klamath National Forest staff sandmat from 6 to 9.
although it was formerly found on the observed juvenile plants across the Chamaesyce eleanoriae (Akoko)—
island of Molokai as well. This species California range of C. persistens. For This species is a small shrub found on
steep slopes and cliffs, in Metrosideros- kilometers) in the Na Pali coast area on to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and
Diospyros lowland mesic forest and the island of Kauai. The threat to the therefore, imminent.
Eragrostis variabilis coastal dry cliffs on species is feral goats that degrade and Cyanea kunthiana (Haha)—This
Kauai, Hawaii. This species is known destroy habitat. We have changed the species is a shrub found in closed
from 10 populations totaling less than listing priority number for this species Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet
500 individuals. Described in 1996, it is from 5 to 2 since the threats are ongoing, forest on Maui, Hawaii. The historic
found only in and around Kalalau and therefore, imminent. range of Cyanea kunthiana was wet
Valley rim, along the Na Pali Coast on Chromolaena frustrata (Cape Sable forest on the island of Maui. While there
the island of Kauai. Although it was thoroughwort)—This blue-flowered herb are no historic records of numbers of
only discovered in 1992, a decline in of the aster family presently occurs in populations or individuals, qualitative
numbers has already been observed. The Monroe County, Florida, at scattered accounts indicate that the species was
species is threatened by goats and rats locations in the Florida Keys and not uncommon. Currently, this species
that eat this plant and degrade and Everglades National Park near the is declining throughout its range and is
destroy habitat, and by nonnative plants Flamingo Visitors Center. Within the known from approximately 20
that outcompete and displace it. We past 30 years, it was also observed populations with a combined total of
have changed the listing priority slightly farther east in Everglades several hundred individuals. Threats to
number for this species from 5 to 2 since National Park in Miami-Dade County. In the species include pigs, rats, and slugs
the threats are ongoing, and therefore, the Florida Keys (Monroe County), Cape that eat this plant and degrade and
imminent. Sable thoroughwort occupies rock destroy habitat, and nonnative plants
Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis barrens and edges of tropical hardwood that outcompete and displace it. We
(Akoko)—This species is a shrub found hammocks. Populations of Cape Sable have changed the listing priority
in wind-swept shrubland and adjacent thoroughwort on public conservation number for this species from 5 to 2 since
forest patches dominated by lands are small. Everglades National the threats are ongoing, and therefore,
Metrosideros and Syzygium on Kauai, Park has fewer than 150 plants (remote imminent.
Hawaii. Chamaesyce remyi var. areas have not yet been surveyed); Boca Cyanea lanceolata (Haha)—This
kauaiensis is known from four or five Grande Key, Lignumvitae Key, Long species is a shrub found in Acacia koa-
populations totaling 300 to 400 Key, Upper Matecumbe Key have Metrosideros polymorpha lowland
individuals. This variety is found only approximately 25, 81, 200, and 18 mesic forest on Oahu, Hawaii. This
in the Wahiawa and Blue Hole areas on plants respectively. The species is also species is known from 20 populations
the island of Kauai. This species is present at two privately owned sites with a combined total of less than 300
threatened by goats and pigs that eat (Long Key and Big Munson Island) in individuals. Threats to the species
this plant and degrade and destroy the Keys. Approximately 162 plants are include pigs, rats, and slugs that prey
habitat, by the two-spotted leafhopper on private land at Long Key. The only upon, degrade and destroy habitat, and
that damages leaves and may spread large population of Cape Sable nonnative plants that outcompete and
plant viruses, and by nonnative plants thoroughwort (consisting of thousands displace it. We have changed the listing
that outcompete and displace it. We of plants) is on a privately owned island priority number for this species from 5
have changed the listing priority near Big Pine Key. The abundance of to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and
number for this species from 6 to 3 since Cape Sable thoroughwort here is therefore, imminent.
the threats are ongoing, and therefore, probably due to Hurricane Georges in Cyanea tritomantha (Aku)—This
imminent. 1998, which opened the island’s tree species is a palm-like tree found in
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi canopy. While the 1998 hurricane closed Metrosideros-Cibotium montane
(Akoko)—This species is a perennial benefited one population, a more severe wet forest on the island of Hawaii,
shrub found in wet Metrosideros storm could have very different effects. Hawaii. This species is known from four
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis The listing priority has been increased to five populations with a total of 100
montane mesic forest on Kauai, Hawaii. to reflect the high and imminent risk of to 500 individuals in Olaa and Kau on
Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi is known extinction due to small population size, the island of Hawaii. Threats to the
from at least 10 populations totaling 500 combined with the risk of loss of species include pigs, rats, and slugs that
to 1,000 individuals. Hybrids of C. populations from exotic pest plants eat this plant and degrade and destroy
remyi and C. sparsiflora have been (especially Brazilian pepper) through habitat, and nonnative plants that
found near the margins of Wahiawa Bog, changes in community structure and outcompete and displace it. We have
Kauai. This species is threatened by competition, hurricanes, and other changed the listing priority number for
goats and pigs that eat this plant and disturbances (e.g. from trail this species from 5 to 2 since the threats
degrade and destroy habitat, by the two- construction). Therefore, we changed are ongoing, and therefore, imminent.
spotted leafhopper that causes leaf the listing priority number for the Cape Cyrtandra kaulantha (Haiwale)—This
damage and may spread viruses, and by Sable thoroughwort from a 5 to a 2. species is a shrub found in moist
nonnative plants that outcompete and Cyanea calycina (Haha)—This species wooded gulches in dense shade on
displace it. We have changed the listing is an unbranched shrub found in Oahu, Hawaii. This species is known
priority number for this plant variety Metrosideros-Dicranopteris montane from seven populations with a total of
from 6 to 3 since the threats are ongoing, wet forest and wet gulches and 37 individuals along the Waiahole Ditch
and therefore, imminent. streambanks on Oahu, Hawaii. This Trail on the island of Oahu. Threats to
Charpentiera densiflora (Papala)— species is known from about 20 the species include pigs and slugs that
This species is a tree found in Diosporus populations with a combined total of eat this plant and degrade and destroy
sandwicensis-dominated lowland mesic 200 or more individuals. Threats to the habitat. We have changed the listing
forest, extending into diverse mesic species include pigs and goats that priority number for this species from 5
forest on Kauai, Hawaii. Charpentiera degrade and destroy habitat, rats and to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and
densiflora is known from 10 slugs that directly prey upon it, and therefore, imminent.
populations totaling approximately 200 nonnative plants that outcompete and Cyrtandra oenobarba (Haiwale)—This
individuals, restricted to an area of less displace it. We have changed the listing species is a low, decumbent, fleshy,
than 10 square miles (26 square priority number for this species from 5 subshrub found in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis (i.e., nonnative) plants are widespread known from several populations totaling
lowland wet forest on Kauai, Hawaii. and difficult to control. There have been a few hundred individuals throughout
The historic range of this species was some efforts to remove the exotic plants its range. The species is threatened by
throughout the island of Kauai. While at the smaller sites, but the methods pigs and goats that eat this plant and
there are no historic records of numbers used are not feasible at the large Big degrade and destroy habitat, and by
of populations or individuals, Cypress National Preserve. The small nonnative plants that outcompete and
qualitative accounts indicate that the remaining populations of the species displace it. We have changed the listing
species was relatively widespread and also are extremely vulnerable to the priority number for this species from 5
abundant. Recent surveys show that the effects of hurricanes. Overall, our to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and
species is now limited to 10 or more review of the status of this species therefore, imminent.
populations with a combined total of shows that the magnitude of threats is Geranium hanaense (Nohoanu)—This
200 to 500 individuals in only three moderate and threats are ongoing, and species is a decumbent (growing along
small areas on the island of Kauai. therefore, imminent. Therefore, we have the ground) shrub found in bogs on
Threats to the species include pigs that changed the listing priority number for Maui, Hawaii. First described in 1988,
eat this plant and degrade and destroy this plant variety from a 6 to a 9. Geranium hanaense was known from
habitat, and nonnative plants that Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata only two adjacent montane bogs on the
outcompete and displace it. We have (Naenae)—This species is a shrub found northeast outer rift of Haleakala, East
changed the listing priority number for in wet forest and bogs on Kauai, Hawaii. Maui. At that time the species was
this species from 5 to 2 since the threats This subspecies is known from three represented by 500 to 700 individuals.
are ongoing, and therefore, imminent. populations totaling 1,000 or more By 1996, the species population had
individuals in the Wahiawa Mountains. significantly declined according to State
Dalea carthagenensis var. floridana
Threats to the species include pigs that biologists. Threats to the species include
(Florida prairie clover)—This shrubby
degrade and destroy habitat and pigs that degrade and destroy habitat,
pea is restricted to south Florida, where
nonnative plants that outcompete and and nonnative plants that outcompete
it is found in edges of rockland
displace it. We have changed the listing and displace it. We have changed the
hammock and pine rockland, coastal
priority number for this subspecies from listing priority number for this species
upland, and marl prairie. Fire is likely
6 to 3 since the threats are ongoing, and from 5 to 2 since the threats are ongoing,
very important for this species since
therefore, imminent. and therefore, imminent.
Florida prairie clover probably does not Dubautia waialealae (Naenae)—This Hazardia orcuttii (Orcutt’s
tolerate shading by hardwoods in the species is a shrub found in bogs and Hazardia)—Hazardia orcuttii is a
absence of periodic fires. Two colonies diverse mesic to wet forest on the Kauai, shrubby species in the Asteraceae
occur in the Big Cypress National Hawaii. This species is known from one (sunflower family). Although once
Preserve (Collier and Monroe Counties), population totaling fewer than 800 described as fairly common in open
two colonies occur at the Deering Estate individuals near the summit of habitats along coastal plains from
at Cutler (managed by Miami-Dade Waialeale and one individual at the Colonet to Tijuana in Baja California,
County), and one colony exists at the R. opposite end of the Alakai Plateau. Mexico, only one occurrence has been
Hardy Matheson Preserve (Miami-Dade Threats to the species include pigs that confirmed in Mexico since 1975. There
County). Although this species degrade and destroy habitat, and is only one known extant native
potentially might be rediscovered at still nonnative plants that outcompete and occurrence of this species in the United
existing Miami area sites where it was displace it. We have changed the listing States; it is in the Manchester
once collected (such as Crandon Park on priority number for this species from 5 Conservation Area (MCA), managed by
Key Biscayne, the Castellow Hammock to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and the Center for Natural Lands
Environmental Education Center, and therefore, imminent. Management in the City of Encinitas.
the edge of Everglades National Park), Festuca hawaiiensis (no common Apparent threats to the species include
species experts believe this is unlikely. name)—This species is a cespitose direct impacts from unauthorized access
The estimated total population of (grows in dense clumps) annual found and use of the MCA. Impacts include
Florida prairie clover is 200 to 300 in dry forest on the islands of Hawaii pedestrian trespass, creation, and use of
plants. Even if all the plants were in a and Maui, Hawaii. This species is bicycle trails, and use of the area for
single locality, they probably would not known from more than 20 populations unauthorized fire suppression methods
constitute a viable population. The State totaling approximately 1,000 training. Introduced invasive exotic
has designated the species as individuals in and around the plants may also pose a significant threat
endangered, but this listing provides Pohakuloa Training Area on the island to the species. Monitoring has not
little or no habitat protection beyond of Hawaii. Historically, this species was recorded seedling recruitment at the
disclosure of impacts. Threats to this also found on Hualali and Puu site. This species has a narrow
plant developed over the course of the Huluhulu on Hawaii and possibly geographical range in the United States,
twentieth century as most of its Ulupalakua on Maui, but it no longer but the site is managed. Because this
geographic range in Miami-Dade County occurs at these sites. The species is species is State-listed and occurs in a
became urbanized, leaving only small threatened by pigs, goats, and sheep that managed, protected area, the threats are
remnants of pine rocklands. Fire eat this plant and degrade, and destroy now nonimminent, but remain high in
suppression and invasive exotic plants habitat, by nonnative plants that magnitude. Therefore, we changed the
are the greatest threats to this species. In outcompete and displace it, and by fire listing priority number for this species
the absence of fire, hardwoods from military training. We have changed from a 2 to a 5.
eventually shade out understory species the listing priority number for this Hedyotis fluviatilis (Kamapuaa)—This
like Dalea carthagenesis var. floridana. species from 5 to 2 since the threats are species is a scandent shrub found in
Conducting prescribed fires in urban ongoing, and therefore, imminent. mesic to wet forest on Oahu and Kauai,
areas where the small sites exist is Gardenia remyi (Nanu)—This species Hawaii. This species is known from six
difficult but there has been some is a tree found in mesic to wet forest on populations totaling 500 to 1,000
success at the Charles Deering Estate the islands of Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and individuals throughout its range. This
and R. Hardy Matheson Preserve. Exotic Hawaii, Hawaii. Gardenia remyi is species is threatened by pigs that
degrade and destroy habitat, and by Keysseria helenae (no common and destroy habitat, and nonnative
nonnative plants that outcompete and name)—This species is a rhizomatous plants that outcompete and displace it.
displace it. We have changed the listing perennial herb found in montane bogs We have changed the listing priority
priority number for this species from 5 on Kauai, Hawaii. Keysseria helenae is number for this species from 5 to 2 since
to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and known from three or four populations in the threats are ongoing, and therefore,
therefore, imminent. bogs within the Alakai swamp region of imminent.
Indigofera mucronata var. keyensis Kauai, totaling approximately 300 Melicope christophersenii (Alani)—
(Florida indigo)—This small, perennial individuals. While the species has This species is a long-lived perennial
pea is found at edges of tropical always been restricted to the bogs of the shrub or tree found in wet forest on
rockland hammock (forest), coastal Alakai, it may have occurred in more Oahu, Hawaii. Melicope
berm, and rock barren communities in bogs in the area in the past. Threats to christophersenii was historically known
the upper Florida Keys (Monroe County, the species include pigs that degrade from the southern Waianae Mountains
Florida). Florida Keys indigo is and destroy habitat, and nonnative on the island of Oahu. Currently, this
currently known only from Crawl Key plants that outcompete and displace it. species is known from several
(private), Key Largo (John Pennekamp We have changed the listing priority populations totaling less than 300
Coral Reef State Park), Long Key State number for this species from 5 to 2 since individuals. This species is threatened
Park, Long Point Key (private), the threats are ongoing, and therefore, by feral pigs and goats that eat this plant
Plantation Key (private), and Windley imminent. and degrade habitat, competition from
Key Fossil Coral Reef State Geological Korthalsella degeneri (Hulumoa)— nonnative plants, and predation by the
Park. A population has been seen at This species is a parasitic subshrub black twig borer. We have changed the
Snake Creek Hammocks, Florida Keys found on two species of native trees, listing priority number for this species
Wildlife and Environmental Area, Sapindus oahuensis and Nestigis from 5 to 2 since the threats are ongoing,
managed by the Florida Fish and sandwicensis, only in diverse mesic and therefore, imminent.
forests on Oahu, Hawaii. Recent surveys Melicope puberula (Alani)—This
Wildlife Conservation Commission.
indicate that the species is known only species is a shrub or small tree found in
This species appears to have been
from one population of 1,000 mesic and wet forest on Kauai, Hawaii.
extirpated from the Lower and Upper
individuals in Makua Valley. Threats to This species is known from 1,000
Matecumbe Keys. Perhaps no more than
the species include goats that eat this individuals in the Kalalau area to
1,000 individuals exist. The coastal rock
plant and degrade and destroy habitat, Wainiha Pali on the island of Kauai.
barrens at two sites are being invaded by
by nonnative plants that outcompete Threats to the species include feral pigs
native and exotic hardwoods, and the
and displace it, and by fire. We have and goats, nonnative plants, the black
exotic Brazilian pepper (Schinus twig borer, and naturally occurring
changed the listing priority number for
terebinthifolius) is a special concern as events. We have changed the listing
this species from 5 to 2 since the threats
the pepper is very competitive. For priority number for this species from 5
are ongoing, and therefore, imminent.
example, on Long Point Key, Labordia helleri (Kamakahala)—This to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and
encroaching Brazilian pepper threatens species is a shrub found in diverse therefore, imminent.
to close over the opening where a small mesic forest and mesic valleys on Kauai, Myrsine fosbergii (Kolea)—This
population of Florida indigo occurs. It is Hawaii. This species is known from species is a branched shrub or small tree
unlikely this population will survive eight or more populations totaling 500 found in cloudswept ridges and wet
another decade under current individuals from Makaha to Honopu. forest on Kauai and Oahu, Hawaii. This
conditions. The overall status of this This species is threatened by goats and species is known from at least five
plant appears to be stable on public deer that eat this plant and degrade and populations totaling 150 to 175
conservation lands in the Keys due to destroy habitat, and by nonnative plants individuals from Kauai and the
land acquisition by the State, that outcompete and displace it. We southeastern end of Castle Trail on
monitoring by the Florida Park Service, have changed the listing priority Oahu. This species is threatened by feral
and effective control of exotic pest number for this species from 5 to 2 since pigs and nonnative plants. We have
plants in some areas. Because the the threats are ongoing, and therefore, changed the listing priority number for
threats to this plant are moderate and imminent. this species from 5 to 2 since the threats
are ongoing, and therefore, imminent, Labordia pumila (Kamakahala)—This are ongoing, and therefore, imminent.
we have changed the listing priority species is a sparingly branched shrub Myrsine vaccinioides (Kolea)—This
number from 6 to 9. found in hummocks in bogs and in bog species is a small branched shrub found
Keysseria erici (no common name)— margins on Kauai, Hawaii. This species in shrubby bogs on Maui, Hawaii. This
This species is a short, rhizomatous is known from three populations species is found scattered throughout
perennial herb found in montane bogs totaling 500 to 700 individuals in the the bogs of west Maui, totaling
on Kauai, Hawaii. Keysseria erici is Alakai and Waialeale areas. This species approximately 500 individuals, but
known from several populations in bogs is threatened by pigs that eat this plant regeneration is not occurring. This
within the Alakai swamp region of and degrade and destroy habitat, and by species is found in the Puu Kukui area
Kauai, totaling approximately 1,000 nonnative plants that outcompete and of West Maui. Threats to the species
individuals. While the species has displace it. We have changed the listing include feral pigs and nonnative plants.
always been restricted to the bogs of the priority number for this species from 5 We have changed the listing priority
Alakai, it may have occurred in more to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and number for this species from 5 to 2 since
bogs in the area in the past. Threats to therefore, imminent. the threats are ongoing, and therefore,
the species include pigs that degrade Lysimachia daphnoides (Lehua imminent.
and destroy habitat, and nonnative makanoe)—This species is a small shrub Nothocestrum latifolium (Aiea)—This
plants that outcompete and displace it. found in bogs on Kauai, Hawaii. This species is a small tree found in dry to
We have changed the listing priority species is known from nine populations mesic forest and diverse mesic forests
number for this species from 5 to 2 since totaling 180 to 300 individuals in the on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai and
the threats are ongoing, and therefore, Alakai area. Threats to the species Lanai, Hawaii. Nothocestrum latifolium
imminent. include pigs and hikers that degrade is known from approximately a dozen
populations totaling less than 300 Area Reserve and Hawaii Volcanoes Threats to the species include axis deer
individuals. While the species has not National Park. Threats to the species and nonnative plants. We have changed
been extirpated from any island, its include feral pigs, and nonnative plants. the listing priority number for this
range on each island has decreased We have changed the listing priority species from 5 to 2 since the threats are
dramatically. Threats to the species number for this species from 5 to 2 since ongoing, and therefore, imminent.
include feral pigs, goats and cattle, the threats are ongoing, and therefore, Pleomele forbesii (Hala pepe)—This
nonnative plants, and the loss of imminent. species is a tree found in diverse mesic
pollinators. We have changed the listing Pittosporum napaliense (Hoawa)— and dry forests on Oahu, Hawaii.
priority number for this species from 5 This species is a small tree found in Although previously thought to be more
to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and Pandanus forest and mesic valleys on common, this species is currently
therefore, imminent. Kauai, Hawaii. This species is known known from 16 populations that have a
Penstemon debilis (Parachute from about six populations, with a combined total of 500 individuals. This
beardtoungue)—Penstemon debilis is combined total of several hundred species is threatened by feral pigs and
endemic to oil shale outcrops on the individuals on the eastern portion of the goats, nonnative plants, fire, and rats.
Roan Plateau escarpment in Garfield Na Pali coast. Threats to the species We have changed the listing priority
County, Colorado. The total estimated include feral pigs and nonnative plants. number for this species from 5 to 2 since
number of plants is 450 to 750 We have changed the listing priority the threats are ongoing, and therefore,
individuals. Approximately 90 percent number for this species from 5 to 2 since imminent.
of the plants are on private land owned the threats are ongoing, and therefore, Pritchardia hardyi (Loulu)—This
by Occidental Petroleum; the remaining imminent. species is a medium-sized palm tree
10 percent are on Bureau of Land Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta (no found in open wet forest on Kauai,
Management land that is proposed to be common name)—This species is an Hawaii. This species is known from
open to leasing under a new Resource erect palmoid shrub found in mesic three populations with a combined total
Management Plan in 2005. Pressure to forest on Oahu, Hawaii. This variety is of 300 individuals in the Power Line
develop energy reserves in this area is known from three to four populations, Road area. This species is threatened by
intense. Threats also include habitat with a combined total of approximately feral pigs, rats, vandalism/collection,
destruction caused by road and 100 individuals in the Koolau and nonnative plants. We have changed
communication tower maintenance and Mountains on the island of Oahu. the listing priority number for this
recreational use. A listing priority Limited monitoring has shown that this species from 5 to 2 since the threats are
number change from 5 to 2 is based on population is declining. Threats to the ongoing, and therefore, imminent.
a dramatic increase in the intensity of species include feral pigs and nonnative Pseudognaphalium (=Gnaphalium)
energy exploration along the Roan plants. We have changed the listing sandwicensium var. molokaiense
Plateau escarpment, making the threats priority number for this species from 5 (Enaena)—This species is a perennial
to the species imminent. to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and herb found in strand vegetation in dry
Phacelia submutica (DeBeque therefore, imminent. consolidated dunes on Molokai, Hawaii.
phacelia)—Phacelia submutica is an Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens This variety is known from two
ephemeral annual flowering plant and is (no common name)—This species is an populations, one totaling a few hundred
endemic to clay soils derived from the erect palmoid shrub found in mesic individuals in the Moomomi area and
Atwell Gulch and Shire members of the forest on Oahu, Hawaii. This variety is one population of 25 individuals on
Wasatch Formation in Mesa and known from a few populations, with a west Maui at Puu Kahulianapa. Threats
Garfield Counties, Colorado. There are combined total of a few hundred to the species include predation by feral
about 40 populations; all are smaller individuals in the Waianae Mountains. deer, competition with nonnative
than 5 acres. The numbers of plants vary Threats to the species include feral pigs, plants, collection by lei makers, and
from none to thousands each year, goats, and nonnative plants. We have destruction by off road vehicles. We
depending on precipitation. The habitat changed the listing priority number for have changed the listing priority
coincides with high quality oil and gas this variety from 6 to 3 since the threats number for this variety from 6 to 3 since
reserves of the Piceance Basin, mostly are ongoing, and therefore, imminent. the threats are ongoing, and therefore,
on Federal lands. The primary threats to Platydesma rostrata (Pilo kea lau imminent.
this species are gas field development lii)—This species is erect palmoid shrub Pteralyxia macrocarpa (Kaulu)—This
and associated construction and found in diverse mesic forest and species is a tree found in valleys and
transportation activities, as well as valleys on Kauai, Hawaii. This species slopes in diverse mesic forest on Oahu,
increased access to all-terrain vehicles. is known from about 20 populations Hawaii. This species is known from 20
Substantial surface disturbance alters with a combined total of several populations with a combined total of
the unique soil structure and destroys hundred individuals in Kokee and Kuia. less than 500 individuals. Threats to the
seed banks that are crucial to the This species is threatened by feral goats species include feral pigs, rats, the two-
survival of this species. We changed the and nonnative plants. We have changed spotted leafhopper, and nonnative
listing priority number from an 11 to an the listing priority number for this plants. We have changed the listing
8 primarily in response to a dramatic species from 5 to 2 since the threats are priority number for this species from 5
increase in the intensity of energy ongoing, and therefore, imminent. to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and
exploration and development on the Pleomele fernaldii (Hala pepe)—This therefore, imminent.
habitat, which make the low to species is a tree found in dry forest Ranunculus hawaiensis (Makou)—
moderate threats imminent. habitat on Lanai, Hawaii, which has This species is an erect or ascending
Phyllostegia floribunda (no common become dramatically reduced due to perennial herb found in mesic to wet
name)—This species is an erect agriculture and habitat degradation. forest, dominated by Metrosideros
subshrub found in mesic to wet forest Three populations of this species are polymorpha (ohia) and Acacia koa (koa)
on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. This currently found on the island of Lanai with scree substrate on Maui and the
species is known from 4 populations in the few remnant dry forests on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Its range on
with a combined total of between 100 to leeward side of the island, with a these two islands has declined.
500 individuals in Laupahoehoe Natural combined total of 200 individuals. Populations formerly within Haleakala
National Park have been extirpated. It is upper elevations of streambanks. This Keysseria helenae. Also, see above in
known from fewer than 300 individuals species is threatened by feral ungulates, ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in
in five populations. However, the nonnative plants, stream diversion, and Candidates.’’
majority of these individuals are erosion. We have changed the listing
Ferns and Allies
seedlings, less than 1 inch (2.5 priority number for this species from 5
centimeters) tall. Species experts expect to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and Christella boydiae (D.C.Eaton)
the rate of survival to be very low due therefore, imminent. Holttum—This species has no common
to trampling by feral pigs, goats, cattle, Microlepia strigosa var. mauiensis name and is in the family
and sheep. Other threats to the species (Palapalai)—This fern is found in mesic Thelypteridaceae. Christella boydiae
include competition from nonnative to wet forests. The species was was originally described as Aspidium
plants, and damage from slugs. We have historically found on the islands of boydiae by D.C. Eaton in 1897, and in
changed the listing priority number for Maui and Hawaii, Hawaii, but is previous CNORs we showed A. boydiae
this species from 5 to 2 since the threats currently found only on the island of as a candidate. The currently recognized
are ongoing, and therefore, imminent. Maui, where it is known from three Latin name, Christella boydiae, was
Sicyos macrophyllus (Anunu)—This populations with a combined total of published by R.E. Holttum in 1966. This
species is a perennial vine found in wet 100 to 200 individuals. This species is name is accepted by a recent treatment
Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) forest threatened by feral pigs that eat this of the fern flora of Hawaii (Palmer
and subalpine Sophora chrysophylla- plant and degrade and/or destroy 2003). Thus, with this current CNOR
Myoporum sandwicense (mamane/naio) habitat, by nonnative plants that and accompanying species assessment
forest on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. compete for light and nutrients, and form, we are recognizing the candidate
This species is known from several reduce this species’ vigor; and by entity as Christella boydiae. Also, see
populations with a combined total of a stochastic extinction due to naturally above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority
few hundred individuals in the Kohala occurring events. We have changed the Changes in Candidates.’’
and Mauna Kea areas. This species is listing priority number for this species Huperzia stemmermanniae (A.C.
threatened by feral pigs, sheep and from 2 to 3 because this entity is now Medeiros & W.H. Wagner) Kartesz—This
nonnative plants. We have changed the recognized as a variety of another species has no common name but is a
listing priority number for this species species. The threats to this variety type of hanging firmoss in the
from 5 to 2 since the threats are ongoing, remain imminent and of a high Lycopodiaceae (Club-moss family).
and therefore, imminent. Huperzia stemmermanniae was
magnitude.
Solanum nelsonii (Popolo)—This originally described as Phlegmariurus
species is a sprawling or trailing shrub Other Taxonomic Changes in stemmermanniae by A.C. Medeiros and
found in coral rubble or sand in coastal Candidates W.H. Wagner (Medeiros et al. 1996)
sites on the islands of Hawaii, Molokai, based on specimens collected on
Flowering Plants
Maui, Niihau, Nihoa, Pearl, and Hermes, Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii, by Medeiros
Hawaii. This species is known from ten Keysseria erici (C.N. Forbes) Cabrera— and Chimera in 1995. The currently
populations with a combined total of This species has no common name and recognized Latin name, Huperzia
fewer than 300 individuals and is is in the Asteraceae (Sunflower family). stemmermanniae, was published in
declining rapidly on all islands, Keysseria erici was originally described 1999 (Kartez 1999). This name is
including the Remote Islands National as Lagenophora erici by C.N. Forbes in accepted by a recent treatment of the
Wildlife Refuge. In the past, this species 1918. The currently recognized Latin fern flora of Hawaii (Palmer 2003).
was also found on the islands of Oahu, name, Keysseria erici, was published by Thus, with this current CNOR and
Kauai, Midway, and Laysan, but is Cabrera in 1967. This name is accepted accompanying species assessment form,
believed to be extirpated from these in the 2003 supplement to the Manual we are recognizing the candidate entity
locations, due primarily to coastal of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii as Huperzia stemmermanniae (rather
development and competition with (Wagner and Herbst 2003). Thus, with than the name we previously used,
nonnative plant species. This species is this current CNOR and accompanying Phlegmariurus stemmermanniae).
threatened by nonnative plants, species assessment form, we recognize Huperzia stemmermanniae is found in
development, off road vehicles, and the candidate entity as Keysseria erici mesic Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia)/
trampling. We have changed the listing (rather than the name we previously Acacia koa (koa) forests on the islands
priority number for this species from 5 used, Lagenophora erici). Also, see of Maui and Hawaii, Hawaii. This
to 2 since the threats are ongoing, and above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority species was historically known only
therefore, imminent. Changes in Candidates.’’ from east Maui. Additional populations
Keysseria helenae (C.N. Forbes & are found in Laupahoehoe on the island
Ferns and Allies Lydgate) Cabrera—This species has no of Hawaii. Only four populations are
Christella boydiae (no common common name and is in the Asteraceae known, totaling less than 20 individuals
name)—This species is a small to (Sunflower family). Keysseria helenae on Hawaii and Maui. This species is
medium sized fern found in mesic to was originally described as threatened by feral pigs, goats, and
wet forest along streambanks on Oahu Lagenophora helenae by C.N. Forbes cattle, which eat this plant and degrade
and Maui, Hawaii. Historically, this and J. Lydgate in 1918, and in previous and/or destroy habitat; fire that also
species was also found on the island of CNORs we showed L. helenae as a destroys habitat and plants; and,
Hawaii; however, the species has been candidate. The currently recognized nonnative plants that outcompete it for
extirpated from that location. This Latin name, Keysseria helenae, was light and nutrients. Because the threats
species is known from three populations published by Cabrera. This name is are of a high magnitude and are
with a combined total of 362 to 412 accepted in the 2003 supplement to the imminent, we are continuing to assign
individuals. The three populations are Manual of the Flowering Plants of this species a listing priority number of
found in Kipahulu Valley and Waihoi Hawaii (Wagner and Herbst 2003). Thus, 2.
Valley of Maui and the Koolau with this current CNOR and Microlepia strigosa var. mauiensis
Mountains of Oahu. Current accompanying species assessment form, (palapalai) is in the family
populations survive only at the extreme we recognize the candidate entity as Dennstaedtiaceae. Microlepia strigosa
var. mauiensis was originally described Camp Shelby for troop and tank training precluded finding on a petition, we are
as Microlepia mauiensis by W.H. grounds. A Candidate Conservation to treat such a petition as one that is
Wagner and in previous CNORs we Agreement (CCA) was developed and is resubmitted on the date of such a
showed M. mauiensis as a candidate. being implemented by the Mississippi finding. Thus, we are required to
The currently recognized Latin name, Army National Guard, U.S. Forest publish new 12-month findings on these
Microlepia strigosa var. mauiensis, was Service, Mississippi Department of ‘‘resubmitted’’ petitions on an annual
published by D. Palmer in 2002. This Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks, and the basis.
name is accepted in his recent treatment Service. This CCA addresses all threats On December 5, 1996, we made a final
of the fern flora of Hawaii Palmer known to the species (silviculture, troop decision to redefine ‘‘candidate species’’
(2003). Also, see above in ‘‘Summary of and tank maneuvers, and ATV use) and to mean those species for which the
Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ implements an aggressive habitat Service has on file sufficient
management and monitoring program. information on biological vulnerability
Candidate Removals This signed CCA has removed threats to and threat(s) to support issuance of a
Clams the CSBC and its habitat to the point proposed rule to list, but for which
that the species no longer meets the issuance of the proposed rule is
Alabama clubshell (Pleurobema criteria for candidate status. We are precluded (61 FR 64481, December 6,
troshelianum) and painted clubshell removing this species from the 1996). Therefore, the standard for
(Pleurobema chattanoogaense)—Based candidate list primarily as a result of the making a species a candidate through
on recent genetic and morphological conservation efforts outlined in the our own initiative is identical to the
studies by Williams et al. and Campbell CCA. standard for making a warranted-but-
(see the species assessment forms for precluded 12-month petition finding on
references and details), these two taxa Petition Findings for Candidate Species a petition to list, and we add all
are no longer considered valid, and do The Act provides two mechanisms for petitioned species for which we have
not meet the Act’s definition of a considering species for listing. One made a warranted-but-precluded 12-
species. Therefore, we are removing method allows the Secretary, on her month finding to the candidate list.
both species from candidate status. own initiative, to identify species for This publication also provides notice
Insects listing under the standards of section of substantial 90-day findings and the
4(a)(1). We implement this through the warranted-but-precluded 12-month
Holsinger’s Cave beetle candidate program, discussed above. findings pursuant to section 4(b)(3) for
(Pseudamophthalmus holsingeri)— The second method for listing a species candidate species listed on Table 1 that
Holsinger’s cave beetle is a cave- provides a mechanism for the public to we identified on our own initiative, and
dependent predatory ground beetle petition us to add a species to the Lists. that subsequently have been the subject
found in a single cave, Young-Fugate Under section 4(b)(3)(A), when we of a petition to list. Even though all
Cave, located in Lee County, Virginia. receive such a petition, we must candidate species identified through our
Through conservation efforts, two determine within 90 days, to the own initiative already have received the
previous major threats have been maximum extent practicable, whether equivalent of substantial 90-day and
eliminated: (1) A highway widening the petition presents substantial warranted-but-precluded 12-month
project proposed to be constructed near information that listing may be finding, we reviewed the status of the
the cave has been modified to avoid warranted (a ‘‘90-day finding’’). If we newly petitioned candidate species and
impacts to the cave, and, (2) a leaking make a positive 90-day finding, we must through this CNOR are publishing
underground fuel tank from a gas station promptly commence a status review of specific section 4(b)(3) findings (i.e.,
located over the cave has been removed. the species under section 4(b)(3)(A); we substantial 90-day and warranted-but-
Additionally, the cave entrance is must then make and publish one of precluded 12-month findings) in
located on private land where the three possible findings within 12 response to the petitions to list these
landowners strictly prohibit entry into months of the receipt of the petition (a candidate species. We publish these
the cave. Although water entering ‘‘12-month finding’’): findings as part of the first CNOR
Young-Fugate cave is somewhat affected 1. The petitioned action is not following receipt of the petition.
by sources of non-point source warranted; Pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the
pollution, results of monitoring the cave 2. The petitioned action is warranted Act, once a petition is filed regarding a
beetle population have shown no (in which case we are required to candidate species, we must make a 12-
evidence that current surrounding land promptly publish a proposed regulation month petition finding in compliance
use has negatively impacted the cave to implement the petitioned action. with section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act at least
beetle. Thus, threats to this species have Once we publish a proposed rule for a once a year, until we publish a proposal
been eliminated and the species no species, section 4(b)(5) and 4(b)(6) to list the species or make a final not-
longer meets the definition of a govern further procedures regardless of warranted finding. We make this annual
candidate species. whether we issued the proposal in finding for petitioned candidate species
response to a petition.); or through the CNOR.
Crustaceans Section 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the Act
3. The petitioned action is warranted
Camp Shelby burrowing crayfish but that (a) the immediate proposal of a requires us to ‘‘implement a system to
(Fallicambarus gordoni)—The Camp regulation and final promulgation of monitor effectively the status of all
Shelby burrowing crayfish (CSBC) is regulation implementing the petitioned species’’ for which we have made a
found in pitcher plant wetlands of action is precluded by pending warranted-but-precluded 12-month
southern Mississippi. CSBC has a small, proposals, and (b) expeditious progress finding, and to ‘‘make prompt use of the
naturally limited range in a localized is being made to add qualified species [emergency listing] authority [under
portion of the Leaf River watershed in to the lists of endangered or threatened section 4(b)(7)] to prevent a significant
central Perry County, Mississippi, species. (We refer to this as a risk to the well being of any such
within the Desoto National Forest. All of ‘‘warranted but precluded’’ finding.) species.’’ The CNOR plays a crucial role
this area is currently under lease to the Section 4(b)(3)(C) of the Act requires in the monitoring system that we have
Mississippi Army National Guard’s that when we make a warranted but implemented for all candidate species
by providing notice that we are actively Eastern District of California also will provide an adequate basis for a
seeking information regarding the status concluded that our determination of court to review the petition finding.
of those species. We review all new preclusion may appropriately be based Nothing in this document or any of
information on candidate species as it on a national analysis (Center for our policies should be construed as in
becomes available, prepare annually a Biological Diversity v. Norton No. CV S– any way modifying the Act’s
species assessment form that reflects 03–1758 GEB/DAD (E.D. Cal.)). This requirement that we make a resubmitted
monitoring results and other new court also found that the Act’s 12-month petition finding for each
information, and identify any species imperative that listing decisions be petitioned candidate within one year of
for which emergency listing may be based solely on science applies only to the date of publication of this CNOR. If
appropriate. If we determine that the determination about whether listing we fail to make any such finding on a
emergency listing is appropriate for any is warranted, not the question of when timely basis, whether through
candidate, whether it was identified listing is precluded. publication of a new CNOR or some
through our own initiative or through On March 24, 2005, the United States other form of notice, any party with
the petition process, we will make District Court for the District of standing may seek judicial review.
prompt use of the emergency listing Columbia held that we may not consider In this CNOR, we are addressing the
authority under section 4(b)(7). We have critical habitat activities in justifying concerns of the courts by adding more
been reviewing and will continue to our inability to list candidate species, specific information into our discussion
review, at least annually, the status of requiring that we justify both our on preclusion (see below). In preparing
every candidate whether or not we have preclusion findings and our this CNOR, we reviewed the current
received a petition to list it. Thus, the demonstration of expeditious progress status of and threats to the 262
CNOR and accompanying species by reference to listing proceedings for candidates and 5 listed species for
assessment forms also constitute the unlisted species (California Native Plant which we have received a petition and
Service’s annual finding on the status of Society v. Norton, Civ. No. 03–1540 (JR) for which we have found listing or
petitioned species pursuant to section (D.D.C.)). The court further found that reclassification from threatened to
4(b)(3)(C)(i). we must adequately itemize priority endangered to be warranted-but-
On June 20, 2001, the United States listings, explain why certain species are precluded. We find that the immediate
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit of high priority, and explain why issuance of a proposed rule and timely
held that the 1999 CNOR (64 FR 57534, actions on these high priority species promulgation of a final rule for each of
October 25, 1999) did not demonstrate preclude listing species of lower these species has been, for the preceding
that we fulfilled the second component priority. The court approved our months, and continues to be, precluded
of the warranted-but-precluded 12- reliance on national rather than regional by higher priority listing actions.
month petition findings for the Gila priorities and workload in establishing Additional information that is the basis
chub and Chiracahua leopard frog preclusion and approved our basic for this finding is found in the species
(Center for Biological Diversity v. explanation that listing candidate assessments and our administrative
Norton, 254 F.3d 833 (9th Cir. 2001)). species may be precluded by statutorily record for each species. This is the first
The court found that the one-line mandated deadlines, court-ordered 12-month petition finding for those
designation in the table of candidates in actions, higher priority listing activities, candidate species that were petitioned
the 1999 CNOR, with no further and a limited budget. since the last CNOR (225 species), as
explanation, did not satisfy section We have drafted this CNOR to address well as for one new candidate species,
4(b)(3)(B)(iii)’s requirement that the the concerns of these courts. We include the Miami blue butterfly, that was
Service publish a finding ‘‘together with a description of the reasons why the petitioned prior to this CNOR but for
a description and evaluation of the listing of every petitioned candidate which we have not already published a
reasons and data on which the finding species is both warranted and precluded separate warranted-but-precluded 12-
is based.’’ The court suggested that this at this time. We make our month finding (we have previously
one-line statement of candidate status determinations of preclusion on a published a separate substantial 90-day
also precluded meaningful judicial nationwide basis to ensure that the petition finding for this species).
review. species most in need of listing will be Our review included updating the
On June 21, 2004, the United States addressed first and also because we status of and threats to petitioned
District Court for Oregon agreed that we allocate our listing budget on a candidate or listed species for which we
can use the CNOR as a vehicle for nationwide basis (see below). Regional published findings, pursuant to section
making petition findings and that our priorities can also be discerned from 4(b)(3)(B), in the previous CNOR (for the
reasoning for why listing is precluded Table 1, which includes the lead region Columbian Basin DPS of the greater
does not need to be based on an and the listing priority number for each sage-grouse, see below). We have
assessment at a regional level (as species. Our preclusion determinations incorporated new information we
opposed to a national level) (Center for are further based upon our budget for gathered since the prior finding and, as
Biological Diversity v. Norton Civ. No. listing activities for unlisted species and a result of this review, we are making
03–1111–AA (D. Or.)). However, this we explain the priority system and why continued warranted-but-precluded 12-
court found that our discussion on why the work we have accomplished does month findings on the petitions for
listing the candidate species were preclude action on candidate species. these species.
precluded by other actions lacked Pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(C)(ii) and We have identified the candidate
specificity; in the list of species that the Administrative Procedure Act (5 species for which we received petitions
were the subject of listing actions that U.S.C. 206), any party with standing by the code ‘‘C*’’ in the category
precluded us from proposing to list may challenge the merits of any not- column on the left side of Table 1. As
candidate species, we did not state the warranted or warranted-but-precluded discussed above, the immediate
specific action at issue for each species petition finding incorporated in this publication of proposed rules to list
in the list and we did not indicate CNOR. The analysis included herein, these species was precluded by our
which actions were court-ordered. together with the administrative record work on higher priority listing actions,
On June 22, 2004, in a similar case, for the decision at issue (particularly the listed below, during the period from
the United States District Court for the supporting species assessment form), April 19, 2004, through May 2, 2005.
We will continue to monitor the status approximately $9,600 for one species [i.e. for a lower-ranking species]
of all candidate species, including with a restricted range and involving a unwise.’’ Therefore, in fiscal year 2004,
petitioned species, as new information relatively uncomplicated analysis, to the outer parameter within which
becomes available. This review will $305,000 for another species that was ‘‘expeditious progress’’ must be
determine if a change in status is wide-ranging and involved a complex measured is that amount of progress that
warranted, including the need to analysis. could be achieved by spending $3.38
emergency-list a species under section In FY 1998 and for each fiscal year million, which was the amount
4(b)(7) of the Act. since then, Congress placed a statutory available in the Listing Program
In addition to identifying petitioned cap on funds which may be expended appropriation not within the critical
candidate species in Table 1 below, we for listing and critical habitat actions habitat subcap (i.e., all funds within the
also present brief summaries of why (i.e., the Listing Program), equal to the critical habitat subcap were used to
these particular candidates warrant amount expressly appropriated for that comply with court orders or court-
listing. More complete information, purpose in that fiscal year. This cap was approved settlement agreements, and
including references, is found in the designed to prevent funds appropriated thus were not available for other listing
species assessment forms. You may for other ESA functions, or for other activities).
obtain a copy of these forms from the Service programs, from being used for Our process is to make our
Regional Office having the lead for the listing or critical habitat actions (see determinations of preclusion on a
species, or from the Fish and Wildlife House Report 105–163, 105th Congress, nationwide basis to ensure that the
Service’s Internet Web site: http:// 1st Session). species most in need of listing will be
endangered.fws.gov/. As described Beginning in FY 2002, Congress also addressed first and also because we
above, under section 4 of the Act we put in place the critical habitat allocate our listing budget on a
may identify and propose species for ‘‘subcap,’’ which put an upper limit on nationwide basis. However, through
listing based on the factors identified in the Listing Program funds that could be court orders and court-approved
section 4(a)(1), and section 4 also spent on work related to critical habitat settlements, federal district courts have
provides a mechanism for the public to designations for already listed species. mandated that we must complete
petition us to add a species to the lists Recognizing that designation of critical certain listing activities with respect to
of species determined to be threatened habitat for species already listed would specified species and have established
species or endangered species pursuant consume most of the overall Listing the schedules by which we must
to the Act. Below we describe the Program appropriation, Congress put the complete those activities. The species
actions that continue to preclude the subcap in place to ensure that some involved in these court-mandated listing
immediate proposal of a regulation and funds would be available to make other activities are not always those that we
final promulgation of a regulation listing determinations: ‘‘The critical have identified as being most in need of
implementing the petitioned action, and habitat designation subcap will ensure listing. A large majority of the
we describe the expeditious progress we that some funding is available to appropriation available for new listings
are making to add qualified species to address other listing activities’’ (H.R. of species (of the $3.38 million) was
the lists of endangered or threatened Rep. No. 103, 107th Cong., 1st Sess. consumed by such court-mandated
species. 2001 at 30, 2001 WL 695998). Because listing activities in FY 2004, and by
the Service has had to use virtually the ordering or sanctioning these actions the
Preclusion and Expeditious Progress entire critical habitat subcap to address courts essentially determined that these
Preclusion is a function of a species’ court-mandated designations of critical were the highest priority actions to be
listing priority in relation to the habitat, Congress in effect determined, undertaken with available funding.
resources that are available and through the listing cap and the critical Accordingly, in FY 2004, FWS had little
competing demands for those resources. habitat subcap, the amount available for discretion to determine what listing
(As described above in the Summary, other listing activities. It is this amount activities to undertake and what species
the listing priority of a species is (i.e., the funds in the listing cap other to address. Copies of all of the court
represented by the listing priority than those covered by the critical orders and settlement agreements
number we assign to it.) Thus, in any habitat subcap) that is used in the referred to below are available from the
given fiscal year (FY), multiple factors determination here of preclusion and Service and are part of the
dictate whether it will be possible to expeditious progress. administrative record for these
undertake work on a proposed listing Congress also has recognized that the resubmitted petition findings.
regulation or whether promulgation of availability of resources was the key On November 10, 2003, the President
such a proposal is warranted but element in deciding whether we would signed the 2004 Interior and Related
precluded by higher priority listing issue a listing proposal or make a Agencies Appropriations Act (Pub. L.
actions. ‘‘warranted but precluded’’ finding for a 108–108), which, as a result of the
The resources available for listing given species. The Conference Report subcap, in effect included $3,386,000
actions are determined through the accompanying Public Law 97–304, for listing activities not related to
annual appropriations process, and we which established the current statutory critical habitat designations for species
cannot spend more than is appropriated deadlines and the warranted-but- that already are listed. This
for the Listing Program without precluded finding, states (in a appropriation was fully allocated to
violating the Anti-Deficiency Act. The discussion on 90-day petition findings fund the following categories of actions
number of listing actions that we can that by its own terms also covers 12- in the Listing Program: emergency
undertake in a given year also is month findings) that the deadlines were listings; essential litigation-related,
influenced by the complexity of those ‘‘not intended to allow the Secretary to administrative and program
listing actions, i.e., more complex delay commencing the rulemaking management functions; compliance
actions generally are more costly. For process for any reason other than that with court orders and court-approved
example, for FY 2002 to FY 2004, the the existence of pending or imminent settlement agreements requiring that
costs (excluding publication costs) for proposals to list species subject to a petition findings or listing
conducting a 12-month finding, without greater degree of threat would make determinations be completed by a
a proposed rule, ranged from allocation of resources to such a petition specific date; section 4 listing actions
with absolute statutory deadlines; and management functions; compliance includes work in the following
high-priority listing actions. Based on with court orders or court-approved categories: (1) Evaluation of the
the available funds and their allocation settlement agreements requiring petition potential need for emergency listing of
for these purposes, no FY 2004 funds findings or listing determinations; and 1 species; (2) preparation and
were available for listing actions for any high-priority listing actions. While publication of final listing
of the candidate species included in being similar to FY 2004, the Listing determinations involving 10 species; (3)
Table 1 of this notice, except for some Program situation for FY 2005 is preparation and publication of a
funds that were used for work on the different in that we estimate that we proposed listing action for 1 species; (4)
Southwest Alaska population of the have approximately $1.7 million from preparation of proposed or final listing
northern sea otter, boreal toad, and salt the critical habitat subcap that is not actions (not yet completed so not yet
creek tiger beetle. Specific details needed, at this time, to fund critical published) for 6 species; (5) and petition
regarding the individual actions taken habitat designations that are the subject findings for 55 species (11 completed
using the FY 2004 funding, which of court order or court-approved findings; 40 resubmitted; 4 findings not
precluded our ability to undertake settlement agreements. We are currently yet completed). Specific information
listing proposals for any of the working on allocating this money to our regarding each of these categories for FY
candidate species, except these three Regions for work on statutorily-required 2004 is provided below.
species noted above, are provided petition findings and potential work on (1) Emergency listings—We worked
below. proposed listing determinations for on a proposed rule to list the Miami
We note here that the category of some high-priority candidate species. blue butterfly. The Miami blue butterfly
‘‘high-priority listing actions’’ During the current fiscal year, we will is restricted to one isolated population
mentioned above refers to actions for issue proposed listing rules for the on Bahia Honda Key in Florida and is
which no timeline has been established highest priority candidate species only threatened by the combined influences
by a court order or settlement if doing so does not jeopardize our of catastrophic environmental events,
agreement, and that also are not subject ability to comply with court orders, habitat destruction or modification,
to an absolute statutory deadline. Our court-approved settlement agreements, mosquito control activities, potential
ability to work on such listing actions is or unqualified statutory deadlines. illegal collection, potential loss of
quite limited. In recent years, our Consequently, as of the date of the genetic heterogeneity, and potential
allocation of Listing Program funds has publication of this CNOR, we anticipate predation. Work on assessing the status
included a limited amount of funding that we will have only limited FY 2005 of the species and preparing a listing
($100,000) to each Regional office to funds available to work on proposals to rule originally was approved for funding
ensure that the office maintains minimal list any of the candidate species and was initiated in FY 2004 because at
core capacity for listing actions (e.g., included in Table 1 (with the exception the time, the Region considered that it
evaluating the status of species to help of the Salt Creek tiger beetle which is was an emergency. We later decided not
ensure that emergency listing action can work that was done per a court- to exercise our discretion under section
be taken if necessary, participating in approved settlement agreement and the 4(b)(7) to emergency list the species
work to meet the statutory requirement Gunnison sage-grouse, which is a high (based in part on the existence of a
to annually review and make findings priority listing action, as explained captive-bred population). However,
on resubmitted petitions). In a Region below), and consequently we continue because a review of the species had
that faces a relatively limited workload to find that proposals to list these been conducted and the emergency rule
in the Listing Program with regard to species are warranted but precluded. already was drafted, and because it was
deadlines resulting from court orders or We note also that all of the actions that a high priority species, continued work
settlement agreements, and a relatively demonstrate our expeditious progress on the proposed listing was approved.
limited workload related to meeting on listing that we have completed to Recently, however, we decided that the
statutory deadlines, some of this date or will complete in FY 2005 (see limited funds that were available to
‘‘capability’’ funding may be available to below) contribute to the preclusion of work on a proposed rule for this species
address high priority listing actions. work on listing proposals for these should instead be used to work on
However, in most Regions the limited candidate species. higher priority candidate species (i.e.,
amount of capability funding for In addition to being precluded by lack species with a LPN of 2). Therefore,
Regional offices included in an of available funds, work on proposed rather than completing and issuing a
allocation is used for work associated rules for candidates with lower priority proposed rule to list this species, we are
with supporting listing actions related (i.e., those that have listing priority including it in the CNOR as a new
to court orders or settlement numbers of 4–12) is also precluded by candidate.
agreements, and for meeting statutory the need to issue proposed rules for (2) Final listing determinations—We
deadlines (i.e., there are no funds higher priority species facing high- prepared and published in the Federal
available for high priority listing magnitude, imminent threats (i.e., Register final listing determinations for
actions). listing priority numbers of 1–3). Table 1 ten species, all of which had deadlines
The overall Listing Program situation shows the listing priority number for mandated by court orders or court-
in FY 2005 is similar to that in FY 2004. each candidate species. Finally, 12- approved settlement agreements, in
For FY 2005, Congress appropriated month ‘‘warranted but precluded’’ addition to the absolute statutory
$4,043,000 to the listing program that petition findings for reclassification of deadline imposed by section 4(b)(6).
cannot be spent on critical habitat for threatened species to endangered are These included final regulations listing
already listed species (Pub.L. 108–447, lower priority, since the listing of the eight species and final decisions to
signed on December 8, 2004). We have species already affords the protection of withdraw the proposed listing rules for
recently prepared the allocation of this the Act and implementing regulations. two species. The eight species we listed
appropriation. The $4,043,000 is fully As explained above, part of the basis were: Rota bridled white-eye (69 FR
allocated to fund the following listing for making a warranted-but-precluded 3022; January 22, 2004; LPN = 2), Santa
actions: any emergency listings; finding is that expeditious progress is Catalina Island fox, Santa Rosa Island
essential litigation-related, being made to add qualified species to fox, San Miguel Island fox, and Santa
administrative, and program the Lists. Our progress in FY 2004 Cruz Island fox (69 FR 10335 for all four
fox subspecies; March 5, 2004; LPN = 3); listing regulation. We could not have In FY 2004, we funded work on and
two plant species (Nesogenes rotensis utilized this capability funding to published 11 petition findings for the
and Osmoxylon mariannense) from the complete listing actions in other following species: wolverine (not-
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Regions without eliminating the ability substantial 90-day finding) (68 FR
Islands (69 FR 18499; April 8, 2004; of this Region to monitor the status of 60112; October 21, 2003); eastern
LPN = 1 and 2, respectively); and the candidate species and address any subspecies of the greater sage-grouse
California tiger salamander (69 FR emergency situations that might arise. (not-substantial 90-day finding) (69 FR
47211; August 4, 2004; LPN = 3). (We (4) We funded work on proposed or 933; January 7, 2004); Midvalley fairy
note that the work on the salamander final listing actions for 6 species for shrimp (not-warranted 12-month
included funding for the designation of which work was not completed in FY finding) (69 FR 3592; January 26, 2004);
critical habitat for the central California 2004. This included work on final Cymopterus deserticola (desert
distinct population segment (DPS). The listing actions for the Sacramento cymopterus—substantial 90-day
critical habitat subcap pertains to Mountains checkerspot butterfly, the finding) (69 FR 6240; February 10,
critical habitat designations for species Mariana fruit bat (LPN = 3), and the 2004); fisher (West coast DPS)
already listed; we may use listing funds southwest Alaska DPS of the northern (warranted-but-precluded 12-month
for critical habitat designation work sea otter (LPN = 3). It also included finding) (69 FR 18769; April 8, 2004);
conducted in conjunction with a listing work on proposed listing actions for the Florida black bear (partial remand of
action, as was the case with this DPS. boreal toad (LPN = 3), Salt Creek tiger not-warranted 12-month finding) (69 FR
This work was necessary to comply beetle (LPN = 3), and Miami blue 2100; January 14, 2004); greater sage-
with the Act’s deadline for designating butterfly. The work on all these species, grouse (substantial 90-day finding) (69
critical habitat: concurrent with listing except on the northern sea otter (see (3)
FR 21484; April 21, 2004); Colorado
or within one year thereafter if above) and Miami blue butterfly (see (1)
river cutthroat trout (not-substantial 90-
concurrent designation is not above), was in response to a court order
day finding) (69 FR 21151; April 20,
determinable). The two species for or a court-approved settlement
2004); New England cottontail
which we withdrew proposed listing agreement, and all of the final listing
(substantial 90-day finding) (69 FR
rules were: the slickspot peppergrass (69 determinations are subject to absolute
39395; June 30, 2004), black-tailed
FR 3094; January 22, 2004; previously statutory deadlines under section
prairie dog (not-warranted 12-month
LPN = 2); and Tabernaemontana 4(b)(6).
(5) We funded work on 55 petition resubmitted petition finding) (69 FR
rotensis (a plant species with LPN = 2); 51217; August 18, 2004); and, western
the decision to not list this species was findings. This involved 90-day findings,
initial 12-month findings, and findings gray squirrel (not substantial 90-day
included as part of the Federal Register finding) (69 FR 58115). All 12-month
on resubmitted petitions. As explained
publication of the final rules listing the findings have absolute statutory
below, in some instances, the work has
two plant species from the deadlines. Because of Badgley, all 90-
been based on meeting deadlines
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana day findings arguably also have absolute
established by court order or by
Islands, mentioned above (69 FR 18499). statutory deadlines. In addition, the
settlement agreements. In other
(3) We prepared and published a instances, the work has been done in work on all these species, with the
proposed regulation to list the order to meet statutory deadlines. All following exceptions, was in response to
southwest Alaska distinct population 12-month findings are subject to an court orders or court-approved
segment of the northern sea otter, which unqualified statutory deadline. With settlement agreements. The New
has an LPN = 3 (69 FR 6600; February regard to 90-day findings, the decision England cottontail was the highest
11, 2004)). This DPS occurs in nearshore in Biodiversity Legal Foundation v. priority listing action for the Northeast
locations from Attu Island in the west Badgley, 309 F. 3d 1166 (9th Cir. 2002), Region. The Northeast Region generally
to Kamishak Bay in the east, including held that the Act requires that 90-day has not faced the relatively heavy
waters along the Aleutian Islands, the petition findings (i.e., the initial finding Listing Program workload experienced
Alaska Peninsula, and the Kodiak as to whether a petition contains by several other Regions, and
archipelago. Although its range has not substantial information, which the Act consequently was able to use their
been curtailed, this population has directs us to make within 90 days of limited Regional office capability
declined by 56–68 percent since the receipt of a petition, if practicable) must funding in FY 2004 to support the
mid-1980’s and the decline shows no be made no later than 12 months after completion of this petition finding. We
evidence of abating (see proposed rule receipt of the petition, regardless of could not have utilized this capability
for additional information). This whether it is practicable to do so. Thus, funding to complete listing actions in
proposal was not the result of a deadline all 90-day findings are arguably subject other Regions without eliminating the
established by a court order or a court- to an absolute statutory deadline. As a ability of this Region to monitor the
approved settlement agreement. Rather, result of this ruling, which changed our status of candidate species and address
this was the highest priority listing interpretation of section 4(b)(3) of the any emergency situations that might
action for the Alaska Region. (Initially Act, we have been working to issue arise. Work on the greater sage-grouse
we determined that the Aleutian Islands petition findings on most of the was a high priority action since we were
DPS of the northern sea otter was a outstanding petitions for those species already working on sage-grouse issues
candidate with LPN = 3 (66 FR 54807), that we have not previously determined related to the court-ordered petition
and subsequently determined that the to warrant candidate status. finding for the eastern sage-grouse. In
DPS encompasses southwest Alaska.) Some petition findings are our 90-day finding for the eastern sage-
The Alaska Region generally has not ‘‘complete’’ actions. This includes 12- grouse, we committed to respond to the
faced the relatively heavy Listing month petition findings in which we listing petitions for the greater sage-
Program workload experienced by determine that listing was not warranted grouse within 90 days, and to make a
several other Regions, and consequently and 90-day petition findings in which 12-month finding within 12 months, if
was able to use their limited Regional we determine that the petition did not required. Having made this public
office capability funding in FY 2004 to present substantial information. In these commitment, and given the history of
support the completion of this proposed cases, our listing work is complete. litigation involving various populations
of sage-grouse, we accorded the same candidates and prepare emergency finding published on April 20, 2005 (70
priority to these petition findings as we listing packages as needed. FR 20512)) (Cymopterus deserticola
would to a court-ordered petition (1) We are funding work on the final (desert cymopterus—12-month finding),
finding. Work on the black-tailed prairie listing determinations for the following Dalea tentaculoides (Gentry’s
dog was a high priority listing action; species: Mariana fruit bat (final listing indigobush ‘‘90-day and 12-month
we had previously funded much of the rule was published on January 6, 2005 findings) (substantial 90-day finding
work on this species in 2000 when we (70 FR 1190)), southwest Alaska DPS of published on February 2, 2005 (70 FR
made the initial 12-month warranted- the northern sea otter, Gila chub, Salt 5401)), Ptilagrostis porteri (porter
but-precluded petition finding and in Creek tiger beetle, Sacramento feathergrass) (not-substantial 90-day
2001–2003 when we made resubmitted Mountains checkerspot butterfly finding published on February 4, 2005
petition findings that listing was still (withdrawal of the proposed rule was (70 FR 5959)). The work on all of the
warranted but precluded. The published on December 21, 2004 (69 FR above species is pursuant to court
Mountain-Prairie Region was able to use 76428)), and four Southwestern orders or court-approved settlement
some of their capability funds from FY invertebrates (Koster’s tryonia snail, agreements, except for work on the
2004 to make the not-warranted petition Pecos assiminea snail, Roswell greater sage-grouse (see 5) above under
finding for the black-tailed prairie dog. springsnail, and Noel’s amphipod). All FY 2004 work) and the California
The allocated funds also supported of these final listing determinations are spotted owl, which is being done in
work on petition findings that were not responding to court orders or court- relation to ligtigation. We also funded
completed in FY 2004, which involved approved settlement agreements, with work on initial petitions findings for
work on findings for the following 4 the exception of the work on the final 225 candidate species (species
species: white-tailed prairie dog (90-day listing determination for the southwest petitioned after the last CNOR) and
finding), greater sage-grouse (12-month Alaska DPS of the northern sea otter (see resubmitted petition findings for 37
finding), Bromus arizonicus (Arizona above for explanation on why this work petitioned candidate species (species
brome ‘‘90-day finding), and Nassella was funded). Now that the sea otter is petitioned prior to the last CNOR). As
cernua (nodding needlegrass—90-day proposed for listing, a final listing explained above, these initial and
finding). Work on the white-tailed determination is subject to an absolute resubmitted petition findings are
prairie dog was in response to a court statutory deadline. required by statute and findings for 261
(2) We are funding proposed listing of them are being published as part of
order, while the work on the sage-grouse
determinations for the boreal toad and this CNOR (the resubmitted petition
was a high priority listing action with a
the Salt Creek tiger beetle, and a finding for the Columbia Basin DPS of
statutory deadline (see above). Work on
remanded final listing determination for the greater sage-grouse will be
the statutorily-required petition findings
the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl, completed later, as we have new
for Arizona brome and nodding
pursuant to court-approved settlement
needlegrass was done using a small information that needs to be evaluated).
agreements and a court order. The
amount of capability funds that was left We are also funding work on the next
proposed listing rule for the Salt Creek
at the end of the fiscal year; this was a annual review of those resubmitted
tiger beetle was published on February
high priority for the Pacific Region. petition findings which will be
1, 2005 (70 FR 5101). The work on a
In addition, we completed published as part of the next CNOR.
proposed listing determination for the
resubmitted petition findings required Because the majority of these species
boreal toad has not been completed and,
by statute for 40 petitioned species that were already candidate species prior to
thus, we are making a resubmitted
are candidates. We published these our receipt of a petition to list them, we
petition finding for this species within
findings on May 4, 2004, as part of the had already assessed their status using
this CNOR. Additionally, we are
previous Candidate Notice of Review funding a proposed listing funds from our Candidate Conservation
(CNOR) (69 FR 24876). Since we had determination for the Gunnison sage- Program. We also continue to monitor
identified many of these species as grouse, which is a high priority listing the status of these species through our
candidates prior to receiving a petition action (LPN = 2) and the subject of Candidate Conservation Program. The
to list them, we had already assessed litigation. cost of updating the species assessment
their status using funds from our (3) We also are funding work on forms and publishing the joint
Candidate Conservation Program (a petition findings for the following publication of the CNOR and
separate budget item within the species: white-tailed prairie dog (not- resubmitted petition findings is shared
Endangered Species Program). substantial 90-day finding published on between the Listing Program and the
Our anticipated progress in FY 2005 November 9, 2004 (69 FR 64889)), Candidate Conservation Program.
includes work in the following Queen Charlotte goshawk (remanded As with our ‘‘precluded’’ finding,
categories: (1) Preparation and not-warranted 12-month finding), ‘‘expeditious progress’’ is a function of
publication of final listing actions for 9 pygmy rabbit (rangewide 90-day and 12- the resources that are available and the
species; (2) initial work toward month findings), greater sage-grouse competing demands for those funds. As
preparation and publication of proposed (entire range) (12-month not-warranted discussed above, the funds in the
listing actions for 4 species; (3) and finding published January 12, 2005 (70 Listing Program that would be otherwise
work on petition findings for 17 species FR 2273)), California spotted owl (90- available for adding other qualified
that are not candidate species, initial day finding), Yellowstone cutthroat species to the Lists in FY 2004 and FY
petition findings for 225 candidate trout (12-month finding), Cicurina 2005 have been spent or must be spent
species that were petitioned since the cueva (cave spider—90-day and 12- on complying with court orders and
last CNOR, and resubmitted petition month findings) (substantial 90-day court-approved settlement agreements
findings for 37 candidate species that finding published on February 1, 2005 to make petition findings, court orders
were petitioned prior to the last CNOR. (70 FR 5123)), four species of Pacific and court-approved settlement
Specific information regarding each of lamprey (not-substantial 90-day findings agreements to make final listing
these categories for FY 2005 is provided published on December 27, 2004 (69 FR determinations for other species,
below. We note also that Regions will 77152 and 69 FR 77158)), three species meeting statutory deadlines for petition
continue to monitor the status of of springsnail (substantial 90-day findings or listing determinations, a few
high-priority Service-initiated listing 1982 to only 200 in 1998. Since that based on information in our files and in
determinations, essential litigation time, few bats have been observed; the Service’s initial ‘‘warranted-but-
support, and administrative and however, the reasons for the decline of precluded’’ finding published in the
management tasks. the subspecies are unclear. Two caves at Federal Register on April 8, 2004 (68 FR
Because virtually all of the money to Anapeapea Cove were reported as 18770). The fisher is a carnivore in the
add qualified species to the list is roosting sites for most of the bats family Mustelidae and is the largest
consumed in complying with court estimated in 1976 and 1977. Both caves member of the genus Martes.
orders or court-approved settlement were severely damaged during several Historically, the West Coast population
agreements requiring petition findings typhoons between 1987 and 1992, and of the fisher extended south from British
or listing determinations, and essential no bats were reported in either cave Columbia into western Washington and
litigation-related, administrative, and during 1993 surveys. Only small Oregon, and in the North Coast Ranges,
program management functions related numbers of bats have been observed in Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains and Sierra
to these findings and determinations, other caves during past surveys, but Nevada in California. The fisher is
we have endeavored to make our listing there is no information on how many believed to be extirpated or reduced to
actions as efficient and timely as other caves exist or how many bats they scattered individuals from the lower
possible, given the requirements of the could support. Predation by rats (Rattus mainland of British Columbia through
relevant law and regulations, and sp.) and other introduced species may Washington, and in the central and
constraints relating to workload and also be significant. Surveys of roost northern Sierra Nevada range in
personnel. We are continually caves and sweeps in various locations in California. Natural populations of the
considering ways to streamline American Samoa over the past year fisher currently occur in the North Coast
processes or achieve economies of scale, indicate the Pacific sheath-tailed bat Ranges of California, the Klamath-
such as by batching related actions may be there, however, no bats were Siskiyou Mountains of northern
together. Given our limited budget for detected in 80 percent of the caves on California and southern Oregon, and in
implementing section 4 of the Act, these Tutuila. The listing priority number for isolated populations occurring in the
actions described above collectively the Pacific sheath-tailed bat remains at southern Sierra Nevada in California.
constitute expeditious progress. 3, because the magnitude of the threats They also occur in the southern Cascade
facing the species is high, the threats are Range in Oregon as descendants through
Findings for Petitioned Candidate imminent, and the taxon in question is a reintroduction effort. There is a lack
Species a subspecies. of precise empirical data on West Coast
Mammals Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat DPS fisher numbers. However, the lack
(Emballonura semicaudata rotensis), of detections over much of its historic
Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat Guam and the Commonwealth of the
(Emballonura semicaudata range, the high degree of genetic
Northern Mariana Islands—The relatedness within some populations,
semicaudata)—The following summary following summary is based on
is based on information contained in and the fact that populations of native
information contained in our files. No fisher in California are separated by four
our files. No new information was new information was provided in the
provided in the petition received on times the species’ maximum dispersal
petition received on May 11, 2004. See distance, indicate that the likely extant
May 11, 2004. The Pacific sheath-tailed the information provided above (for the
bat was once common and widespread fisher populations are small and
Pacific sheath-tailed bat, semicaudata apparently isolated from one another.
in Polynesia and Micronesia and is the subspecies) regarding the former range,
only insectivorous bat recorded from a other subspecies, and threat the species Major threats that fragment or remove
large part of this area. Historically, the as a whole. key elements of fisher habitat include
Pacific Sheath-tailed bat occurred in This subspecies formerly occurred on various forest vegetation management
American and Independent Samoa, Guam, and in the CNMI on Rota, practices, such as timber harvest and
Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Aguiguan, Tinian, Saipan, and possibly fuels reduction treatments; stand-
Mariana Islands (CNMI), Caroline Anatahan and Maug. The Pacific sheath- replacing fire; Sudden Oak Death
Islands, Tonga, Fiji, and Vanuatu. Four tailed bat is believed to be extirpated Phytophthora; urban and rural
subspecies are recognized: E. s. rotensis, from all islands in the Mariana Islands, development; recreation development;
endemic to the Mariana Islands; E. s. except Aguiguan. Predation by the and roads. Major threats to fisher that
sulcata, occurring in Chuuk and introduced brown treesnake (Boiga lead to direct mortality and injury
Pohnpei; E. s. palauensis, found in irregularis) may have played a include collisions with vehicles,
Palau; and E. s. semicaudata, occurring significant role in the extirpation of the incidental trapping of fisher during
in American and Independent Samoa, species on Guam, and predation by rats trapping for other species, predation
Tonga, Fiji, and Vanuatu. (Rattus sp.) and monitor lizards and viral diseases such as rabies and
The primary threats to the species as (Varanus indicus) may also have been canine and feline distemper. Existing
a whole include the loss of roosting significant factors in extirpations on regulatory mechanisms on Federal,
caves (through various means), the loss Guam and other islands. The 2003 State, and private lands affect key
of foraging habitat due to deforestation, surveys on Aguiguan, the only island elements of fisher habitat, yet they
disturbance by feral ungulates, natural that still has a population of Pacific provide insufficient certainty that
disasters, and possibly pesticide use in sheath-tailed bats in the Marianas, conservation efforts will be
the Mariana Islands. Disturbances to indicate the population is about 400– implemented or that they will be
caves and burning of forests have 500 animals. The Listing Priority effective in reducing the level of threats
contributed to the decline of bats in Fiji. Number for the Pacific sheath-tailed bat to the West Coast DPS of the fisher.
These threats are occurring already, remains at 3, because the magnitude of However, the threats are nonimminent
have been occurring for several decades, the threats facing the species is high, the as the remaining areas containing fisher
and are affecting a large proportion of threats are imminent, and the taxon in populations appear to be stable or not
the population. question is a subspecies. rapidly declining. The greatest threats to
This subspecies on American Samoa Fisher, West Coast DPS (Martes these remaining fisher populations are
declined from around 11,000 bats in pennanti)—The following summary is issues related to small isolated
populations and the potential for further Friendly ground-dove (Gallicolumba population declines in four of its core
loss and fragmentation of habitat over stairi stairi)—See above in ‘‘Summary of population centers—Prince William
time. The listing priority number for Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ Sound, Malaspina Forelands, Glacier
this DPS remains a 6 (threats are of a The above summary is based on Bay, and Kenai Fjords. As populations
high magnitude but are nonimminent). information contained in our files. No become smaller, they become
Mazama pocket gopher (Thomomys new information was provided in the increasingly vulnerable to events that
mazama (ssp. couchi, glacialis, louiei, petition received on May 11, 2004. may result in local extirpation. Causes
melanops, pugetensis, tacomensis, Streaked horned lark (Eremophila for the declines in populations are not
tumuli, yelmensis)—See above in alpestris strigata)—The following well known, but we believe that glacial
‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in summary is based on information retreat and oceanic regime shifts are the
Candidates.’’ The above summary is contained in our files and the petition most likely causes. Kittlitz’s murrelets
based on information contained in our received on January 7, 2003. The seem to prefer areas near stable or
files and the petition received on streaked horned lark is one of 21 advancing tidewater glacier faces as
January 7, 2003. subspecies of North American horned these areas have higher primary
Palm Springs round-tailed ground larks. According to recent genetic productivity compared to siltier, less
squirrel (Spermophilus tereticaudus analyses, this subspecies is unique, saline fjords with receding glaciers, but
chlorus)—See above in ‘‘Summary of isolated, and has little genetic diversity, the ecological mechanisms linking
Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ indicating it has been evolving Kittlitz’s murrelets to their preferred
The above summary is based on independently for some time. habitats remains a topic for further
information in our files. No new Historically, the breeding range research. Other causes of decline may
information was provided in the extended from southern British include: habitat loss or degradation,
petition received on May 11, 2004. Columbia, south through the Puget increased adult and juvenile mortality,
Southern Idaho ground squirrel lowlands and along the Washington and low recruitment. Existing regulatory
(Spermophilus brunneus endemicus)— coast, and through the Willamette mechanisms appear inadequate to stop
See resubmitted petition finding Valley of Oregon. Currently, the or reverse population declines or to
published in the Federal Register on subspecies is extirpated in British reduce the threats to this species. Due
Columbia. Only 11 breeding sites are to the nonimminent threats of high
December 27, 2004 (69 FR 77167).
known in Washington, and the breeding magnitude, we are retaining a listing
Washington ground squirrel
population in Oregon is estimated to priority number of 5 for this species.
(Spermophilus washingtoni)—See above
include less than 300 birds. Threats Xantus’s murrelet (Synthliboramphus
in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes
include loss and degradation of habitat hypoleucus)—See above in ‘‘Summary
in Candidates.’’ The above summary is
due to conversion of native grassland to of Listing Priority Changes in
based on information contained in our other uses, encroachment of woody Candidates.’’ The above summary is
files and the petition received on March vegetation due to fire suppression, based on information contained in our
2, 2000. invasion of habitat by nonnative plants files and the petition received on April
Birds and animals, human disturbance, nest 16, 2002.
predation, deposition of dredge spoil, Lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus
Spotless crake, American Samoa DPS pallidicinctus)—The following
and conflict with airport development
(Porzana tabuensis)—See above in and maintenance activities. The summary is based on information
‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in magnitude of threats is high because few contained in our files and the petition
Candidates.’’ The above summary is individuals are found in a small number received on October 5, 1995. Additional
based on information contained in our of populations having patchy, isolated information can be found in the 12-
files. No new information was provided distributions in habitats highly desirable month finding published on June 7,
in the petition received on May 11, for development and threatened by 1998 (63 FR 31400). Biologists estimate
2004. invasive plant species. Populations that the occupied range has declined by
Kauai creeper (Oreomystis bairdi)— occur in suitable habitat on airports and 92 percent since the 1800s. The most
See above in ‘‘Summary of Listing military bases, where management and serious threats to the lesser prairie-
Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ The training activities can affect breeding. chicken are loss of habitat from
above summary is based on information Specific threats are not known to be conversion of native rangelands to
contained in our files. No new imminent, and some conservation introduced forages and cultivation,
information was provided in the measures have been initiated by land cumulative habitat degradation caused
petition received on May 11, 2004. managers. The LPN for this subspecies by severe grazing, woody plant invasion
Yellow-billed cuckoo, western U.S. remains a 6. of open prairies, fire suppression,
DPS (Coccyzus americanus)—See above Kittlitz’s murrelet (Brachyramphus herbicides, and habitat fragmentation
in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes brevirostris)—The following summary is caused by structural and transportation
in Candidates.’’ The above summary is based on information contained in our developments. Many of these threats
based on information contained in our files and the petition received on May may exacerbate the normal effects of
files and the petition received on 9, 2001. Kittlitz’s murrelet is a small periodic drought on lesser prairie-
February 9, 1998. See also our 12-month diving seabird whose entire North chicken populations. In many cases, the
petition finding published on July 25, American population, and most of the remaining suitable habitat has become
2001 (66 FR 38611). world’s population, inhabits Alaskan fragmented by the spatial arrangement
Many-colored fruit-dove (Ptilinopus coastal waters discontinuously from of properties affected by these
perousii perousii)—See above in Point Lay south to northern portions of individual threats. We view current and
‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in Southeast Alaska. Most recent continued habitat fragmentation to be a
Candidates.’’ The above summary is population estimates (9,500–26,700 serious ongoing threat that facilitates the
based on information contained in our birds) indicate that it has the smallest extinction process through several
files. No new information was provided population of any seabird considered a mechanisms: remaining habitat patches
in the petition received on May 11, regular breeder in Alaska. This species may become smaller than necessary to
2004. appears to have undergone significant meet the yearlong requirements of
individuals and populations, necessary based on information contained in our Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans), black
habitat heterogeneity may be lost to files and the petition received on rats (R. rattus), Norway rats (R.
large areas of monoculture vegetation January 25, 2000. For greater detail, also norvegicus), feral and domestic cats
and/or homogenous habitat structure, see 65 FR 82310 (December 28, 2000). (Felis catus), small Indian mongooses
areas between habitat patches may The range of the Gunnison sage-grouse (Herpestes auropunctatus), and barn
harbor high levels of predators or brood has been reduced to less than 25 percent owls (Tyto alba). Band-rumped storm-
parasites, and the probability of of it historical range, distributed across petrels nest only in remote, steep, rocky
recolonization decreases as the distance 8 populations. Size of the range and areas, probably because these areas are
between suitable habitat patches quality of its habitat have been reduced less accessible to predators. Artificial
expands. by direct habitat loss, habitat lighting of roadways, resorts, ballparks,
The Service is currently working to fragmentation, and habitat degradation residences and other developments
quantify the ongoing level of habitat from building development, road and attracts and confuses night-flying,
fragmentation throughout the species utility corridors, fences, energy storm-petrel fledglings, resulting in
range. Although Federal lands comprise development, conversion of native ‘‘fall-out’’ and collisions with buildings
only five percent of currently occupied habitat to hay or other crop fields, and other objects. ‘‘Fall-out’’ is a term
habitat, these tracts are located in areas alteration or destruction of wetland and used to describe when fledglings are
essential to population recovery and riparian areas, inappropriate livestock attracted to lights, become disoriented
dispersal. As a result, the Service views management, and creation of large and fall to the ground where they are
habitat management considerations on reservoirs. Numerous conservation often killed by cars or predators. Over
Federal lands within current and actions have occurred and funding and a 12-year period from 1978 to 1990,
historic range as very important. Due to plans for additional conservation Harrison et. al. reported that 15 band-
their potential magnitude to affect the actions are in place or ongoing. Despite rumped storm-petrels, 13 of which were
species, current planning efforts for these actions, sage-grouse numbers young, were recovered on Kauai as a
grazing and wind, oil, and gas declined significantly in 2003 (likely result of fall-out. The impact from
development on public lands is of due to the 2002 drought) and remained artificial lighting is expected to increase
particular relevance to the future listing at a low level in 2004. Given ongoing as human population grows and
status of the species. and potential individual and cumulative development continues on Kauai and
Based on all currently available threats, we are leaving the listing other Hawaiian Islands. The total
information, we find that ongoing priority at a 2 at this time. population size is poorly known, but is
threats to the lesser prairie-chicken, as Band-rumped storm-petrel, Hawaii unlikely to number more than a few
outlined in the 12-month finding, DPS (Oceanodroma castro)—The hundred pairs. The listing priority
remain unchanged and lesser prairie- following summary is based on number for the band-rumped storm-
chickens continue to warrant Federal information contained in our files and petrel remains at 3, because the
listing as threatened. We have the petition received on May 8, 1989. magnitude of the threats facing the
determined that the overall magnitude No new information was provided in species is high, the threats are
of threats to the lesser prairie-chicken the second petition received on May 11, imminent, and the taxon in question is
throughout its range are moderate, and 2004. The band-rumped storm-petrel is a distinct population segment.
that the threats are ongoing; thus, they a small, widespread seabird found in Elfin woods warbler (Dendroica
are considered imminent. Consequently, the subtropics of the Pacific and angelae)—The following summary is
a listing priority number of 8 remains Atlantic Oceans. In the Pacific, there are based on information contained in our
appropriate for the species. Greater sage- three widely separated breeding files. No new information was provided
grouse, Columbia Basin DPS populations—one in Japan, one in in the petition received on May 11,
(Centrocercus urophasianus)—We have Hawaii and one in the Galapagos. 2004. The elfin woods warbler has been
not updated our finding with regard to Populations in Japan and the Galapagos documented from four locations in
the Columbian Basin DPS of the greater are comparatively large and number in Puerto Rico: Luquillo Mountains, Sierra
sage-grouse in this notice. In the the thousands, while the Hawaiian birds de Cayey, and the Commonwealth
previous CNOR, we found that a listing represent a small, remnant population forests of Maricao and Toro Negro.
proposal for this DPS was still of possibly only a few hundred pairs. Habitat destruction from expansion of
warranted but precluded by higher The species is currently known to nest public facilities, sun coffee plantations,
priorities, and we assigned the DPS a only on Kauai but is suspected to nest timber management, disruption of
listing priority number of 6. Since that on Hawaii. Although small populations breeding activities, potential predators,
time, new information has become do occur on Maui and Hawaii, we have and catastrophic natural events threaten
available through the status review of been unable to determine if they are this species. These threats are not
the greater sage-grouse (range-wide). We viable; certainly they are not large and imminent because most of the range of
will use the best scientific and they represent a fraction of prehistoric this species is within protected lands.
commercial information available distribution. The current primary The listing priority number remains a 5
(including, but not limited to threats to the species, predation by for this species.
information that became available nonnative species and mortality
during the rangewide status review) to associated with disorientation by lights, Reptiles
reevaluate whether the Columbia Basin have been occurring for several decades, Sand dune lizard (Sceloporus
population still qualifies as a DPS under and are affecting a large proportion of arenicolus)—see resubmitted petition
our DPS policy, and if it does, whether the population. finding published in the Federal
the DPS still warrants a listing proposal. Predation by introduced species has Register on December 27, 2004 (69 FR
Once that evaluation is completed we played a significant role in reducing 77167).
will publish an updated finding for this storm-petrel numbers and exterminating Eastern massasauga (Sistrurus
DPS in the Federal Register either in the colonies in the Pacific and other catenatus catenatus)—The following
next CNOR or in a separate notice. locations worldwide. Several alien summary is based on information
Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus predators are found throughout the contained in our files. No new
minimus)—The following summary is main Hawaiian Islands, including information was provided in the
petition received on May 11, 2004. The Mobile River Delta. Black pine snake The Candidate Conservation
eastern massasauga is one of three surveys and trapping indicate that this Agreement for the Louisiana pine snake,
recognized subspecies of massasauga. It species has been extirpated from a comprehensive and voluntary
is a small, thick-bodied rattlesnake that Louisiana and from two counties in partnership encompassing all Federal
occupies shallow wetlands and adjacent Mississippi. Moreover, the distribution lands where pine snake occurrences are
upland habitat in portions of Illinois, of remaining populations has become known, was recently completed in order
Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, highly restricted due to the destruction to protect known Louisiana pine snake
Missouri, New York, Ohio, and fragmentation of the remaining populations and maintain the ecosystem
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Ontario. longleaf pine habitat within the range of upon which it depends. Several private
Although the current range of S. c. the species. Most of the known landowners with known Louisiana pine
catenatus resembles the subspecies’ Mississippi populations are snake populations are interested in
historical range, the geographic concentrated in the DeSoto National joining that partnership or developing a
distribution has been restricted by the Forest. Populations in Alabama occupy similar one. Nevertheless, while the
loss of the subspecies from much of the private, nonindustrial timberland where magnitude of Louisiana pine snake
area within the boundaries of that range. they have an uncertain future due to habitat loss is great and the remaining
Approximately 40 percent of the habitat loss and degradation. Other habitat is degraded, continued habitat
counties that were historically occupied factors affecting the black pine snake loss does not represent an imminent
by S. c. catenatus no longer support the include vehicular mortality and low threat, because the rate of habitat loss
subspecies. S. c. catenatus is currently reproductive rates which magnify other appears to be declining, and pro-active
considered imperiled in every state and threats and increase the likelihood of partnerships to address key
province it occupies. Each state and local extinctions. Due to nonimminent management concerns and research
Canadian province across the range of S. threats of high magnitude caused by the needs are growing. Due to nonimminent
c. catenatus has lost more than 30 past destruction of most of the longleaf threats of a high magnitude, we
percent, and for the majority more than pine habitat of the black pine snake, and continue to assign a listing priority
50 percent of their historical persistent degradation of what remains, number of 5 to this species.
populations. Furthermore, less than 35 we are retaining a listing priority Cagle’s map turtle (Graptemys
percent of the remaining populations number of 6 for this subspecies. caglei)—The following summary is
are considered secure. Louisiana pine snake (Pituophis based on information contained in our
Approximately 59 percent of the ruthveni)—The following summary is files and the petition received on April
remaining S. c. catenatus populations based on information contained in our 26, 1991. Cagle’s map turtle occurs in
occur wholly or in part on public land, files and the petition received on July scattered population sites within seven
and State-wide and/or site-specific 19, 2000. The Louisiana pine snake counties in Texas along the Guadalupe,
Candidate Conservation Agreements historically occurred in fire-maintained San Marcos, and Blanco Rivers. Loss
with Assurances (CCAAs) are currently longleaf pine ecosystems of west-central and degradation of riverine habitat from
being developed for many of these areas Louisiana and extreme east-central large and/or small impoundments (dams
in Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Texas. Louisiana pine snakes are closely or reservoirs) is the primary threat to the
Ohio, and Wisconsin. Populations soon associated with Baird’s pocket gophers Cagle’s map turtle. One effect of
to be under CCAs and CCAAs are (Geomys breviceps) and make extensive impoundment is the loss of riffle and
expected to have a high likelihood of use of their burrow systems for foraging, riffle/pool transition areas used by
persisting and remaining viable. Other nocturnal and diurnal retreats, escape males for foraging. Depending on its
populations are likely to suffer from predators and fire, and for size, a dam itself may be a partial or
additional losses in abundance and hibernation sites. Within some of the complete barrier to Cagle’s map turtle
genetic diversity and some will likely be best remaining habitat in their historic movement and could fragment
extirpated unless threats are removed in range, Louisiana pine snakes have not populations. Construction of smaller
the near future. Therefore, the been documented in over a decade. impoundments and human activities on
magnitude of threats from habitat Results of Louisiana pine snake trapping rivers occupied by the Cagle’s map
modification, habitat succession, and radiotelemetry surveys suggest that turtle have likely eliminated or reduced
incompatible land management extensive population declines and local foraging and basking habitats in the
practices, illegal collection for the pet extirpations have occurred during the past. Although the water plan in
trade, and human persecution is last 50 to 80 years. development by the State of Texas is
moderate overall with most imminent Most of the historical longleaf pine considering reservoirs that have the
threats occurring to remaining habitat of the Louisiana pine snake has potential to alter or destroy habitat for
populations on private lands. Due in been destroyed, and the habitat quality this species, firm plans for new
large part to the numerous CCAAs of that which remains has been reservoir construction have not been
currently being developed and degraded due to logging, fire made. Cagle’s map turtle is also
implemented, we do not believe suppression, roadways, short-rotation vulnerable to overcollecting and target
emergency listing is warranted and have silviculture, and grazing. Louisiana pine shooting. Based on the high magnitude
kept the listing priority number at 9 for snake habitat loss is continuing, albeit at of nonimminent threats, we retain a
this eastern massasauga subspecies. a slower rate than in the past. The best listing priority of 5 for this species.
Black pine snake (Pituophis remaining Louisiana pine snake habitat Sonoyta mud turtle (Kinosternon
melanoleucus lodingi)—The following occurs on lands where periodic burning sonoriense longifemorale Iverson)—The
summary is based on information has continued. Other factors affecting following summary is based on
contained in our files. No new Louisiana pine snakes include low information contained in our files. No
information was provided in the fecundity (reproductive output), which new information was provided in the
petition received on May 11, 2004. magnifies other threats and increases petition received on May 11, 2004. The
There are historical records for the black the likelihood of local extinctions, and Sonoyta mud turtle occurs in a spring
pine snake from one parish in vehicular mortality, which may and pond at Quitobaquito Springs on
Louisiana, 14 counties in Mississippi, significantly effect Louisiana pine snake Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument
and 3 counties in Alabama west of the population and community structure. in Arizona, and in the Rio Sonoyta and
Quitovac Spring of Sonora, Mexico. their historic range and to maintain, widespread throughout the range of the
Loss and degradation of stream habitat enhance, and restore a sufficient mountain yellow-legged frog within the
from water diversion and groundwater number of populations of Columbia Sierra Nevada, it is persistent in
pumping, along with its very limited spotted frogs and their habitat to ensure ecosystems, and it is resilient to
distribution, is the primary threat to the their continued existence throughout environmental conditions such as
Sonoyta mud turtle. Sonoyta mud their historic range within those areas. drought and freezing.
turtles are highly aquatic and depend on Although these agreements may reduce We conclude that all remaining
permanent water for survival. The area threats in the future, we retained a mountain yellow-legged frog
of southwest Arizona and northern listing priority number of 3 for this DPS populations within the Sierra Nevada
Sonora where the turtle occurs is one of of the Columbia spotted frog because the are at risk of declines and extirpation
the driest regions of the southwest. Due threats are imminent and of a high primarily as a result of predation by
to continuing irrigated agriculture and magnitude. introduced trout and infection by
development in the region, surface Mountain yellow-legged frog, Sierra pathogens. We conclude that the overall
water in the Rio Sonoyta can be Nevada DPS (Rana muscosa)—The magnitude and immediacy of threats to
expected to dwindle further. This following summary is based on the Sierra Nevada distinct population
species may also be vulnerable to aerial information contained in our files and segment of the mountain yellow-legged
spraying of pesticides on nearby the petition received on February 8, frog is high. Therefore, we retain a
agricultural fields. Due to imminent 2000. Also see our 12-month petition listing priority of 3 for this DPS.
threats of a high magnitude, we are finding published on January 16, 2003 Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa)—
keeping the listing priority number of 3 (68 FR 2283). The mountain yellow- The following summary is based on
for this subspecies. legged frog is restricted to two disjunct information contained in our files and
areas in California and a portion of the petition received on May 4, 1989.
Amphibians Nevada. One area is in the Sierra Historically, the Oregon spotted frog
Columbia spotted frog, Great Basin Nevada and the other area is in southern ranged from British Columbia to the Pit
DPS (Rana luteiventris)—The following California (Los Angeles, San River drainage in northeastern
summary is based on information Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego California. Based on surveys of
contained in our files and the petition Counties). The distribution of the Sierra historical sites, the Oregon spotted frog
received on May 1, 1989. Currently, Nevada mountain yellow-legged frog is is now absent from at least 76 percent
Columbia spotted frogs appear to be restricted primarily to publicly managed of its former range.
widely distributed throughout lands at high elevations, including The threats to the species’ habitat
southwestern Idaho, eastern Oregon, streams, lakes, ponds, and meadow include development, livestock grazing,
northeastern and central Nevada, and wetlands located in national forests and introduction of nonnative plant species,
southeastern Washington, but local national parks. Rangewide, it is changes in hydrology due to
populations within this general area estimated that the number of mountain construction of dams and alterations to
appear to be small and isolated from yellow-legged frog populations has seasonal flooding, and poor water
each other. Recent work by researchers undergone a 50 to 80 percent reduction. quality. Additional threats to the species
in Idaho and Nevada has documented Direct predation by nonnative fishes are predation by nonnative fish and
the loss of historically known sites, has resulted in rangewide population introduced bullfrogs. The high
reduced numbers of individuals within declines and local extirpations. magnitude of threat is due to small
local populations, and declines in the Furthermore, the result of these populations with patchy and isolated
reproduction of those individuals. extirpations is that the remaining distributions and the wide range of
Habitat degradation and fragmentation populations are fragmented and threats to both individuals and their
is probably a combined result of past isolated, making them vulnerable to habitats. Habitat restoration and
and current influences of heavy further declines and local extirpations management actions have not prevented
livestock grazing, spring alterations, caused by other factors such as disease. a decline in the reproductive rates in
agricultural development, urbanization, In a recent study, from 1996 to 2003, some populations. Each population is
beaver control, and mining activities. introduced trout were removed from 5 faced with multiple actual and potential
Fragmentation of habitat may be one of lakes in a remote area of the Sierra threats that could seriously reduce or
the most significant barriers to Nevada, with 16 nearby lakes used as eliminate any of these isolated
Columbia spotted frog recovery and controls. The experiment concluded populations and further reduce the
population persistence. Loss of that introduced trout are effective range of the species. Based on these
vegetation and/or lowering of the water predators on mountain yellow-legged threats, we retain a listing priority of 2
table as a result of the above mentioned frog tadpoles, and suggested ‘‘(i) that the for the Oregon spotted frog.
activities can significantly threaten frogs introduction of trout is the most likely Relict leopard frog (Rana onca)—The
moving from one area to another. mechanism responsible for the decline following summary is based on
Likewise, fragmentation and loss of of this mountain frog and (ii) that these information contained in our files and
habitat can prevent frogs from negative effects can be reversed.’’ To the petition received on May 9, 2002.
colonizing suitable sites elsewhere. help reverse the decline of the mountain Relict leopard frogs are currently known
Two conservation agreements and yellow-legged frog, the Sequoia and to occur naturally in two general areas
strategies were signed by Federal, State, Kings Canyon National Parks have been of Nevada—near the Overton Arm area
County, and university representatives removing introduced trout since 2001, of Lake Mead and Black Canyon below
on September 30, 2003, for the central and efforts are continuing through the Lake Mead. In addition to these natural
and northeast Nevada subpopulations. 2004 season. It is likely that disease, sites, three translocation sites have been
The goals of the conservation specifically chytrid fungus, has also established, two in Nevada and one in
agreements are to reduce threats to caused the recently observed declines in Arizona. We estimate that the current
Columbia spotted frogs and their habitat the species. Although the life history distribution is less than 20 percent of
to the extent necessary to prevent and modes of transmission of chytrid the historical distribution. As habitat
populations from becoming extirpated fungus are not well understood, it generalists, relict leopard frogs likely
throughout all or a significant portion of appears that this pathogen is occupied a variety of habitats including
springs, streams, and wetlands Pollutants and contaminants that enter Edwards Aquifer can result in reduced
characterized by clean, clear water, in the Edwards Aquifer are discharged in springflows that may also detrimentally
both deep and shallow water, and salamander habitat at Barton Springs impact the salamander. With imminent
cover/forage such as submerged, and may have serious morphological threats of high magnitude, we are
emergent, and perimeter vegetation. and physiological effects to the retaining a listing priority number of 2
The causes for the population salamander. As the human population for this salamander species.
declines of this species are not entirely increases in central Texas, the demand Boreal toad, Southern Rocky
clear, but suggested factors include on groundwater sources increases. Mountains DPS (Bufo boreas boreas)—
alteration of aquatic habitat due to Increased pumping of the Edwards The following summary is based on
agriculture and water development, and Aquifer can result in reduced information contained in our files and
the introduction of exotic predators and springflows that may also detrimentally the petition received on September 30,
competitors. The magnitude of threats to impact the salamander. Based on the 1993. See also our 12-month petition
the relict leopard frog are high based on high magnitude of the imminent threats finding published on March 23, 1995
its limited numbers and distribution, imposed on this species, we are (60 FR 15281). The boreal toad (Bufo
the presence of nonnative predators, retaining a listing priority number of 2 boreas) can be found throughout most of
potential alteration of remaining habitat for this species. the mountainous regions of the western
including groundwater pumping, and Georgetown salamander (Eurycea United States and was considered
diversion of surface water. We do not naufragia)—The following summary is common throughout the southern Rocky
consider threats to be imminent at this based on information in our files. No Mountains (southeastern Wyoming to
time. Although the numbers are low and new information was provided in the northern New Mexico). The abundance
distribution is limited, efforts are petition received on May 11, 2004. The of the species in the southern Rocky
underway to improve habitat and Georgetown salamander is known from Mountains has declined significantly in
increase numbers through captive spring outlets along five tributaries to the past few decades. While there are 32
rearing and translocation. There are no the San Gabriel River and one cave in populations, only one population in
proposed projects that may result in the City of Georgetown, Williamson Colorado is considered viable. In the
further habitat degradation. In addition, County, Texas. The Georgetown southern Rocky Mountains, the disease
a conservation agreement and strategy is salamander has a very limited chytridiomycosis, resulting from the
being developed which is intended to distribution and depends upon a chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium
improve the status of the species constant discharge of clean water from dendrobatidis, is the primary threat to
through prescribed management actions the Edwards Aquifer for its survival. the boreal toad. This fungus is only
and protection. The effectiveness of the Primary threats to this species are the known to infect amphibians and is the
plan in achieving adequate conservation same as for the Austin blind salamander primary suspect in the decline of
for the relict leopard frog will remain above. With imminent threats of high numerous amphibian species around
unknown until the plan is completed magnitude, we retain a listing priority of the world. It is unknown why this
and implementation is initiated. 2 for this species. fungus has become a problem over the
Therefore, we retain a listing priority of Salado salamander (Eurycea past few decades, or how it moves from
5 for the relict leopard frog. chisolmensis)—The following summary one population to another. We continue
Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus is based on information in our files. No to give the toad a listing priority of 3,
alleganiensis bishopi)—See above in new information was provided in the because chytrid fungus infection is an
‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in petition received on May 11, 2004. The ongoing threat of high magnitude and is
Candidates.’’ The above summary is Salado salamander is historically known likely to extirpate additional infected
based on information contained in our from two spring sites, Big Boiling boreal toad populations.
files. No new information was provided Springs and Robertson Springs, near Yosemite toad (Bufo canorus)—The
in the petition received on May 11, Salado, Bell County, Texas. following summary is based on
2004. Salamanders have not been located at information contained in our files and
Austin blind salamander (Eurycea Robertson Springs since 1991. Primary the petition received on April 3, 2000.
waterlooensis)—The following summary threats to this species are habitat See also our 12-month petition finding
is based on information in our files. No modification and degradation of water published on December 10, 2002 (67 FR
new information was provided in the quality and quantity due to expanding 75834). The historical range of Yosemite
petition received on May 11, 2004. The urbanization. Many of the spring outlets toads in the Sierra Nevada occurs from
Austin blind salamander is known to in the City of Salado have been the Blue Lakes region north of Ebbetts
occur in and around three of the four modified by dam construction. Because Pass to 5 kilometers (km) (3.1 miles
spring sites that comprise the Barton Big Boiling Springs is located near (mi)) south of Kaiser Pass in the
Springs complex in the City of Austin, Interstate 35 and in the center of the Evolution Lake/Darwin Canyon area.
Travis County, Texas. city, increasing traffic and urbanization Alteration and loss of habitat due to
Primary threats to this species are bring increased threats of contamination grazing, timber management, water
degradation of water quality and spills, higher levels of impervious cover, diversion, recreation, and vegetative/fire
quantity due to expanding urbanization. and subsequent impacts to groundwater. management are threats. The decline of
The Austin blind salamander depends The Salado salamander depends upon a some populations of the Yosemite toad
upon a constant discharge of clean constant discharge of clean water from has been attributed to the effects of
water from the Edwards Aquifer for its the Edwards Aquifer for its survival. poorly managed livestock grazing. The
survival. Urbanization can dramatically Pollutants and contaminants that enter levels of timber harvest and road
alter the normal hydrologic regime and the Edwards Aquifer can be discharged construction have declined substantially
water quality of an area. An increase in in salamander habitat, and may cause since implementation of the California
impervious cover (i.e. impervious to serious morphological and physiological Spotted Owl Sierran Province Interim
normal drainage) as a result of effects to the salamander. As the human Guidelines in 1993, and some existing
development increases the quantity and population increases in central Texas, roads have been, or are scheduled for,
velocity of runoff that leads to erosion greater demand on groundwater sources decommissioning. Therefore, the risks
and greater pollution transport. occurs. Increased pumping of the posed by new roads and timber harvests
have declined, but those already information from our files. No new requirements of the pearl darter. Pearl
existing still pose risks to the species information was provided in the darters have been collected from gravel
and its habitat through erosion, petition received on May 11, 2004. The riffles and rock outcrops; deep runs over
vehicular mortality, and contaminant Cumberland Johnny darter is a small gravel and sand pools below shallow
introduction. Due to their water depth, (approximately 3 inches) member of the riffles; swift, shallow water over firm
reservoirs represent both a loss of family Percidae. The Cumberland gravel and cobble in mid-river channels;
habitat and a barrier to dispersal. In Johnny darter is endemic to the upper swift water near brush piles and scour
addition, the evidence of an adverse Cumberland River system, above holes. The pearl darter is historically
physiological effect of pesticides on Cumberland Falls, in Kentucky, and known only from localized sites within
Sierra Nevada amphibians in the field Tennessee. According to recent surveys, the Pearl and Pascagoula River
indicates that contaminants may be a it appears that the subspecies is drainages in Mississippi and Louisiana.
risk to the Yosemite toad and may have restricted to 16 small streams in Whitley The pearl darter is very rare in the
contributed to the species’ decline. and McCreary Counties, Kentucky, and Pascagoula River system and is extinct
These factors have probably contributed 2 streams in Scott and Campbell in the Pearl River system. Since 1983,
to the decline of Yosemite toads and Counties, Tennessee. Based on these pearl darters have only been found in
currently pose a risk to the species. We surveys, formerly reported populations scattered sites within the Pascagoula
determined the magnitude of threats to in Little Wolf Creek, Whitely County, drainage, including the Pascagoula,
be moderate, rather than high, because Kentucky, Gum Fork, Scott County, Chickasawhay, Chunky, Leaf, and Bouie
almost all of the species’ range occurs Tennessee, and the mainstem of the Rivers and Okatoma and Black Creeks,
on Federal land, which facilitates Cumberland River appear to have been resulting in a 66 percent decrease of
management of the species by Federal extirpated. range. The pearl darter is vulnerable to
agencies. We determined the threats to The Cumberland Johnny darter nonpoint source pollution, changes in
the Yosemite toad to be nonimminent. inhabits shallow water in low velocity river and stream geomorphology, and
Therefore, we retain a listing priority shoals or riffles and backwater areas of other human-induced threats to its
number of 11 for the Yosemite toad. moderate to low gradient stream reaches environment. The magnitudes of threats
Black Warrior waterdog (Necturus with stable sand or sandy-gravel to the pearl darter are high based on its
alabamensis)—See above in ‘‘Summary substrates. Existing populations of limited numbers and distribution.
of Listing Priority Changes in Cumberland Johnny darter are small in However, we do not consider threats to
Candidates.’’ The above summary is size and range and are geographically be imminent at this time. Although the
based on information contained in our isolated from one another. This patchy numbers are low and distribution is
files. No new information was provided distribution makes them more disjunct, efforts are underway to
in the petition received on May 11, susceptible to extirpation from single improve habitat by reducing
2004. events of large impact. It also reduces sedimentation and increase numbers of
their ability to recover from smaller pearl darters through husbandry. There
Fishes
impacts to their habitat or population are no known proposed projects that
Arkansas darter (Etheostoma size. This level of isolation makes may result in further habitat degradation
cragini)—The following summary is natural repopulation of any extirpated at this time. Therefore, we retain a
based on information from our files. No population impossible without human listing priority number of 5 for the pearl
new information was provided in the intervention. Population isolation also darter.
petition received on May 11, 2004. The inhibits the natural interchange of Rush darter (Etheostoma
Arkansas darter is a fish with genetic material between populations; phytophilum)—The following summary
widespread distribution throughout the some of the Cumberland Johnny darter is based on information from our files.
Arkansas River basin in Arkansas, populations are likely below the No new information was provided in
Kansas, Colorado, Missouri, and effective population size required to the petition received on May 11, 2004.
Oklahoma. Threats to this species maintain long-term genetic and The life history of the rush darter is
include water quantity depletion such population viability. poorly known. Rush darters have been
as withdrawal of groundwater within Siltation, primarily from coal mining collected in vegetation from very
the Arkansas River basin in Kansas, activities but also from forestry and shallow, clear, cool and flowing water.
water quality degradation resulting from agricultural activities, road Rush darters appear to prefer relatively
increased urbanization and agricultural construction, and urban development, low-gradient small streams, not
activities, and genetic isolation. The appears to be the major factor necessarily spring influenced.
most recent survey data indicate the contributing to the decline of the Historically, rush darters have been
Arkansas darter still persists at Cumberland Johnny darter. Federal and found in three distinct watersheds in
numerous locations which are widely State water quality laws have reduced Alabama: Clear Creek drainage in
distributed, providing some measure of water quality threats to some degree, but Winston County; Turkey Creek drainage
protection against extirpation resulting non-point pollution threats and in Jefferson County; and Little Cove and
from a single randomly occurring event. modification of instream habitat and Bristow Creek in Etowah County.
Data also indicate groundwater hydrology are cumulative and gradual. Cumulatively, the rush darter is only
withdrawal in a significant portion of Consequently, we continue to assign the known from localized collection sites
the species’ range has declined in the Cumberland Johnny darter a listing within approximately 14 km (9 miles) of
last decade. The overall impacts facing priority number of 6, reflecting a threat streams in the mentioned counties.
this species have been reduced to the magnitude and immediacy of high and The rush darter is currently known to
point where they represent a low to nonimminent, respectively. have one of the most restricted
moderate magnitude threat. Because of Pearl darter (Percina aurora)—The distributions of any vertebrate in
these factors, we retain a listing priority following summary is based on Alabama and all are located above the
of 11 for this species. information from our files. No new Fall Line in the Tombigbee-Black
Cumberland Johnny darter information was provided in the Warrior drainage. There are only two
(Etheostoma nigrum susanae)—The petition received on May 11, 2004. Little known extant rush darter populations:
following summary is based on is known about the specific habitat the Clear Creek drainage in Winston
County and the Beaver Creek and Penny 2000 status survey; the species has to improve flows by withdrawing land
Springs areas in the Turkey Creek apparently been extirpated in that reach. from irrigation and installing off-stream
drainage in Jefferson County. The rush A comparison of inhabited stream livestock watering facilities. Timely
darter is vulnerable to non-point source reaches in a 1981 survey versus the precipitation, supplemented by the
pollution, urbanization, and changes in 2000 survey reveals that the largest above voluntary conservation actions,
stream geomorphology due to its decline occurred in the South Fork, helped maintain discharge above
localized distribution in parts of two where reaches formerly inhabited by the minimum ‘‘survival’’ levels for fluvial
unconnected stream drainages and its yellowcheek darter declined by 70 Arctic grayling in the upper Big Hole
apparent low population sizes. percent. The second largest decline River through the remainder of 2004, so
Sedimentation has been identified as occurred in the Archey Fork, where the ‘‘critical situation’’ cited in CBD’s
the greatest threat to the rush darter. there was a 60 percent reduction in emergency listing request did not
Industrialization is extensive inhabited stream reach. The Middle persist. Fluvial Arctic grayling persist at
throughout the rush darter’s habitat, Fork showed the least decline in low abundance in the Big Hole River
particularly near the type locality for the inhabited stream reach, at 22 percent. and a number of associated tributary
rush darter in Jefferson County. Due to imminent threats of a high streams, and recent spawning success
Although efforts are underway to magnitude, we retain a listing priority observed in 2003–04 is consistent with
improve habitat by reducing number of 2 for this species. a functional, albeit depressed,
sedimentation and increase numbers of Fluvial arctic grayling, upper population. Thus, emergency listing is
rush darters through husbandry, the Missouri River DPS (Thymallus not warranted at this time (see also the
magnitude of threats to the rush darter arcticus)—The following summary is 2003 CNOR published on May 4, 2004,
are high based on its limited numbers based on information contained in our for our determination that emergency
and distribution. We do not consider the files and the petition received on listing was not warranted at that time);
threats to be imminent at this time, October 2, 1992. See also our 12-month however, a listing priority of 3
however, as we know of no proposed petition finding published on July 25, continues to be warranted because the
projects that may result in further 1994 (59 FR 37738). The distinct threats facing the DPS remain high in
habitat degradation. Therefore, we vertebrate population segment (DPS) of magnitude and imminent. We are
retain a listing priority number of 5 for fluvial Arctic grayling (Thymallus closely monitoring the status of this DPS
the rush darter. arcticus) of the upper Missouri River and ongoing efforts to secure the Big
Yellowcheek darter (Etheostoma once ranged throughout the streams and Hole River population and expand its
moorei)—The following summary is rivers of the upper Missouri River range into historic waters in the upper
based on information from our files. No drainage above Great Falls. Currently, Missouri River basin.
new information was provided in the the only confirmed fluvial population is Chucky madtom (Noturus sp. cf. N.
petition received on May 11, 2004. The restricted to the upper Big Hole River in elegans)—The following summary is
Yellowcheek darter is endemic to only Montana, an area estimated to be less based on information from our files. No
four headwater tributaries of the Little than 5 percent of the population new information was provided in the
Red River, Arkansas. It is vulnerable to segment’s historical range. Attempts petition received on May 11, 2004. The
alterations in physical habitat since 1997 to re-establish additional chucky madtom is a rare, undescribed
characteristics such as the populations in historic waters have not catfish known from only 14 specimens
impoundment of Greers Ferry Reservoir, yet produced any self-sustaining collected from two Tennessee streams.
channel maintenance in the Archey populations. A lone individual was collected in 1940
Fork tributary, increased sedimentation The primary threats facing the fluvial from Dunn Creek (a Little Pigeon River
from eroding stream banks and poor Arctic grayling are hydrologic tributary) in Sevier County, and 13
riparian management (e.g. livestock alterations and stream dewatering from specimens have been encountered since
grazing in and along tributaries resulting irrigation withdrawals, thermal stress, 1991 in Little Chucky Creek (a
in higher sediment loads), and illegal degradation and loss of riparian habitat, Nolichucky River tributary) in Greene
gravel mining. Factors affecting the entrainment in irrigation ditches, lack of County. Only 3 specimens have been
remaining populations include loss of fish passage, and encroachment by encountered since 1994 from two riffle
suitable breeding habitat, habitat and nonnative trout species. Since 1999, areas in a short reach of Little Chucky
water quality degradation, population persistent drought in southwestern Creek. All Little Chucky Creek
isolation, and severe population Montana has exacerbated the effects of specimens have been collected from
declines. these primary threats, and stream runs with slow to moderate
The Middle Fork tributary was listed corresponding survey data do not current over pea gravel, cobble, or slab-
as an impaired waterbody by the suggest a secure fluvial Arctic rock substrates.
Arkansas Department of Environmental population in the Big Hole River. The majority of the Little Chucky
Quality in 2004 due to excessive Consequently, we elevated the listing Creek watershed is privately owned and
bacteria and low dissolved oxygen. priority for fluvial Arctic grayling from managed for beef cattle production,
Recent studies have documented a 9 to a 3 in the 2003 CNOR. tobacco cultivation, and row crops,
significant declines in the numbers In May 2004, stream flows in the especially corn and soybeans. The Dunn
(60,000 in 1981 compared to 10,300 in upper Big Hole River reached critically Creek watershed shares these same
2000) of this fish in the remaining low levels because of early snowmelt agricultural practices. Nonpoint source
populations and further range runoff and irrigation withdrawals. On sediment and agrochemical inputs from
restriction within the tributaries (130.4 May 18, 2004, the Center for local agricultural and other sources may
to 65.0 stream km). As a result, Biodiversity (CBD) sent a letter to us adversely affect the chucky madtom by
yellowcheek darter numbers have requesting we emergency list the altering the physical characteristics of
declined by 83 percent in both the grayling based on the ‘‘critical its habitat, thus potentially impeding its
Middle Fork and South Fork, and by 60 situation’’ caused by low streamflows. ability to feed, seek shelter from
percent in the Archey Fork during the Federal agencies, State agencies, and predators, and successfully reproduce.
past 20 years. No yellowcheek darters private landowners addressed the low The Service believes that potential
were found in the Devils Fork during a streamflows with a collaborative effort demographic effects of inbreeding,
restricted distribution, and low number municipal discharges, and agricultural Diverting water for agricultural use is
of individuals pose imminent threats to activities. The current limited the primary purpose of at least five
the chucky madtom in its only known distribution of the sharpnose shiner impoundments, and several other
extant and historic locations. We are within the Upper Brazos River Basin reservoirs act as flood-control
retaining a listing priority number of 2 makes it vulnerable to events such as structures. Degradation of the upper
for the chucky madtom. the introduction of competitive species watershed has led to increased
Grotto sculpin (Cottus sp., sp. nov.)— or prolonged drought. Other possible sedimentation, and many of the
The following summary is based on threats include toxins released by reservoirs are now only shallow,
information from our files. No new blooms of golden algae, and sand and eutrophic ponds or wetlands with little
information was provided in the gravel operations in the Lower Brazos or no storage capacity. The
petition received on May 11, 2004. The River. The effects of these last two impoundments have also changed the
Grotto sculpin is a small fish within the possible threats may be insignificant, downstream channel morphology and
banded sculpin taxonomic complex that but further information is necessary substrate composition of streams.
exhibits cave-adapted features, before ruling them out as threats to this Another major impact to populations of
including nearly nonfunctional eyes, species. State law does not provide Zuni bluehead sucker was the
reduced skin pigmentation, and smaller protection for the sharpnose shiner. application of fish toxicants through at
optic nerves. The species inhabits pools Because the threats are nonimminent least two dozen treatments in the Nutria
and riffles within cave systems in two but of a high magnitude, a listing and Pescado Rivers between 1960 and
karst (cave) areas in Perry County, priority number of 5 remains 1975. Large numbers of Zuni bluehead
Missouri. Only a few thousand appropriate for this species. suckers were killed during these
individuals are thought to exist. The Smalleye shiner (Notropis buccula)— treatments.
species is threatened by water quality The following summary is based on For several years, the New Mexico
contamination as a result of point and information from our files. No new Department of Game and Fish (NMDGF)
nonpoint pollution sources. A large die- information was provided in the has been the lead agency to develop a
off of all Grotto sculpins in one of the petition received on May 11, 2004. The conservation plan for Zuni bluehead
five known occupied cave systems smalleye shiner is a small, pallid sucker. A study funded through section
known to have the species was likely a minnow endemic to the Brazos River 6 of the ESA was initiated in 2000, and
result of pollution. The species is also Basin in Texas. The population of will continue through 2005. The grant
threatened by predatory fish that likely smalleye shiners within the Upper includes funding for development and
prey upon Grotto sculpin and are Brazos River drainage (upstream of implementation of a Zuni Bluehead
known from all locations occupied by Possum Kingdom Reservoir) is Sucker Conservation Plan and the
the species. These predators, normally apparently stable. However, the shiner acquisition of additional information on
excluded from cave environments, has not been collected since 1976 distribution, life history, and species
escape surface farm ponds that downstream from the reservoir, and in associations. A draft conservation plan
unexpectedly drain through sinkholes all likelihood the species is completely was completed in 2004, but the plan is
into the underground cave systems and extirpated from this area, representing a not yet final. At this time, the potential
enter grotto sculpin habitat. Currently reduction of approximately 64 percent cooperators for the conservation effort
no State or Federal regulations provide of its historical range. The most are the Silva Family, Zuni Pueblo, U.S.
protection for the Grotto sculpin. Due to significant threat to the existence of the Forest Service, The Nature Conservancy,
imminent threats of a high magnitude, smalleye shiner is the modification of NMDGF, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife
a listing priority number of 2 remains its habitat by reservoir construction, Service. Because of the loss of habitat,
appropriate for this species. irrigation and water diversion, degradation of remaining habitat, and
Sharpnose shiner (Notropis sedimentation, industrial and municipal ongoing threats (i.e., drought and fire),
oxyrhynchus)—The following summary discharges, and agricultural activities. we continue to assign this subspecies a
is based on information from our files. Because these threats continue to be listing priority number of 3.
No new information was provided in nonimminent and of a high magnitude,
the petition received on May 11, 2004. Clams
we retain a listing priority number of 5
The sharpnose shiner is a small, slender for this species. Texas hornshell (Popenaias popei)—
minnow, endemic to the Brazos River Zuni bluehead sucker (Catostomus The following summary is based on
Basin in Texas. Historically, the discobolus yarrowi)—The following information from our files. No new
sharpnose shiner existed throughout the summary is based on information information was provided in the
Brazos River and several of its major contained in our files. No new petition received on May 11, 2004.
tributaries within the watershed. information was provided in the Historically, Texas hornshell, a
Current information indicates that the petition received on May 11, 2004. The freshwater mussel, occurred in the
population within the Upper Brazos range of the Zuni bluehead sucker has lower Pecos River of New Mexico,
River drainage (upstream of Possum been reduced by over 90 percent. The downstream throughout the Lower Rio
Kingdom Reservoir) is apparently stable, Zuni bluehead sucker currently Grande (Brownsville, Texas) and major
while the population within the Middle occupies 9 river miles in 4 areas of New tributaries in Texas, southward to the
and Lower Brazos River Basins may Mexico, and approximately 6 miles in Reo Pánuco drainage of San Luis Potosı́,
only exist in remnant areas of suitable one stream of Arizona. Zuni bluehead Mexico. Texas hornshell has declined
habitat, or may be completely sucker range reduction and notably throughout its historic range
extirpated, representing a reduction of fragmentation is caused by and can only be confirmed as extant in
approximately 64 percent of its discontinuous surface water flow, the Black River of New Mexico and,
historical range. separation of inhabited reaches by possibly, the Big Bend reach of the Rio
The most significant threat to the reservoirs, and habitat degradation from Grande in Texas. The primary threats
existence of the sharpnose shiner is the fine sediment deposition. The principal are ongoing habitat alterations such as
modification of its habitat by reservoir uses of surface and ground water within stream bank channelization,
construction, irrigation and water the Zuni River watershed are human impoundments, and diversions for
diversion, sedimentation, industrial and consumption, livestock, and irrigation. agriculture and flood control;
contamination of water from the oil and Although State regulations limit harvest nonimminent threats of a high
gas industry; alterations in the natural of this species, there is little protection magnitude.
riverine hydrology; and increased for habitat. However, populations are Georgia pigtoe (Pleurobema
sedimentation from prolonged stable in the Illinois River despite rapid hanleyanum)—See above in ‘‘Summary
overgrazing and loss of native urbanization and development within of Listing Priority Changes in
vegetation. Thus, a listing priority the watershed. Due to nonimminent Candidates.’’ The above summary is
number of 2 remains appropriate for the threats of a high magnitude, we retain based on information contained in our
Texas hornshell. a listing priority number of 5 for this files. No new information was provided
Fluted kidneyshell (Ptychobranchus species. in the petition received on May 11,
subtentum)—The following summary is Alabama pearlshell (Margaritifera 2004.
based on information from our files. No marrianae)—The following summary is Altamaha spinymussel (Elliptio
new information was provided in the based on information from our files. No spinosa)—The following summary is
petition received on May 11, 2004. The new information was provided in the based on information from our files. No
fluted kidneyshell is a freshwater petition received on May 11, 2004. The new information was provided in the
mussel (Unionidae) endemic to the Alabama pearlshell inhabits shallow petition received on May 11, 2004. The
Cumberland and Tennessee River riffles and pool margins of small creeks Altamaha spinymussel is a freshwater
systems (Cumberlandian Region) in and streams of southwest Alabama. mussel endemic to the Altamaha River
Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Only three populations of Alabama drainage of southeastern Georgia. The
Virginia. It requires shoal habitats in pearlshell have been confirmed to historical range of the Altamaha
free-flowing rivers to survive and survive during the past 15 years. The spinymussel was restricted to the
successfully recruit new individuals species has not been found at one of Coastal Plain portion of the Altamaha
into its populations. Habitat destruction these sites since 1998; observations of River and the lower portions of its three
and alteration (e.g., impoundments, increased sedimentation at this location major tributaries, the Ohoopee,
sedimentation, and pollutants) are the suggest nonpoint source pollution may Ocmulgee, and Oconee Rivers. The
chief factors contributing to its decline. be implicated in the disappearance of Altamaha River is formed by the
This species has been extirpated from Alabama pearlshell from this stream. confluence of the Ocmulgee and Oconee
numerous regional streams and is no The other two populations appear to be rivers and lies entirely within the State
longer found in the State of Alabama. stable and recruiting. We continue to of Georgia.
The fluted kidneyshell was historically assign the Alabama pearlshell a listing Comprehensive surveys revealed that
known from at least 37 streams but is priority number of 2, due to the only 14 live spinymussels have been
currently restricted to no more than 14 vulnerability of small stream habitat to found and only from an isolated portion
isolated stream segments, of which only nonpoint source pollution, and the of their range, limited to a half mile
1 (upper Clinch River) appears to be decline or loss of one of three known reach of the Altamaha River. The
stable and viable. Although the threats populations. species appears to be extirpated from
faced by this species are significant, we Slabside pearlymussel (Lexingtonia the Ohoopee, Ocmulgee, and Oconee
do not anticipate that they will dolabelloidesy)—The following Rivers, and its numbers are greatly
eliminate the species in the immediate summary is based on information from reduced in the Altamaha River.
future (next 1–3 years). Because the our files. No new information was Altamaha spinymussels face severe
threats are high in magnitude and provided in the petition received on habitat degradation from a number of
nonimminent at this time, we retain a May 11, 2004. The slabside sources. Among these are threats from
listing priority number of 5 for this pearlymussel is a freshwater mussel sedimentation, contaminants (from
mussel. (Unionidae) endemic to the Cumberland municipal wastewater treatment plants,
Neosho mucket (Lampsilis and Tennessee River systems agricultural sources, kaolin mining and
rafinesqueana)—The following (Cumberlandian Region) in Alabama, pulp mills), and the operations of the
summary is based on information from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. It Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Power Plant
our files. No new information was requires shoal habitats in free-flowing within the rivers that the Altamaha
provided in the petition received on rivers to survive and successfully recruit spinymussel inhabits. Water withdrawal
May 11, 2004. The Neosho mucket is a new individuals into its populations. and drought have intensified the
freshwater mussel native to Arkansas, Habitat destruction and alteration (e.g., impacts from contaminants, the
Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. The impoundments, sedimentation, and resulting low-flow rates provide lower
species has been extirpated from pollutants) are the chief factors volumes of water to dilute potential
approximately 70 percent of its range, contributing to its decline. This species contaminants and, therefore, effectively
and very low or no recruitment is has been extirpated from numerous increase the concentrations of
occurring in all of the extant regional streams and is no longer found contaminants in streams. In 1990, the
populations. Most of this extirpation has in the State of Kentucky. The slabside total amount of surface water
occurred in Kansas and Oklahoma. The pearlymussel was historically known withdrawn from the Altamaha River
Neosho mucket survives in four river from at least 32 streams but is currently basin was 1315.88 MGD, and
drainages; however, only two of these, restricted to no more than 9 isolated development pressures continue to
the Spring and Illinois Rivers, currently stream segments. Only 3 populations grow, which will lead to increased
support relatively large numbers of appear to be significant and viable water withdrawals. Prolonged drought
individuals and thus might be self- (Middle Fork Holston River, Paint Rock has resulted in other negative effects to
sustaining populations. Range River system, and Duck River within the the Altamaha spinymussel. For
restriction and population declines have Tennessee River system). Although the instance, the drought has opened the
occurred in the past due to habitat threats faced by this species are stream beds to all-terrain and four-
degradation attributed to significant, we do not anticipate that wheel drive vehicle access, so mussels
impoundments, mining, sedimentation, they will eliminate the species in the that might have survived the drought
and agricultural pollutants. These immediate future (next 1–3 years). We are now in danger of being crushed by
threats have led to the species being continue to assign a listing priority heavy vehicular traffic in the river bed
intrinsically vulnerable to extirpation. number of 5 to this mussel due to itself. These threats to the Altamaha
spinymussel are further compounded by interconnection among subpopulations. new information was provided in the
its limited distribution and the low Based on moderate, nonimmenent petition received on May 11, 2004. A
populations sizes identified in recent threats, we retain a listing priority tree-dwelling species, the fragile tree
survey efforts. However, the immediacy number of 9 for this subspecies. snail belongs to the snail family,
of these threats is not imminent. The Bonneville pondsnail (Stagnicola Partulidae, and is endemic to the
Altamaha River Cooperative for bonnevillensis)—See above in islands of Guam and Rota (Mariana
Stewardship and Research has been ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in Islands). Requiring cool and shaded
formed with the main objective of Candidates.’’ The above summary is native forest habitat, the species is now
identifying critical research and based on information contained in our known only from a single population on
conservation needs in the lower files. No new information was provided Rota. This species is currently
Altamaha Basin with a particular in the petition received on May 11, threatened by habitat loss and
emphasis on relationships between 2004. modification and by predation from
forestry practices and native biological Interrupted rocksnail (Leptoxis nonnative snails. Because the threats are
diversity. The Cooperative is comprised foremani (= downei)—See above in of a high magnitude and are considered
of representatives from Plum Creek, ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in imminent, we retain a listing priority
International Paper, The Nature Candidates.’’ The above summary is number of 2 for this species.
Conservancy, and the Georgia Dept. of based on information contained in our Gonzales springsnail (Tryonia
Natural Resources. Other stakeholders files. No new information was provided circumstriata)—See paragraph above
including other industrial forestry in the petition received on May 11, under Diamond Y Spring snail
companies, Georgia Power, paper mills 2004. (Pseudotryonia adamantina).
and university researchers have also Sisi snail (Ostodes strigatus)—The Guam tree snail (Partula radiolata)—
participated in the Cooperative, but are following summary is based on The following summary is based on
not formal members. As part of the information contained in our files. No information contained in our files. No
agreement the Altamaha River Scenic new information was provided in the new information was provided in the
Easement was established with industry petition received on May 11, 2004. petition received on May 11, 2004. A
representatives to the Cooperative Belonging to the snail family, Potaridae, tree-dwelling species, the Guam tree
contributing funds to support research the sisi snail is a ground-dwelling snail belongs to the snail family,
and conservation activities in the lower species and endemic to American Partulidae, and is endemic to the island
Altamaha Basin. The Altamaha River Samoa. The species is now known only of Guam. Requiring cool and shaded
Scenic Easement is a 91.4 m (300-ft) from a single population on the island native forest habitat, the species is now
wide buffer strip along 45 km (28 mi) of of Tutuila, American Samoa. This known only from eleven populations on
the Altamaha River proper comprised of species is currently threatened by Guam. This species is currently
several non-contiguous parcels, most of habitat loss and modification and by threatened by habitat loss and
which occur on one but not both sides predation from nonnative snails. modification and by predation from
of the river. The easement protects over Because the threats continue to be of a nonnative snails. Because the threats
480 hectares (1200 acres) of river high magnitude and are imminent, we continue to be of a high magnitude and
shoreline and floodplain from retain a listing priority number of 2 for are imminent, we retain a listing
development, surface mining, and this species. priority number of 2 for this species.
logging activities. Based on Diamond Y Spring snail Humped tree snail (Partula gibba)—
consideration of all of these conditions, (Pseudotryonia adamantina) and The following summary is based on
we continue to assign a listing priority Gonzales springsnail (Tryonia information contained in our files. No
of 5 to this mussel based on circumstriata)—The following summary new information was provided in the
nonimminent threats of a high is based on information from our files. petition received on May 11, 2004. A
magnitude. No new information was provided in tree-dwelling species, the humped tree
the petition received on May 11, 2004. snail belongs to the snail family,
Snails The Diamond Y Spring snail and Partulidae, and was originally known
Ogden mountainsnail (Oreohelix Gonzales springsnail are small aquatic from the island of Guam and the
peripherica wasatchensis)—The snails endemic to Diamond Y Spring in Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
following summary is based on Pecos County, Texas. The spring and its Islands (islands of Rota, Aguijan,
information from our files. No new outflow channel are owned and Tinian, Saipan, Anatahan, Sarigan,
information was provided in the managed by The Nature Conservancy. Alamagan, and Pagan). Most recent
petition received on May 11, 2004. The These snails are primarily threatened surveys revealed a total of 28
Ogden mountain snail is known from a with habitat loss due to springflow populations on the islands of Guam,
single population near the mouth of declines from drought and from Rota, Aguijan, Tinian, Anatahan,
Ogden Canyon, Weber County, Utah. pumping of groundwater. Additional Sarigan, Alamagan, and Pagan.
The total occupied habitat is an area threats include the possibility of water Although still the most widely-
approximating 100 meters (328 ft wide contamination from accidental releases distributed tree snail endemic in the
by 1 kilometer (0.5 miles) long. The last of petroleum products, as their habitat Mariana Islands, most of the remaining
population estimates were taken in is in an active oil and gas field. Also, a populations are small. This species is
1999, when snail numbers ranged from nonnative aquatic snail (Melanoides sp.) currently threatened by habitat loss and
approximately 9,520 in fall to 18,724 in was recently introduced into the native modification and by predation from
the spring. Based on measurement of snails’ habitat and may compete with nonnative snails. Because the threats are
snail size, there appears to be little endemic snails for space and resources. of a high magnitude and are considered
recruitment to the population. Threats With imminent threats of high imminent, we retain a listing priority
to the colony have not substantially magnitude, we retain a listing priority number of 2 for this species.
changed or increased over the past year. number of 2 for this species. Lanai tree snail (Partulina
The habitat receives heavy recreational Fragile tree snail (Samoana fragilis)— semicarinata)—The following summary
use and utility roads and ORV trails are The following summary is based on is based on information contained in
significant barriers to dispersal and information contained in our files. No our files. No new information was
provided in the petition received on beyond that controlled by these Therefore, due to the continuing
May 11, 2004. A tree-dwelling species, landowners. As an example, Phantom magnitude and imminence of threats to
Partulina semicarinata belongs to the Lake Spring is undergoing drying and this species, we retain a listing priority
snail family, Achatinellidae. Endemic to declining spring flows in San Solomon number of 2 for this species.
the island of Lanai, the species is Spring are also becoming evident (both Elongate mud meadows springsnail
currently known from 12 populations. of these springs are sites of occurrence (Pyrgulopsis notidicola)—The following
This species is currently threatened by for these springsnails). Since these summary is based on information
habitat loss and modification and by threats continue to be imminent and of contained in our files. No new
predation from nonnative snails. a high magnitude, we retain a priority information was provided in the
Because the threats are of a high listing number of 2 for these species. petition received on May 11, 2004.
magnitude and are imminent, we retain Tutuila tree snail (Eua zebrina)—The Pyrgulopsis notidicola is endemic to
a listing priority number of 2 for this following summary is based on Soldier Meadow, which is located at the
species. information contained in our files. No northern extreme of the western arm of
Lanai tree snail (Partulina new information was provided in the the Black Rock Desert, in the transition
variabilis)—The following summary is petition received on May 11, 2004. A zone between the Basin and Range
based on information contained in our tree-dwelling species, the Tutuila tree Physiographic Province and the
files. No new information was provided snail belongs to the snail family, Columbia Plateau Province, Humboldt
in the petition received on May 11, Partulidae, and is endemic to American County, Nevada. The type locality, and
2004. A tree-dwelling species, Partulina Samoa. The species is now known only the only known location of the species,
variabilis belongs to the snail family, from two populations on the island of occurs in a stretch of thermal (between
Achatinellidae. Endemic to the island of Tutuila. This species is currently 45° Celsius (C) (113° Fahrenheit (F)) and
Lanai, the species is currently known threatened by habitat loss and 32° C (90° F)) aquatic habitat that is
from 16 populations. This species is modification and by predation from approximately 300 m (984 ft) long and
currently threatened by habitat loss and nonnative snails. Because the threats are 2 m (6.7 ft) wide. Pyrgulopsis notidicola
modification and by predation from of a high magnitude and are considered occurs only in shallow, flowing water
nonnative snails. Because the threats are imminent, we retain a listing priority on gravel substrate. The species does
of a high magnitude and are imminent, number of 2 for this species. not occur in deep water (i.e.,
we retain a listing priority number of 2 Chupadera springsnail (Pyrgulopsis impoundments) where water velocity is
for this species. chupaderae)—The following summary low, gravel substrate is absent, and
Langford’s tree snail (Partula is based on information contained in sediment levels are high. The present or
langfordi)—The following summary is our files and the petition received on threatened destruction, modification, or
based on information contained in our November 20, 1985. See also our 12- curtailment of its habitat or range by
files. No new information was provided month petition finding published on recreational bathers in the thermal
in the petition received on May 11, October 4, 1988 (53 FR 38969). This waters is the greatest threat to the
2004. A tree-dwelling species, aquatic species is endemic to Willow species. The small size of their habitat
Langford’s tree snail belongs to the snail Spring on the Willow Spring Ranch and their limited range makes them
family, Partulidae, and is known from (formerly Cienega Ranch) at the south highly susceptible to any factors that
one population on the island of Aguijan. end of the Chupadera Mountains in negatively impact their habitat.
This species is currently threatened by Socorro County, New Mexico. The Regulatory mechanisms are beginning to
habitat loss and modification and by Chupadera springsnail has been be put in place, but few actions have
predation from nonnative snails. documented from two hillside been implemented to date. Based on
Because the threats are of a high groundwater discharges that flow imminent threats of high magnitude, we
magnitude and are considered through grazed areas among rhyolitic retain a listing priority number of 2 for
imminent, we retain a listing priority gravels containing sand, mud, and this species.
number of 2 for this species. hydrophytic plants. Regional and local Gila springsnail (Pyrgulopsis gilae)—
Phantom Cave snail (Cochliopa groundwater depletion, springrun The following summary is based on
texana) and Phantom springsnail dewatering, and riparian habitat information contained in our files and
(Tryonia cheatumi)—The following degradation represent the principal the petition received on November 20,
summary is based on information from threats. The survival and recovery of the 1985. Also see our 12-month petition
our files. No new information was Chupadera springsnail is contingent finding published on October 4, 1988
provided in the petition received on upon protection of the riparian corridor (53 FR 38969). The Gila springsnail is
May 11, 2004. The Phantom Cave snail immediately adjacent to Willow Spring an aquatic species known from 13
and Phantom springsnail are small and the availability of perennial, populations in New Mexico. The long-
aquatic snails that occur in only three oxygenated flowing water within the term persistence of the Gila springsnail
spring outflows in the Toyah Basin in species’ thermal range. Due to several is contingent upon protection of the
Reeves and Jeff Davis Counties, Texas. factors including the extremely riparian corridor immediately adjacent
The primary threat to both species is the localized distribution of the snail, its to springhead and springrun habitats
loss of surface flows due to declining occurrence only on private property, the (habitat at the springhead and along the
groundwater levels from drought and lack of regulatory protection of its watercourse running from the
pumping for agricultural production. habitat, and the inability of land springhead), thereby ensuring the
Although the land surrounding their managers to participate in its maintenance of perennial, oxygenated
habitat is owned and managed by The management, the magnitude of the flowing water within the species’
Nature Conservancy, Bureau of threats to this species is high. There is required thermal range. Sites on both
Reclamation, and Texas Parks and an imminent threat to this species private and Federal lands are subject to
Wildlife Department, the water needed because either human-caused levels of recreational use and livestock
to maintain the habitat of both species disturbance (grazing of cattle, water grazing that negatively affect this
has declined due to a reduction in the withdrawal, and fire) or natural species, thus placing the longterm
spring flows, possibly as a result of disturbance (drought or fire) could survival of the Gila springsnail at risk.
private groundwater pumping in areas eliminate this species in the near future. Natural events such as drought, forest
fire, sedimentation, and flooding; populations associated with a series of entails snail removal, which appears to
wetland habitat degradation by spring-brook systems along the Gila have had a temporary positive impact
recreational bathing in thermal springs; River in the Gila National Forest in on population numbers. The threat of
and poor watershed management Grant County, New Mexico. The ground water withdrawal is not
practices represent the primary threats longterm persistence of the New Mexico considered imminent because recent
to the Gila springsnail. Fire suppression springsnail is contingent upon studies indicate that the groundwater
activities and fire retardant chemicals protection of the riparian corridor system of the Verde Valley has not yet
have potentially deleterious effects on immediately adjacent to springhead and been affected by development, and base
this species. Because several of the springrun habitats, thereby ensuring the flow in the Verde River Valley has
springs occur on Forest Service land, maintenance of perennial, oxygenated remained virtually unchanged since
management options for the protection flowing water within the species’ 1915. Because these threats are
of the snail should be possible. required thermal range. nonimminent but continue to be of a
However, randomly occurring events, While the New Mexico springsnail high magnitude, we retain a listing
especially fire and drought, could have populations may be stable, the sites priority number of 5 for this species.
a major impact on the species. Moderate inhabited by the species are subject to Three Forks springsnail (Pyrgulopsis
use by recreationalists and livestock is levels of recreational use and livestock trivialis)—The following summary is
ongoing. If these uses remain at current grazing that negatively affect this based on information from our files. No
or lower levels, they will not pose an species. Wetland habitat degradation by new information was provided in the
imminent threat to the species. Of recreational use and overgrazing in or petition received on May 11, 2004. The
greater concern is the current drought near the thermal springs and/or Three Forks springsnail is an endemic
that could impact spring discharge and inadequate watershed management species with distribution limited to the
which increases the potential for fire. practices represent the primary threats Three Forks Springs and Boneyard
Significant fires have occurred in the to the New Mexico springsnail. Springs spring complexes in the North
Gila National Forest, and subsequent Moderate use by recreationalists and Fork East Fork Black River Watershed of
floods and ash flows have severely livestock is ongoing. If these uses east-central Arizona. The springsnail is
impacted aquatic life in streams. If the remain at the current or lower levels, known from free-flowing spring heads,
drought continues or worsens, the they will not pose an imminent threat concrete boxed spring heads, spring
imminence of threat (decreased to the species. Of greater concern is the runs, and spring seepage at these sites.
discharge, fire) will increase. Based on current drought, which could impact The primary threats include habitat
these nonimminent threats that are spring discharge and increases the modification from recreational
currently of a low magnitude, we retain potential for fire. Significant fires have activities, damage from elk wallowing,
a listing priority number of 11 for this occurred in the Gila National Forest and and predation from nonnative crayfish.
species. subsequent floods and ash flows have The Arizona Game and Fish Department
Huachuca springsnail (Pyrgulopsis severely impacted aquatic life in currently maintains an active
thompsoni)—The following summary is streams. If the drought continues or monitoring program for the Three Forks
based on information from our files. No worsens, the imminence of threat springsnail in cooperation with the Fish
new information was provided in the (decreased discharge, fire) will increase. and Wildlife Service and Forest Service.
petition received on May 11, 2004. The Based on these nonimminent threats of This program includes population
Huachuca springsnail inhabits 13 a low magnitude, we retain a listing monitoring, habitat sampling, and
springs and cienegas at elevations of priority number of 11 for this removal of nonnative predatory
4,500 to 7,200 feet in southeastern springsnail. crayfish. However, in the absence of a
Arizona (11 sites) and adjacent portions Page springsnail (Pyrgulopsis management strategy to effectively
of Sonora, Mexico (2 sites). The morrisoni)—The following summary is address the threat from both elk and
springsnail is typically found in the based on information from our files. No crayfish in a longterm fashion, we
shallower areas of springs or cienegas, new information was provided in the believe the immediacy of threats to be
often in rocky seeps at the spring petition received on May 11, 2004. The imminent. Therefore, we retain a listing
source. Potential threats include habitat Page springsnail is known to exist only priority number of 2 for the Three Forks
modification, wildfire, cattle grazing, within a complex of springs located springsnail.
and groundwater pumping. Recent within an approximately 1.5-kilometer Newcomb’s tree snail (Newcombia
communication with personnel from (0.93-mile) stretch along the west side of cumingi)—See above in ‘‘Summary of
Fort Huachuca indicates they are in the Oak Creek around the community of Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’
process of evaluating the status of Page Springs, Yavapai County, Arizona. The above summary is based on
species on Department of Defense lands Many of the springs where the information contained in our files. No
and developing conservation strategies; springsnail occurs have been subjected new information was provided in the
this may result in a reduction or to some level of modification for petition received on May 11, 2004.
elimination of threats in the future. domestic, agricultural, ranching, fish
hatchery, and recreational activities. Insects
Currently, however, due to the high
magnitude and nonimminent threats, Arizona Game and Fish Department Warm Springs Zaitzevian riffle beetle
we continue to assign a listing priority (AGFD) management plans for the (*COM044*Zaitzevia thermae)—The
number of 5 for this species. Bubbling Ponds and Page Springs fish following summary is based on
New Mexico springsnail (Pyrgulopsis hatcheries include commitments to information from our files. No new
thermalis)—The following summary is replace lost habitat and to monitor information was provided in the
based on information contained in our remaining populations of invertebrates petition received on May 11, 2004. The
files and the petition received on such as the Page springsnail. Based on Warm Springs Zaitzevian riffle beetle is
November 20, 1985. Also see our 12- recent survey data, it appears that the a small, flightless beetle. It is globally
month petition finding published on Page springsnail is abundant within its endemic to a single, small warm spring
October 4, 1988 (53 FR 38969). The New habitats and is more widely distributed along a creek in southwestern Montana.
Mexico springsnail is an aquatic species than previously known. Monitoring by A concrete box has been constructed to
known from only two separate AGFD and Service biologists no longer protect the spring from contaminants
that may enter the adjacent creek. As a from and endemic to the islands of demanding conditions found in cave
result, the beetle habitat is protected Guam and Rota (of the Mariana Islands), ecosystems.
from contamination or trampling, the species is now known only from one The inquirer cave beetle was
although the possibility for breaching of population on Rota. This species is described in 1980, from specimens
the cement box exists if extreme events currently threatened by predation and collected in Sheals’s Cave, Clay County,
were to occur. The most recent survey parasitism from nonnative species, and Tennessee. The species is not known
indicates the beetle is abundant both impacts to its host plants by browsing from any other caves. During a 1997
within the cement box and in seeps ungulates. Because the threats continue survey of the cave, three inquirer cave
outside the box. Because of its naturally to be of a high magnitude and are beetles were observed. The Beaver Cave
limited distribution, the species is considered imminent, we retain a listing beetle was described in 1973, from 3
vulnerable to randomly occurring priority number of 2 for this species. specimens collected from Beaver Cave,
natural and human-caused events. Miami blue butterfly (Cyclargus Harrison County, Kentucky. No
However, because of the protection of thomasi bethunebakeri)—See above in additional caves that could provide
the habitat, the magnitude of threats is ‘‘Summary of New Candidates.’’ The habitat for the Beaver Cave beetle were
low and threats are nonimminent, above summary is based on information found during a 1996 survey of Beaver
resulting in our retention of a listing contained in our files and in the petition Cave and the surrounding area. One
priority number of 11 for this species. received on June 15, 2000. specimen of the species was observed in
Wekiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola)—The Sequatchie caddisfly (Glyphopsyche Beaver Cave during the 1996 survey.
following summary is based on sequatchie)—The following summary is The Tatum Cave beetle was described in
information contained in our files. No based on information in our files. No 1973 from material collected from
new information was provided in the new information was provided in the Tatum Cave, Marion County, Kentucky.
petition received on May 11, 2004. The petition received on May 11, 2004. The No individuals were observed during
Wekiu bug belongs to the true bug Sequatchie caddisfly is known from two surveys in 1980 and in 1996. The
family, Lygaeidae, and is endemic to the spring runs that emerge from caves in species has not been observed in Tatum
island of Hawaii. Originally and Marion County, Tennessee: Owen Cave since 1965. There are no other
currently known from one widespread Spring Branch (the type locality) and known caves in the vicinity of Tatum
population on the summit of Mauna Martin Spring run in the Battle Creek Cave that could support the species. The
Kea, the species feeds upon other insect system. The Owen Spring Branch Louisville cave beetle was described in
species that are blown to the summit of population occurs within Sequatchie 1973 from specimens collected from
this large volcano. This species is Cave Park, which is a Class II Natural- Oxmoor Cave, Jefferson County,
currently threatened by competition Scientific State Natural Area, thus Kentucky. During 1994, surveys of other
with and predation by nonnative providing statutory protection from caves that could potentially support the
arthropods, impacts from recreational collection for the population in Owen species were conducted and the species
and astronomy activities on the summit, Spring Branch. Estimated population was found in only one additional cave
and loss of habitat from astronomy sizes are 500 to 5000 individuals for (Eleven Jones Cave).
development. Because the threats are of Owen Spring Branch and 2 to 10 times All of these cave beetles are currently
a high magnitude and are considered higher at Martin Spring, due to the known from only one or two caves.
imminent, we retain a listing priority greater amount of apparently suitable Their limited distributions make them
number of 2 for this species. habitat. Threats to the species include vulnerable to isolated events that would
Mariana eight spot butterfly siltation; agricultural, municipal, and only have a minimal effect on the more
(Hypolimnas octucula mariannensis)— industrial chemical runoff (both direct wide-ranging members of the genus.
The following summary is based on and from subsurface flows); vandalism, Events such as toxic chemical spills,
information contained in our files. No and pollution from trash thrown into discharges of large amounts of polluted
new information was provided in the the springs. This species is vulnerable to water, closure of entrances, alteration of
petition received on May 11, 2004. The extinction due to its restricted entrances, or the creation of new
Mariana eight spot butterfly is a distribution and small population sizes. entrances can have serious adverse
nymphalid butterfly species which These threats are gradual and/or not impacts on these cave beetles and could
feeds upon two host plants, Procris necessarily imminent but are of a high result in their extinction. No formal
pedunculata and Elatostema calcareum. magnitude; therefore, we retain a listing protection is currently provided to these
Endemic to the island of Guam and the priority number of 5 for this species. species. The threats faced by these
Mariana Islands, the species is now Inquirer cave beetle species are significant; however, it is not
known from ten populations on Guam. (Pseudanophthalmus inquistor Barr), anticipated that they will be subject to
This species is currently threatened by Beaver cave beetle (Pseudanophthalmus these threats in the immediate future
predation and parasitism from major Krekeler), Tatum Cave beetle (next 1–2 years). Therefore, we retain a
nonnative species and impacts to its (Pseudanophthalmus parvus Krekeler), listing priority of 5 for these cave
host plants by browsing ungulates. and Louisville cave beetle beetles.
Because the threats are of a high (Pseudanophthalmus troglodytes Clifton Cave beetle
magnitude and are considered Krekeler)—The following summary is (Pseudanophthalmus caecus Krekeler),
imminent, we retain a listing priority based on information contained in our Lesser Adams Cave beetle
number of 3 for this subspecies. files. No new information was provided (Pseudanophthalmus cataryctos
Mariana wandering butterfly (Vagrans in the petition received on May 11, Krekeler), Greater Adams Cave beetle
egestina)—The following summary is 2004. Cave beetles in the genus (Pseudanophthalmus pholeter
based on information contained in our Pseudanophthalmus are fairly small, Krekeler), and Icebox Cave beetle
files. No new information was provided eyeless, reddish-brown insects. The (Pseudanophthalmus frigidus Barr)—
in the petition received on May 11, limestone caves in which these cave The following summary is based on
2004. The Mariana wandering butterfly beetles are found provide a unique and information contained in our files. No
is a nymphalid butterfly species which fragile environment that supports a new information was provided in the
feeds upon a single host plant species, variety of species that have evolved to petition received on May 11, 2004. Cave
Maytenus thompsonii. Originally known survive and reproduce under the beetles in the genus
Pseudanophthalmus are fairly small, Events such as toxic chemical spills, populations, with a total of about 2,000
eyeless, reddish-brown insects. The discharges of large amounts of polluted individuals, were known: 12 in
limestone caves in which these cave water, closure of entrances, alteration of Washington and 2 in the Willamette
beetles are found provide a unique and entrances, or the creation of new Valley of Oregon. The species may be
fragile environment that supports a entrances can have serious adverse extirpated in British Columbia. Threats
variety of species that have evolved to impacts on these cave beetles and could include degradation and destruction of
survive and reproduce under the result in their extinction. No formal native grasslands through conversion to
demanding conditions found in cave protection is currently provided to these agriculture; residential development
ecosystems. species. The threats faced by these and commercial development;
The Clifton Cave beetle was described species are significant; however, it is not encroachment by nonnative plants;
in 1973 by Krekeler based upon material anticipated that they will be subject to succession from grasslands to native
collected in 1963. The cave supporting these threats in the immediate future shrubs and trees; and fire. The
this species is near Versailles, Woodford (next 1–2 years). We retain a listing application of Bacillus thuringiensis var.
County, Kentucky. Soon after the priority number of 5 for these species. kurstaki for Asian gypsy moth control
species was first collected, the entrance Surprising cave beetle likely contributed to extirpations of the
to the cave was enclosed due to road (Pseudanophthalmus inexpectatus subspecies at three locations in Pierce
construction. Other caves in the vicinity Barr)—The following summary is based County, Washington. The magnitude of
of Clifton Cave were surveyed for the on information contained in our files. threats is high because of the extremely
species in 1995–1996. Most contained No new information was provided in small size of remaining populations and
other species of Pseudanophthalmus, the petition received on May 11, 2004. reduction in distribution from the
but only one additional site was found Cave beetles in the genus historical range. Sizes and locations of
for the Clifton Cave beetle. Four Pseudanophthalmus are fairly small, the populations shift from year to year.
specimens were found in a very small, eyeless, reddish-brown insects. The The ecosystem on which this subspecies
30 foot (9 meters) long cave about 1 mile limestone caves in which these cave depends requires annual management to
(1.61 kilometers) from Clifton Cave. It beetles are found provide a unique and maintain grassland habitat. Threats are
can not be determined at this time if the fragile environment that supports a imminent because any of the numerous
species still occurs in Clifton Cave or if variety of species that have evolved to threats could occur at any time. We
the species has been extirpated from its survive and reproduce under the retain a listing priority number of 3 for
type locality by the closure of the cave demanding conditions found in cave Taylor’s checkerspot.
entrance. ecosystems. The surprising cave beetle Blackline Hawaiian damselfly
The Lesser Adams Cave beetle was was described from specimens collected (Megalagrion nigrohamatum
described in 1973 based upon material in the historic section of Mammoth Cave nigrolineatum)—The following
collected from Adams Cave, Madison and White Cave, Mammoth Cave summary is based on information
County, Kentucky. This cave also National Park (MCNP), Edmonston contained in our files. No new
supports the Greater Adams Cave beetle, County, Kentucky. Subsequent to these information was provided in the
which also was described in 1973. original discoveries, the species was petition received on May 11, 2004.
During a 1995 visit to the cave, one of also found in MCNP’s Great Onyx Cave. Megalagrion nigrohamatum
the original collectors observed one Recently, an additional population has nigrolineatum is a stream-dwelling
specimen of the Lesser Adams Cave been discovered in a cave some distance damselfly species endemic to the island
beetle, but the Greater Adams Cave from the previously known sites. Its of Oahu, Hawaii. Once known from
beetle was not observed. In 2002, one limited distribution makes this species throughout Oahu, the species is now
lesser Adams Cave beetle and two vulnerable to isolated events that would restricted to 11 populations within the
greater Adams Cave beetles were found only have a minimal effect on the more windward Koolau Mountains. This
during a biological survey conducted by wide-ranging members of the genus. species is threatened by predation from
the Service and the Kentucky State Events such as toxic chemical spills, nonnative aquatic species such as fish
Nature Preserves Commission. There are discharges of large amounts of polluted and predacious insects and habitat loss
no other caves in the vicinity of Adams water, closure of entrances, alteration of through dewatering of streams. Because
Cave, and this species has not been entrances, or the creation of new the threats are of a moderate magnitude
found at any other locations. A gate to entrances can have serious adverse and are considered imminent, we retain
control access to the cave was impacts on this species and could result a listing priority number of 9 for this
constructed in 2002. On March 1, 2005, in its extinction. The magnitude of the subspecies.
a Candidate Conservation Agreement threat to the surprising cave beetle is Crimson Hawaiian damselfly
was signed which will provide for long- reduced because of its location on (Megalagrion leptodemas)—The
term protection for Adams Cave and the Federal land and the formal following summary is based on
species that depend upon it. commitment through a Candidate information contained in our files. No
Icebox Cave beetle was described in Conservation Agreement between new information was provided in the
1981 based upon two specimens MCNP and the Service to protect the petition received on May 11, 2004.
collected from Icebox Cave, Bell County, species. Therefore we retain a listing Megalagrion leptodemas is a stream-
Kentucky. Despite searches of caves in priority number of 11 for this species. dwelling damselfly species endemic to
the vicinity of this cave and several later Taylor’s (Whulge, Edith’s) the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Once
visits to Icebox Cave, no additional checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas known from throughout Oahu, the
specimens of Icebox Cave beetle have editha taylori)—The following summary species is now restricted to four
been found. is based on information from our files populations. This species is threatened
All of these cave beetles are currently and in the petition received on by predation from nonnative aquatic
known from only one or two caves. December 11, 2002. Historically, species such as fish and predacious
Their limited distributions make them Taylor’s checkerspot butterflies were insects, and habitat loss through
vulnerable to isolated events that would known from 70 locations: 23 in British dewatering of streams. Because the
only have a minimal effect on the more Columbia, 34 in Washington, and 13 in threats continue to be of a high
wide-ranging members of the genus. Oregon. By spring 2004, only 14 magnitude and are considered
imminent, we retain a listing priority new information was provided in the Picture wing fly (Drosophila
number of 2 for this species. petition received on May 11, 2004. digressa)—The following summary is
Flying earwig Hawaiian damselfly Megalagrion pacificum is a slow-moving based on information contained in our
(Megalagrion nesiotes)—The following stream-, pool-, and pond-dwelling files. No new information was provided
summary is based on information damselfly species endemic to the in the petition received on May 11,
contained in our files. No new Hawaiian Islands of Kauai, Oahu, 2004. This picture wing fly belongs to
information was provided in the Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and Hawaii. The the fly family, Drosophilidae, and feeds
petition received on May 11, 2004. species is now restricted to seven and breeds upon a single host plant,
Megalagrion nesiotes is a terrestrial or populations on the islands of Maui and Charpentiera sp. The fly is endemic to
semi-terrestrial damselfly species Molokai. This species is threatened by the island of Hawaii, where it is
endemic to the islands of Hawaii and predation from nonnative aquatic currently known from three
Maui, Hawaii. Despite extensive surveys species such as fish and predacious populations. This species is currently
to locate extant populations, the species insects, and habitat loss through threatened by loss and modification of
is now known to be restricted to a single dewatering of streams. Because the its host plant’s habitat by browsing
population in windward east Maui. This threats continue to be of a high ungulates and through the uncontrolled
species is threatened by predation from magnitude and are considered growth of nonnative plants.
ants and other nonnative arthropods, imminent, we retain a listing priority Additionally, the species is threatened
and habitat loss due to disturbance by number of 2 for this species. by predation and parasitism by
feral ungulates. Because the threats Poolanui gall fly (Phaeogramma nonnative insect species. Because the
continue to be of a high magnitude and sp.)—The following summary is based threats continue to be of a high
are considered imminent, we retain a on information contained in our files. magnitude and are considered
listing priority number of 2 for this No new information was provided in imminent, we retain a listing priority
species. the petition received on May 11, 2004. number of 2 for this species.
Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly Stephan’s riffle beetle (Heterelmis
The poolanui gall fly belongs to the fly
(Megalagrion oceanicum)—The stephani)—The following summary is
family, Tephritidae, and forms galls on
following summary is based on based on information from our files. No
its host plant, Bidens cosmoides, upon
information contained in our files. No new information was provided in the
which it also breeds and feeds. The fly
new information was provided in the petition received on May 11, 2004. The
is endemic to the Hawaiian Island of
petition received on May 11, 2004. Stephan’s riffle beetle is an endemic
Kauai, where it is currently known from
Megalagrion oceanicum is a stream- riffle beetle found in limited spring
seven populations. This species is
dwelling damselfly species endemic to environments within the Santa Rita
threatened throughout its limited range
the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Once Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. The
known from throughout Oahu, the by the loss and modification of its host
beetle is known from Bog Spring and
species is now restricted to seven plant’s habitat through the uncontrolled
Sylvester Spring in Madera Canyon,
populations within the windward growth of nonnative plants.
within the Coronado National Forest.
Koolau Mountains. This species is Additionally, the species is highly
These springs are typical isolated, mid-
threatened by predation from nonnative threatened by parasitism by nonnative
elevation, permanently saturated,
aquatic species such as fish and wasp species. However, threats to the
spring-fed aquatic climax communities
predacious insects, and habitat loss Poolanui gall fly from nonnative weeds commonly referred to as ciénegas.
through dewatering of streams. Because and parasitoids are considered Threats are largely from habitat
the threats continue to be of a high nonimminent because they are not modification. However, because the
magnitude and are considered ongoing. Because the threats continue to Forest Service has no current plans to
imminent, we retain a listing priority be of a high magnitude and are modify remaining habitat, the threats
number of 2 for this species. considered nonimminent, we retain a are not imminent. Due to the continued
Orangeblack Hawaiian damselfly listing priority number of 5 for this high magnitude of nonimminent threats,
(Megalagrion xanthomelas)—The species. we retain a listing priority number of 5
following summary is based on Picture wing fly (Drosophila for Stephan’s riffle beetle.
information contained in our files. No attigua)—The following summary is Dakota skipper (Hesperia dacotae)—
new information was provided in the based on information contained in our The following summary is based on
petition received on May 11, 2004. files. No new information was provided information contained in our files,
Megalagrion xanthomelas is a stream- in the petition received on May 11, including information from the petition
dwelling damselfly species endemic to 2004. This picture wing fly belongs to received on May 12, 2003. The Dakota
the Hawaiian Islands of Kauai, Oahu, the fly family, Drosophilidae, and feeds skipper is a small-to mid-sized butterfly
Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and Hawaii. The and breeds upon a single host plant, that inhabits high-quality tallgrass and
species is now restricted to 16 Cheirodendron sp. The fly is endemic to mixed grass prairie in Minnesota, North
populations on the islands of Oahu, the Hawaiian Island of Kauai, where it Dakota, South Dakota, and the provinces
Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii. This is currently known from two of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in
species is threatened by predation from populations. This species is currently Canada. The species is presumed to be
nonnative aquatic species such as fish threatened by loss and modification of extirpated from Iowa and Illinois and
and predacious insects and habitat loss its host plant’s habitat by browsing from many sites within States with
through dewatering of streams. Because ungulates and through the uncontrolled extant locations. The species is
the threats continue to be of a moderate growth of nonnative plants. threatened by conversion of its native
magnitude and are considered Additionally, the species is threatened prairie habitat for agricultural purposes,
imminent, we retain a listing priority by predation and parasitism by overgrazing, invasive species, gravel
number of 8 for this species. nonnative insect species. Because the mining, and inbreeding. In addition,
Pacific Hawaiian damselfly threats continue to be of a high prairie is converted to shrubland or
(Megalagrion pacificum)—The magnitude and are considered forest without periodic fire, grazing, or
following summary is based on imminent, we retain a listing priority mowing; thus, the species is also
information contained in our files. No number of 2 for this species. threatened at sites where such
disturbance is not allowed. Although to occur only at Coral Pink Sand Dunes, the vicinity of Josephine Creek (tracts
the species is listed as threatened by the about 7 miles west of Kanab, Kane managed by the Southwest Florida
State of Minnesota, this designation County, in south-central Utah. It is Water Management District and the
lacks the habitat protections needed for restricted mostly to a small part of the Lake Wales Ridge Wildlife and
long-term conservation. The species is approximately 13-kilometer (8-mile) Environmental Area). A large portion of
also listed as endangered by the long dune field, situated at an elevation the good Highlands tiger beetle sites are
province of Manitoba. The U.S. Fish and of about 1,820 m (6,000 ft). The beetle’s protected and managers are
Wildlife Service, other agencies, and habitat is being adversely affected by implementing prescribed fire programs
private organizations (e.g., The Nature ongoing recreational off-road vehicle that should restore tiger beetle habitat in
Conservancy) protect and manage some (ORV) use. The ORV activity is some areas. Lack of fire to create open
Dakota skipper sites; although proper destroying and degrading the beetle’s sand is a serious threat to this species.
management is always necessary to habitat, especially the interdunal swales Because this is a very narrowly
ensure its persistence, it is generally used by the larval population. Having distributed species with exacting habitat
secure at these sites. The species is also the greatest abundance of suitable prey requirements and small populations, the
secure at some sites where private species, the interdunal swales are the magnitude of threats continues to be
landowners manage native prairie in most biologically productive areas in high. Therefore, we retain a listing
ways that conserve the Dakota skipper. this ecosystem. The continued survival priority number of 5 for the Highlands
Therefore, the threats to the species of the beetle depends on the tiger beetle.
continue to be relatively moderate and preservation of its habitat at its only Arachnids
generally nonimminent, although some breeding site and probably requires the
sites are imminently threatened. establishment or reestablishment of Warton’s cave meshweaver (Cicurina
Therefore, we retain a listing priority additional reproductive subpopulations wartoni)—The following summary is
number of 11 for this species. in other suitable habitat sites. The based on information from our files. No
Mardon skipper (Polites mardon)— beetle’s population is also vulnerable to new information was provided in the
The following summary is based on overcollecting by professional and petition received on May 11, 2004.
information contained in our files and hobby tiger beetle collectors, although Warton’s cave meshweaver occurs in
the petition received on December 24, quantification of this threat is difficult one cave in northeastern Travis County,
2002. The Mardon skipper is a without continuous monitoring of the Texas. Competition and predation from
northwestern butterfly with a disjunct imported red fire ants, runoff from roads
beetle’s population. The recreational
range. Currently, this species is known and homesites, and unauthorized
ORV use threat is currently managed by
from four widely separated locations: human activities are the primary threats
active measures taken by both the Utah
south Puget Sound region, southern to this karst invertebrate. These
Department of Parks and Recreation and
Washington Cascades, Siskiyou activities are imminent because they are
the BLM, which reduces the threat from
Mountains of southern Oregon, and known to occur or are highly likely
high to moderate. The subspecies
coastal California. The Mardon skipper around the only cave known to be
population is still at low levels and has
spends its entire life cycle in one occupied by the species. Because of the
only recently improved. Based on
location, and its dispersal ability is single location, threats to the species
continued imminent threats of a low to
probably limited. Threats include from fire ants, pollution from nearby
moderate magnitude, we retain a listing
habitat loss and degradation due to activities, and unauthorized activities
priority number of 9 for this subspecies.
development, overgrazing, use of near the feature, we consider the threat
herbicides and pesticides, Highlands tiger beetle (Cicindela magnitude to be high. Because these
encroachment of nonnative and native highlandensis)—The following threats continue to be imminent and are
vegetation, succession from grassland to summary is based on information in our of a high magnitude, we retain a listing
forest, fire suppression; direct loss of files. No new information was provided priority number of 2 for this species.
individuals due to fire; recreational in the petition received on May 11,
2004. This is a small, relatively plain Crustaceans
activities; insect collecting; and random,
naturally occurring events. Limited tiger beetle. It is narrowly distributed Anchialine pool shrimp (Antecaridina
dispersal ability limits the likelihood of and is restricted to areas of bare sand lauensis)—The following summary is
recolonization once a population is lost. within upland oak scrub and longleaf based on information contained in our
The magnitude of threats is high pine vegetation on the ancient sand files. No new information was provided
because of the small population sizes dunes of the Lake Wales Ridge in Polk in the petition received on May 11,
and disjunct distributions that limit and Highlands Counties, Florida. The 2004. Antecaridina lauensis is an
dispersal. Loss of any of the populations Highlands tiger beetle has been found at anchialine pool-inhabiting species of
could threaten the continued existence 40 sites from near Haines City south to shrimp belonging to the family, Atyidae.
of the species. Threats are nonimminent Josephine Creek. It is found near (and This species has a disjunct, Indo-Pacific
because the number of documented possibly in) the Snell Creek unit of Lake distribution and is indigenous to the
locations for the species has increased Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge Hawaiian Islands. In Hawaii, the species
from less than 10 in 1998 to greater than (LWRNWR), in the Allen David is currently known from two
50 rangewide in 2004. However, only 10 Broussard Catfish Creek Preserve populations on the island of Maui and
locations have more than 50 (Florida State Parks), The Nature two populations on the island of
individuals. We retain a listing priority Conservancy’s Tiger Creek Preserve, the Hawaii. The primary threats to this
number of 5 for the Mardon skipper. Lake Wales Ridge State Forest’s Walk- species are habitat loss and predation
Coral Pink Sand Dunes tiger beetle in-Water tract Lake Weohyakapka and from nonnative fish species. These
(Cicindela limbata albissima)—The the west side of Lake Arbuckle (Lake threats are ongoing. Because the threats
following summary is based on Wales Ridge State Forest), Carter Creek continue to be of a high magnitude and
information contained in our files, (Lake Wales Ridge Wildlife and are imminent, we retain a listing
including information from the petition Environmental Area, Florida Fish and priority number of 2 for this species.
received on April 21, 1994. The Coral Wildlife Conservation Commission), the Anchialine pool shrimp (Calliasmata
Pink Sand Dunes tiger beetle is known Flamingo Villas tract of LWRNWR, to pholidota)—The following summary is
based on information contained in our island of Maui and one population on 1994 ranged from a low of 69,652 plants
files. No new information was provided the island of Hawaii. The primary in 1986 to 132,215 plants in 1987.
in the petition received on May 11, threats to this species are habitat loss Surveys conducted since 1994 indicate
2004. Calliasmata pholidota is an and predation from nonnative fish that no significant changes have
anchialine pool-inhabiting species of species; these threats are ongoing. occurred in population size or location.
shrimp belonging to the family, Because the threats continue to be of a Threats include encroachment of
Alpheidae. This species has a disjunct, high magnitude and are imminent, we lodgepole pine into the meadow habitat,
Indo-Pacific distribution and is retain a listing priority number of 2 for changes in hydrology of the meadow,
indigenous to the Hawaiian Islands. In this species. and trampling of habitat due to
Hawaii, the species is currently known Anchialine pool shrimp (Vetericaris recreational activities. Disease is not
from six populations on the island of chaceorum)—See above in ‘‘Summary of known to be a factor for the species at
Maui and one population on the island Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ this time; however, gopher activity may
of Hawaii. The primary threats to this The above summary is based on result in significant destruction of
species are habitat loss and predation information contained in our files. No Abronia alpina through collection or
from nonnative fish species; these new information was provided in the burrowing activities. Significant
threats are ongoing. Because the threats petition received on May 11, 2004. trampling of Abronia alpina
continue to be of a high magnitude and Troglobitic groundwater shrimp subpopulations by cattle has occurred in
are imminent, we retain a listing (Typhlatya monae)—The following the past; however, in 2001, the U.S.
priority number of 2 for this species. summary is based on information from Forest Service (USFS) made the
Anchialine pool shrimp (Metabetaeus our files. No new information was decision to discontinue grazing on the
lohena)—The following summary is provided in the petition received on Templeton allotment, which includes
based on information contained in our May 11, 2004. Typhlatya monae is a Ramshaw Meadow, for a period of 10
files. No new information was provided subterranean small shrimp known from years. In January 2004, the USFS
in the petition received on May 11, Puerto Rico, Barbuda, and Dominican determined, as a result of the Sierra
2004. Metabetaeus lohena is an Republic. Although in Puerto Rico it Nevada Forest Plan Amendment and the
anchialine pool-inhabiting species of was previously found at Mona Island, final supplemental environmental
shrimp belonging to the family, currently the species is known from impact statement (FSEIS), that livestock
Alpheidae. This species is endemic to only three caves within the Guánica grazing posed a threat to this species.
the Hawaiian Islands and is currently Commonwealth Forest in the However, the FSEIS notes that future
known from populations on the islands municipalities of Guánica, Yauco, and decisions to allow livestock grazing will
of Maui and Hawaii. The primary Guayanilla. The species may still be consider effects to this species and this
threats to this species are habitat loss found in the reef deposit aquifers in may require updating the 2001 draft
and predation from nonnative fish Mona Island that have not yet been Conservation Agreement which the
species; these threats are ongoing. surveyed. Little is known concerning USFS has been using as their
Because the threats continue to be of a the status of Typhlatya monae in either management strategy.
high magnitude and are imminent, we Barbuda or Dominican Republic. Due to the extremely limited
retain a listing priority number of 2 for Changes in groundwater quality, geographic range of the species,
this species. collection, predation, development biological factors such as disease, pest
Anchialine pool shrimp projects, and its limited distribution and outbreak, and random chance events
(Palaemonella burnsi)—The following population numbers threaten this associated with the highly variable
summary is based on information species. These threats are not imminent. climate can pose a serious threat to the
contained in our files. No new Although the known populations are species. Abronia alpina apparently is
information was provided in the found within protected lands, the slow to recover from disturbance
petition received on May 11, 2004. threats are of a high magnitude due to because of reproductive and dispersal
Palaemonella burnsi is an anchialine the limited distribution of the species. limitations, short life span, and high
pool-inhabiting species of shrimp We retain a listing priority number of 5 annual fluctuation in population
belonging to the family, Palaemonidae. for this species. numbers. Nonadaptive forces such as
This species is endemic to the Hawaiian inbreeding depression may also threaten
Flowering Plants
Islands and is currently known from the species when combined with the
three populations on the island of Maui Abronia alpina (Ramshaw Meadows fragmented distribution of the species.
and one population on the island of sand-verbena)—The following summary We conclude that the magnitude of
Hawaii. The primary threats to this is based on information contained in threats to Abronia alpina continue to be
species are habitat loss and predation our files. No new information was moderate, rather than high, because all
from nonnative fish species; these provided in the petition received on of the species’ range occurs on Federal
threats are ongoing. Because the threats May 11, 2004. Abronia alpina is a small, land, which protects the species from
continue to be of a high magnitude and generally glandular, deeply-rooted private development and facilitates
are imminent, we retain a listing perennial herb, 2.5 to 15.2 centimeters management of the species by Federal
priority number of 2 for this species. (1 to 6 inches) across forming compact agencies. We also conclude these threats
Anchialine pool shrimp (Procaris mats found on gravel meadow margins continue to be nonimminent, since the
hawaiana)—The following summary is between lodgepole pine forest and threats are not expected to change in the
based on information contained in our sagebrush scrub communities at an foreseeable future. Therefore, we retain
files. No new information was provided elevation between 2,621 to 2,652 meters a listing priority of 11 for this species.
in the petition received on May 11, (m) (8,600 to 8,700 feet (ft)). Abronia Aliciella (Gilia) cespitosa
2004. Procaris hawaiana is an alpina is known from one main (Wonderland alice-flower)—The
anchialine pool-inhabiting species of population center in Ramshaw Meadow following summary is based on
shrimp belonging to the family, on the Kern Plateau of the Sierra Nevada information from our files. No new
Procarididae. This species is endemic to (California) and from one subpopulation information was provided in the
the Hawaiian Islands and is currently found in adjacent Templeton Meadow. petition received on May 11, 2004. The
known from two populations on the Population estimates from 1985 through Wonderland alice-flower or Rabbit
Valley gilia is a plant within the based on information in our files. No is stable or declining. Surveys of
Polemoniaceae or Phlox family found in new information was provided in the apparently suitable habitat along 55
Wayne County, Utah. The species is petition received on May 11, 2004. This miles of the Hanford Reach (the wild
primarily associated with sand-filled member of the spurge family is flowing reach of the Columbia River)
pockets and crevices of Navajo currently known from tropical have not detected any additional plants.
sandstone on detrital slopes produced pinelands on limestone rock (pine Threats to Northern wormwood include
by mechanical weathering or erosion of rocklands) at 18 sites in Miami-Dade habitat loss due to dam, railroad, and
rock in pinyon-juniper/mountain and Monroe Counties in Florida. Its highway construction; recreational use;
mahogany communities between 5,200 range extends from Coral Gables (near manipulation of waterflows by
and 9,000 feet in elevation. Surveys central Miami) and southern Miami- hydroelectric dams resulting in flooding
from 2000 to 2003 resulted in estimated Dade County westward to southwestern and alteration of historic waterflows;
numbers of 27,000 individual plants. Long Pine Key, a pineland within nonnative plants; vulnerability to
Current threats include recreational Everglades National Park. It is also ecological and genetic factors and
trails; off-road vehicle use; collection by present in the lower Florida Keys from naturally occurring, random events; and
rock garden enthusiasts; livestock Windley Key southwest to Big Pine Key. hybridization with two other species of
trampling; and low natural recruitment. Blodgett’s silverbush is protected at Artemisia. The magnitude of threats
Though localized threats exist, the Biscayne and Everglades National Parks, continues to be high because the only
magnitude of threats is low to moderate the Florida Keys Wildlife and two remaining populations are widely
with none of them considered Environmental Area, six Miami-Dade separated and occur in a dynamic
imminent, as the majority of sites are County conservation areas, Lignumvitae habitat affected by frequently changing
not easily accessible. Based on these Key Botanical State Park, Long Key water levels. Threats continue to be
factors, we retain a listing priority of 11 State Park, National Key Deer Refuge, imminent due to small population sizes
for this species. Pine Ridge Sanctuary (private), and and the potential for the elimination of
Arabis georgiana (Georgia Windley Key Fossil Reef Geological one or both populations by a single
rockcress)—The following summary is State Park. It is also present at Florida disturbance. We retain a listing priority
based on information contained in our Power and Light’s Everglades Mitigation number of 3 for this subspecies.
files. No new information was provided Bank. The species could be present at Astelia waialealae (Painiu)—The
in the petition received on May 11, John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park. following summary is based on
2004. The Georgia rockcress grows in a The largest population, up to 10,000 information contained in our files. No
variety of dry situations, including plants, is at Larry and Penny Thompson new information was provided in the
shallow soil accumulations on rocky Park and adjoining publicly owned petition received on May 11, 2004.
bluffs, ecotones of gently sloping rock properties at Richmond Field. Painiu is a perennial herb found in
outcrops, and in sandy loam along Given the species’ narrow range and Metrosideros polymorpha dominated
eroding river banks. It is occasionally the small number of individuals that mixed montane bog on Kauai, Hawaii.
found in adjacent mesic woods, but it exist where it occurs, Blodgett’s Astelia waialealae is known from 3
will not persist in heavily shaded silverbush is vulnerable to natural populations in three bogs within the
conditions. Currently a total of 18 disturbance events such as hurricanes Alakai swamp region of Kauai, totaling
populations are known from the Gulf and tropical storms. Other threats 35 clumps which may only represent 10
Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Ridge and include fire suppression and invasive to 15 genetically distinct individuals.
Valley physiographic provinces of exotic pest plants. However, intensive Thirty clumps are found in one bog.
Alabama and Georgia. Populations of management and biological control While the species has always been
this species typically have a limited efforts are aimed at eradicating Old restricted to the bogs of the Alakai, it
number of individuals over a small area. World climbing fern (Lygodium may have occurred in more bogs in the
Habitat degradation, more than outright microphyllum) and improving the past and in greater numbers. The largest
habitat destruction, is the most serious overall quality of management on individual, less than 12 inches (30
threat to this species’ continued conservation lands. Therefore, based on centimeters) in diameter, is not
existence. Disturbance associated with continuing nonimminent threats of a reproducing, and no regeneration has
timber harvesting, road building, and moderate magnitude, we retain a listing been observed from 1995 to the present.
grazing has created favorable conditions priority number of 11 for Blodgett’s This species is threatened by pigs that
for the invasion of exotic weeds, silverbush. prey upon and trample plants and
especially Japanese honeysuckle Artemisia campestris ssp. borealis seedlings, degrade and/or destroy
(Lonicera japonica), in this species’ var. wormskioldii (Northern habitat, and spread the nonnative plants
habitat. Eight populations are currently wormwood)—The following summary is Juncus planifolius and Andropogon
or potentially threatened by the based on information from our files. No virginicus, which compete with Astelia
presence of exotics. The Natural new information was provided in the waialealae. Because the threats continue
Heritage programs in Alabama and petition received on May 11, 2004. to be of a high magnitude and are
Georgia have initiated plans for exotic Historically known from eight sites, considered imminent, we retain a listing
control at several populations; northern wormwood is currently known priority number of 2 for this species.
nonnative plant removal has taken place from only two populations in Klickitat Astragalus equisolensis (Horseshoe
at several sites. The magnitudes of and Grant Counties, Washington. This milkvetch)—The following summary is
threats to this species continue to be plant is restricted to exposed basalt, based on information from our files. No
moderate to low due to the number of cobbly-sandy terraces, and sand habitat new information was provided in the
populations (18) across multiple along the shore and on islands in the petition received on May 11, 2004. The
counties in 2 states. The primary threat Columbia River. The two sites are Horseshoe milkvetch, Astragalus
to the species of invading exotics is separated by 200 miles (322 kilometers) equisolensis, is a plant within the
nonimminent. Thus, we retain a listing of the Columbia River and three large Fabaceae or Leguminosae (Pea family)
priority number of 11 for this species. hydroelectric dams. The Klickitat only found in Uintah County, Utah.
Argythamnia blodgettii (Blodgett’s County population is apparently Horseshoe milkvetch is associated with
silverbush)—The following summary is declining; the Grant County population the mixed desert and salt desert shrub
communities that are generally based on information contained in our in the petition received on May 11,
dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia sp.), files. No new information was provided 2004.
shadscale (Atriplex confertiolia) and in the petition received on May 11, Calliandra locoensis (no common
horsebrush (Tetradymia nuttallii). 2004. Kookooalu is an erect, perennial name)—The following summary is
Horseshoe milkvetch is found on the found in wet Acacia-Metrosideros forest based on information from our files. No
Duchesne River Formation at elevations on Maui, Hawaii. This subspecies is new information was provided in the
between 4,800 and 5,200 feet. Based on known from one population of 200 petition received on May 11, 2004.
surveys in 1992, the population was individuals, restricted to the island of Calliandra locoensis is currently known
estimated at approximately 10,000 Maui. This subspecies is highly from only two localities in the
individuals. Threats continue to be threatened by ongoing cattle grazing that municipalities of Yauco and Sabana
habitat degradation and fragmentation degrades and destroys habitat. Because Grande, in southwestern Puerto Rico.
associated with oil and gas exploration; the threats continue to be of a high The restricted distribution, urban
road development; off-road vehicle use; magnitude and are considered development, management practices,
and species instability due to low imminent, we retain a listing priority small number of individuals in the two
numbers. Currently the threats are low number of 3 for this subspecies. populations, and catastrophic natural
to moderate as only a few wells have Bidens conjuncta (Kookooalu)—The events are high threats to this species.
been drilled in Horseshoe milkvetch following summary is based on These threats are not imminent because
habitat; however, these threats continue information contained in our files. No both localities fall within protected
to be imminent as oil and gas new information was provided in the lands, but they continue to be of a high
development is foreseeable in the near petition received on May 11, 2004. magnitude since they affect both of this
future. Because of these factors, we Kookooalu is an erect perennial herb plant’s known populations. Therefore,
retain a listing priority of 8 for this found in Metrosideros-Dicronopteris we retain a listing priority of 5 for this
species. lowland to montane wet forest and species.
Astragalus tortipes (Sleeping Ute shrubland on Maui, Hawaii. Six Calochortus persistens (Siskiyou
milkvetch)—The following summary is populations are known, and the number mariposa lily)—See above in ‘‘Summary
based on information from our files. No of individual plants totals of Listing Priority Changes in
new information was provided in the approximately 2,200 scattered Candidates.’’ The above summary is
petition received on May 11, 2004. throughout upper elevation drainages of based on information contained in our
Astragalus tortipes is a perennial plant west Maui. Although the overall range files and the petition received on
that grows only on the Smokey Hills of the species has not changed, the September 10, 2001.
layer of the Mancos Shale Formation on number of remaining individuals has Calyptranthes estremerae (no
the Ute Mountain Ute Indian declined over the last decade or so. This common name)—The following
Reservation in Montezuma County, species is moderately threatened by pigs summary is based on information from
Colorado. In 2000, a total of 3,744 plants and rats that degrade and destroy our files. No new information was
were recorded at 24 locations covering habitat, and that eat vegetative parts and provided in the petition received on
500 acres on a specific substrate within fruit of B. conjuncta, and by nonnative May 11, 2004. Calyptranthes estremerae
an overall range of 64,000 acres. plants that outcompete and displace it. is a small tree from the subtropical
Available information from 2000 Because the threats continue to be of a moist forest of northwestern Puerto
indicates that the species remains moderate magnitude and are considered Rico, in the municipalities of Camuy,
stable. Previous and ongoing threats imminent, we retain a listing priority Utuado, and Arecibo. The small number
from borrow pit excavation, off-highway number of 8 for this species. of individuals in the two populations,
vehicles, an expanding junkyard, Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla the species’ limited distribution,
irrigation canal construction, and a (Kookooalu)—See above in ‘‘Summary catastrophic natural events, and the
prairie dog colony have had minor of Listing Priority Changes in potential destruction of specimens due
impacts that reduced the range and Candidates.’’ The above summary is to expansion of recreational facilities
number of plants by small amounts. Oil based on information contained in our threaten the species. These threats,
and gas development may occur in the files. No new information was provided while continuing to be a high
future within the species’ range, but is in the petition received on May 11, magnitude, are not imminent, because
not likely within the substrate that 2004. the largest known population is found
supports occupied habitat. Therefore, Brickellia mosieri (Florida brickell- within protected lands. We retain a
we retain a listing priority number of 8 bush)—See above in ‘‘Summary of listing priority of 5 for this species.
for A. tortipes. Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ Canavalia napaliensis (Awikiwiki)—
Bidens amplectens (Kookooalu)—See The above summary is based on See above in ‘‘Summary of Listing
above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority information contained in our files. No Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ The
Changes in Candidates.’’ The above new information was provided in the above summary is based on information
summary is based on information petition received on May 11, 2004. contained in our files. No new
contained in our files. No new Calamagrostis expansa (no common information was provided in the
information was provided in the name)—See above in ‘‘Summary of petition received on May 11, 2004.
petition received on May 11, 2004. Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ Canavalia pubescens (Awikiwiki)—
Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera The above summary is based on The following summary is based on
(Kookooalu)—See above in ‘‘Summary information contained in our files. No information contained in our files. No
of Listing Priority Changes in new information was provided in the new information was provided in the
Candidates.’’ The above summary is petition received on May 11, 2004. petition received on May 11, 2004.
based on information contained in our Calamagrostis hillebrandii (no Awikiwiki is a perennial climber found
files. No new information was provided common name)—See above in in lowland dryland forest on Maui,
in the petition received on May 11, ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in Lanai, Kauai, and is possibly on the
2004. Candidates.’’ The above summary is island of Niihau, Hawaii. This species is
Bidens campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis based on information contained in our known from 10 populations totaling less
(Kookooalu)—The following summary is files. No new information was provided than 200 individuals. This species is
highly threatened by development; goats mortality of individual plants; livestock Chamaesyce deltoidea pinetorum
that eat this plant and degrade and grazing that adversely affects Christ’s (Pineland sandmat)—See above in
destroy habitat, and by nonnative plants paintbrush by trampling and ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in
that outcompete and displace them. consumption of plants, which results in Candidates.’’ The above summary is
Because the threats continue to be of a reduced reproductive success; trampling based on information contained in our
high magnitude and are considered by hikers and road maintenance files. No new information was provided
imminent, we retain a listing priority activities. Also, road maintenance in the petition received on May 11,
number of 2 for this species. activities threaten the species through 2004.
Castilleja aquariensis (Aquarius the introduction of exotic plants. For Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. serpyllum
paintbrush)—The following summary is example, in 1997 smooth brome (Wedge spurge)—The following
based on information from our files. No (Bromus inermis) was planted along a summary is based on information in our
new information was provided in the road after a paving project. By 2004, the files. No new information was provided
petition received on May 11, 2004. The smooth brome had expanded from the in the petition received on May 11,
Aquarius paintbrush is a plant, within roadside several hundred feet into the 2004. Wedge spurge is a small herb, flat
the Scrophulariaceae or Figwort family, Christ’s paintbrush population and may to the ground, forming patches of
found only on the Aquarius plateau of pose a significant threat to the species. rounded or wedge-shaped leaves among
south central Utah. Habitat The Forest Service has constructed the limestone rocks. It has always been
characteristics are meadow openings fencing that will largely reduce the restricted to Big Pine Key in Monroe
and open spruce-fir stands at 9,800 to threat of seasonal livestock trespass County, Florida. Roughly 90 percent of
11,300 feet in elevation. Trends for this impacts for most of the Mt. Harrison the range falls within the National Key
species appear to be cyclic with summit area. The Forest Service has and Deer Refuge. It is not widely or evenly
individual plants ranging from 15,000 to continues to build rock barriers along distributed, occurring within 22 percent
45,000 depending on the year. A roads within Christ’s paintbrush habitat of 145 sample plots in pine rockland.
correlation may exist between to further discourage off-road vehicle The total population is on the order of
precipitation and plant numbers. use. Most recently, the Forest Service 1,001 to 10,000 plants. It is restricted to
Threats to the Aquarius paintbrush are designated a large portion of the pinelands on limestone rock (pine
wildlife and domestic livestock grazing population as a Botanical Special rockland), at sites with extensive
that adversely affects this species by Interest Area and, in conjunction with exposed rock at the surface, low total
trampling and consumption of plants; our Field Office, installed conservation understory cover and low hardwood
concentration of livestock associated signs that provide information about the density. Pine rocklands encompass
with water sources; grasshopper, cricket species. Due to these efforts, the threats approximately 582 hectares (1,438
or aphid infestations; road construction continue to be nonimminent and are of acres) on Big Pine Key. These
for access to recreational and timber a low to moderate magnitude. Therefore, communities are maintained by
harvesting areas; unauthorized off-road we retain a listing priority number of 11 relatively frequent fires; without fire,
vehicle activity; drought conditions; and for this species. tropical shrubs and trees encroach and
reduction of genetic diversity due to low Chamaecrista lineata var. keyensis the spurge is eventually shaded out. Fire
population numbers and fragmentation. (Big Pine partridge pea)—The following restrictions pose the greatest measurable
Monitoring data suggests that in good summary is based on information in our threat. The National Key Deer Refuge
years, Aquarius paintbrush are able to files. No new information was provided has an active prescribed fire program,
regenerate and survive under domestic in the petition received on May 11, though with many constraints. Sea level
livestock grazing, but the species 2004. This pea is endemic to the lower rise during the twentieth century was
appears to be more affected by grazing Florida Keys. Historically, it was known shown to have affected upland
during drought conditions. The overall from Big Pine, No Name, Ramrod, and vegetation in the lower Keys. This
impacts to this species continue to be of Cudjoe Keys (Monroe County, Florida). threat, though less imminent, is
a moderate to low magnitude of threat. It is now believed to be restricted to Big ultimately of greater magnitude.
Because livestock and wildlife Pine Key. Roughly 90 percent of its Hurricanes pose additional threats.
associated with Aquarius paintbrush are current range is within the National Key Therefore, we assign the wedge spurge
present, grazing threats continue to be Deer Refuge. The Big Pine partridge pea a listing priority number of 6 due to
imminent. Because of these factors, we is well distributed on Big Pine Key, with continuing nonimminent threats of a
retain a listing priority number of 8 for a population estimate of roughly 10,000 high magnitude.
this species. individuals. It is restricted to pine Chamaesyce eleanoriae (Akoko)—See
Castilleja christii (Christ’s rockland communities and hardwood above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority
paintbrush)—The following summary is hammock edges. Pine rocklands Changes in Candidates.’’ The above
based on information contained in our encompass approximately 582 hectares summary is based on information
files and the petition received on (1,438 acres) on Big Pine Key. Pine contained in our files. No new
January 2, 2001. Christ’s paintbrush is rockland communities are maintained information was provided in the
endemic to subalpine meadow and by relatively frequent fires. In the petition received on May 11, 2004.
sagebrush habitats in the upper absence of fire, woody encroachment Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis
elevations of the Albion Mountains, ensues and shades out the pea. Lack of (Akoko)—See above in ‘‘Summary of
Cassia County, Idaho. The single fire poses the greatest threat to the pea. Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’
population of this species, which covers The Refuge has an active prescribed fire The above summary is based on
only 81 ha (200 ac), is restricted to the program, though with many constraints. information contained in our files. No
summit of Mount Harrison. The Sea level rise constitutes another threat new information was provided in the
population appears to be stable, somewhat less imminent, although of petition received on May 11, 2004.
although the species is threatened by a greater magnitude. Based on Chamaesyce remyi var. remyi
variety of activities. Most threats nonimminent threats that continue to be (Akoko)—See above in ‘‘Summary of
involve seasonal impacts, including of high magnitude, we retain a listing Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’
unauthorized ORV use that results in priority number of 6 for the Big Pine The above summary is based on
erosion of the plant’s habitat and partridge pea. information contained in our files. No
new information was provided in the of Listing Priority Changes in imminent and of a high magnitude, due
petition received on May 11, 2004. Candidates.’’ The above summary is to only a small fraction of the species’
Charpentiera densiflora (Papala)—See based on information contained in our known population occurring within
above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority files. No new information was provided protected lands, we retain a listing
Changes in Candidates.’’ The above in the petition received on May 11, priority of 2.
summary is based on information 2004. Cyanea asplenifolia (Haha)—The
contained in our files. No new Consolea corallicola (Florida following summary is based on
information was provided in the semaphore cactus)—The following information contained in our files. No
petition received on May 11, 2004. summary is based on information in our new information was provided in the
Chorizanthe parryi var. fernandina files. No new information was provided petition received on May 11, 2004.
(San Fernando Valley spineflower)— in the petition received on May 11, Cyanea asplenifolia is a shrub found in
The following summary is based on 2004. This species is endemic to the Acacia-Metrosideros forest on Maui,
information contained in our files and Florida Keys and is known to naturally Hawaii. Cyanea asplenifolia was
the petition received on December 14, occur only at Little Torch Key and Swan thought to be extinct following
1999. San Fernando Valley spineflower Key. It was discovered on Big Pine Key collections in 1920 on west Maui until
is currently known from only two in 1919 but has since been extirpated it was rediscovered in 1995 on east
populations. The plants are threatened there as a result of road building and Maui. Two additional populations of
by habitat loss due to residential poaching. The Florida semaphore cactus approximately 30 individuals total have
development, competition from grows close to salt water on bare rock been rediscovered on west Maui, but the
nonnative plants (e.g., several nonnative with a minimum of humus-soil cover in largest population is found in Kipahulu
grasses), random events such as erosion or along the edges of hammocks near sea Valley on east Maui. Until 1991, when
and fire, and the potential loss of the level. About seven mature plants exist flowering occurred, the Kipahulu
native pollinator community due to in the population at The Nature population was thought to be Cyanea
competition with and predation by the Conservancy’s Torchwood Hammock grimesiana ssp. grimesiana. Flowers
nonnative Argentine ants (Linepithema Preserve on Little Torch Key. Two and fruits led to a valid identification of
humilis). sexual morphs (males and weak this population as Cyanea asplenifolia.
The site in Los Angeles County, the hermaphrodites) comprise the extant In 1991, 350 individuals were counted.
Newhall Ranch, is proposed for population on Little Torch Key. The During a return visit in 1995, the
residential development that has the female sex morph is absent from the population was estimated to be only
potential to cause the loss of most, if not population and sexual reproduction at approximately 200 individuals, showing
all, of the remaining plants at that site. this site without human intervention is a decline in the population for reasons
Representatives of Newhall Ranch not possible. Regeneration in this not determined. Currently, this
informed us that they intended to population is restricted to clonal population has declined to a few
pursue a Candidate Conservation propagation. At least 629 plants were individuals. An additional 25
Agreement (CCA) for the plant, and, in discovered on Swan Key, Biscayne individuals have been found in
2004, presented us with a preliminary National Park in November of 2001. The Makawao and Koolau forest reserves on
plan that would avoid removing reproductive biology of the population east Maui. This species is threatened by
approximately 74 percent of the area the found on Swan Key is yet to be pigs and goats that eat this plant and
plant is believed to occupy. However, determined. Outplanting has resulted in degrade and destroy its habitat, by rats
the level of detail available was not the reestablishment of a population in and slugs that directly prey upon and
sufficient for us to conclude that the Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock defoliate the species, and by nonnative
preserved populations would be Botanical State Park in North Key Largo. plants that outcompete and displace it.
appropriately buffered from adjacent The causes for the population decline of Because the threats continue to be of a
land uses, or that sufficient native this species include destruction or high magnitude and are imminent, we
vegetation would remain in proximity to modification of habitat, predation from retain a listing priority number of 2 for
the preserved areas to support a nonnative Cactoblastis cactorum moths, this species.
pollinator community. We received a unauthorized collection, and the Cyanea calycina (Haha)—See above in
draft CCA in early February 2005 but occurrence of hurricanes and other ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in
have not yet thoroughly reviewed it. significant natural disturbance events. Candidates.’’ The above summary is
The site in Ventura County, the Based on imminent threats that based on information contained in our
former Ahmanson Ranch, is now under continue to be of a high magnitude, we files. No new information was provided
the auspices of the Santa Monica retain a listing priority number of 2 for in the petition received on May 11,
Mountains Conservancy, a joint powers the Florida semaphore cactus. 2004.
authority operated by the State to Cordia rupicola (no common name)— Cyanea eleeleensis (Haha)—The
conserve lands within the The following summary is based on following summary is based on
Conservancy’s sphere of influence. As a information from our files. No new information contained in our files. No
result, the direct threats to the species information was provided in the new information was provided in the
from the former Ahmanson Ranch petition received on May 11, 2004. petition received on May 11, 2004.
development plan have been Cordia rupicola is a small shrub that is Cyanea eleeleensis is a shrub found in
eliminated, and we are working with the found in the municipalities of Peñuelas wet forest on Kauai, Hawaii. This
new landowners to manage the site for and Guánica in southern Puerto Rico, as species was discovered in 1977, known
the benefit of Chorizanthe parryi var. well as the island of Anegada in the from one population totaling less than
fernandina. Since the threats continue British Virgin Islands. The current ten individuals in Wainiha Valley on
to be of a high magnitude but are status of the Anegada population is not Kauai. This species is highly threatened
nonimminent, we retain a listing known. The restricted distribution, by pigs that degrade and destroy habitat,
priority number of a 6 for this plant urban expansion, and significant natural by rats and slugs that eat this plant, and
variety. disturbance events are threats to the by nonnative plants that outcompete
Chromolaena frustrata (Cape Sable Puerto Rico population. Because the and displace it. Because the threats
thoroughwort)—See above in ‘‘Summary threats to this species continue to be continue to be of a high magnitude and
are considered imminent, we retain a threatened by goats, pigs, cattle, rats, rare, Cyrtandra oxybapha was typically
listing priority number of 2 for this and slugs that eat this plant and degrade found in wet forest on the island of
species. and destroy habitat, and by nonnative Maui. Currently, this species is known
Cyanea kuhihewa (Haha)—The plants that outcompete and displace it. only from one population totaling 250 to
following summary is based on Because the threats continue to be of a 300 individuals in the Kahikinui area of
information contained in our files. No high magnitude and are considered east Maui. This species is highly
new information was provided in the imminent, we retain a listing priority threatened by pigs that degrade and
petition received on May 11, 2004. number of 2 for this species. destroy habitat, and by nonnative plants
Cyanea kuhihewa is a shrub found in Cyanea tritomantha (Aku)—See above that outcompete and displace it.
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes Because the threats continue to be of a
linearis lowland wet forest on Kauai, in Candidates.’’ The above summary is high magnitude and are considered
Hawaii. This recently discovered based on information contained in our imminent, we retain a listing priority
species is known from one population files. No new information was provided number of 2 for this species.
totaling 6 individuals in Limahuli in the petition received on May 11, Cyrtandra sessilis (Haiwale)—The
Valley on Kauai. This species was 2004. following summary is based on
originally included in the proposed Cyrtandra filipes (Haiwale)—The information contained in our files. No
rulemaking for Kauai II plant species following summary is based on new information was provided in the
submitted to the Regional Office but was information contained in our files. No petition received on May 11, 2004.
removed from the proposed rule new information was provided in the Cyrtandra sessilis is a shrub found in
published in 60 FR 49359 on October 2, petition received on May 11, 2004. wet gulch bottoms and slopes of mesic
1995, because the species had not yet Haiwale is a shrub found in lowland valleys and wet forests on Oahu,
been described and published at that wet and mesic forest on Maui and Hawaii. This species is known from two
time. In 2003, the last known individual Molokai, Hawaii. Historically rare, populations totaling approximately 50
in the wild died, but prior to that time, Cyrtandra filipes was typically found in individuals in the Waikane area of the
seeds were collected for genetic storage, southeastern Molokai and west Maui. Koolau Mountains. This species is
and the species is still found in Currently, this species is known from highly threatened by pigs that degrade
cultivation. This species is highly three populations, one on Molokai and and or destroy habitat and by nonnative
threatened by pigs that degrade and two on Maui, totaling approximately plants that outcompete and displace it.
destroy habitat, by rats and slugs that 2,200 individuals. There is some Because the threats continue to be of a
eat this plant, and by nonnative plants question as to the taxonomic identity of high magnitude and are considered
that outcompete and displace it. the Maui populations, which do not fit imminent, we retain a listing priority
Because the threats continue to be of a the description of the species precisely. number of 2 for this species.
high magnitude and are considered If, upon further taxonomic study, the Dalea carthagenensis floridana
imminent, we retain a listing priority Maui populations are determined not to (Florida prairie-clover)—See above in
number of 2 for this species. be this species, then it is even rarer, ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in
Cyanea kunthiana (Haha)—See above with only the Molokai population of a Candidates.’’ The above summary is
in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes few individuals remaining. This species based on information contained in our
in Candidates.’’ The above summary is is highly threatened by pigs and rats files. No new information was provided
based on information contained in our that degrade and destroy habitat, by in the petition received on May 11,
files. No new information was provided deer that eat this plant, and by 2004.
in the petition received on May 11, nonnative plants that outcompete and Dichanthelium hirstii (Hirsts’ panic
2004. displace it. Because the threats continue grass)—The following summary is based
Cyanea lanceolata (Haha)—See above to be of a high magnitude and are on information from our files. No new
in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes considered imminent, we retain a listing information was provided in the
in Candidates.’’ The above summary is priority number of 2 for this species. petition received on May 11, 2004.
based on information contained in our Cyrtandra kaulantha (Haiwale)—See Dichanthelium hirstii, a perennial grass,
files. No new information was provided above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority produces erect leafy flowering stems
in the petition received on May 11, Changes in Candidates.’’ The above from May to October. Dichanthelium
2004. summary is based on information hirstii occurs in coastal plain
Cyanea obtusa (Haha)—The following contained in our files. No new intermittent ponds, usually in wet
summary is based on information information was provided in the savanna or pine barren habitats and is
contained in our files. No new petition received on May 11, 2004. found at only one site in New Jersey,
information was provided in the Cyrtandra oenobarba (Haiwale)—See one site in Delaware, and two sites in
petition received on May 11, 2004. above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority North Carolina. While all four extant
Cyanea obtusa is a shrub found in Changes in Candidates.’’ The above Dichanthelium hirstii populations are
Metrosideros polymorpha mixed mesic summary is based on information located on public land or privately
forest on Maui, Hawaii. Cyanea obtusa contained in our files. No new owned conservation lands, natural
was thought to be extinct following the information was provided in the threats to the species from encroaching
initial collections from 1841 to 1919 on petition received on May 11, 2004. vegetation and fluctuations in climatic
east and west Maui until it was Cyrtandra oxybapha (Haiwale)—The conditions remain of concern and may
rediscovered in 1981 on east Maui. The following summary is based on be exacerbated by anthropomorphic
one known population was extirpated information contained in our files. No factors occurring adjacent to the species’
by 1989. In 1996, the species was new information was provided in the wetland habitat. Given the low numbers
rediscovered on east Maui, in a petition received on May 11, 2004. of plants found at each site, even minor
population of only four individuals. In Cyrtandra oxybapha is a shrub found in changes in the species’ habitat could
1999, additional plants were found, Metrosideros polymorpha- result in local extirpation. Loss of any
increasing the known populations to six Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet known sites could result in a serious
and the known number of individuals to forest to mesic Acacia-Metrosideros protraction of the species range.
approximately 30. This species is highly forest on Maui, Hawaii. Historically However, the most immediate and
severe of the threats to this species (i.e., 2004. Dubautia plantaginea ssp. information was provided in the
ditching of the Labounsky Pond site, magnifolia is a shrub found in bogs and petition received on May 11, 2004. This
and encroachment of aggressive wet forest on Kauai, Hawaii. This is a small, herbaceous, perennial plant
vegetative competitors) have been recently rediscovered species is known in the Asteraceae (sunflower) family.
curtailed or are being actively managed from two populations totaling 100 The species is endemic to Yakima and
by The Nature Conservancy at the New individuals near the summit of Kittitas Counties, Washington, and
Jersey site, the Delaware Division of Waialeale on the island of Kauai. This occurs on canyon walls along the
Fish and Wildlife, and Delaware Natural species is highly threatened by pigs that Yakima River and Selah Creek, a
Heritage Program at the Assawoman degrade and destroy habitat and by tributary of the Yakima River. The
Pond site, and the Marine Corps at the nonnative plants that outcompete and species occupies approximately 165 ac
Camp Lejeune site in North Carolina. displace it. Because the threats continue (67 ha) within its known distribution of
Based on continued threats of a high to be of a high magnitude and are approximately 20 mi2 (52 km2). Basalt
magnitude but low imminence, we ongoing (i.e., imminent), we retain a daisy only grows in small crevices on
retain a listing priority number of 5 for listing priority number of 3 for this basalt cliffs. The total population of
this species. subspecies. roughly 7,000 plants is distributed
Digitaria pauciflora (Florida pineland Dubautia waialealae (Naenae)—See among 8 potentially interbreeding
crabgrass)—The following summary is above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority subpopulations. The overall size of the
based on information in our files. No Changes in Candidates.’’ The above population, both in numbers of plants
new information was provided in the summary is based on information and total area occupied, has remained
petition received on May 11, 2004. This contained in our files. No new relatively stable since at least 1988.
perennial grass grows up to 3 feet tall. information was provided in the However, the numbers of individuals in
It is almost entirely restricted to Long petition received on May 11, 2004. the four smallest subpopulations have
Pine Key, an island of pineland and Echinomastus erectocentrus var. decreased substantially, and two
marl prairies surrounded by wetlands in acunensis (Acuna cactus)—The subpopulations currently support fewer
Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade following summary is based on than 20 plants each. The causes of these
County, Florida. It was observed once in information contained in our files and declines, or whether they represent a
a ‘‘transverse glade’’ at a site now the petition received on October 30, recent or longterm trend in the
managed by Miami-Dade County at the 2002. The acuna cactus is known from subpopulations, are unknown. The
Richmond pine rocklands. Florida six sites on well-drained gravel ridges extremely limited range and specific
pineland crabgrass occurs most and knolls on granite soils in Sonoran habitat requirements of basalt daisy
commonly at the margin between pine Desert scrub association at 1300–2000 make it vulnerable to localized impacts,
rockland and marl prairie, overlapping feet elevation. Habitat destruction has including threats from adjacent
somewhat into both of these ecosystems. been a threat in the past and is a
herbicide and pesticide spraying from
These habitats, particularly marl prairie, potential future threat to this species.
agricultural activities and highway/
flood for one to several months during New roads and illegal activities have not
railroad maintenance. In addition,
the wet season. Pine rocklands and their yet directly affected the cactus
quarrying in the vicinity of several
associated prairies are fire-maintained, populations at Organ Pipe Cactus
subpopulations may destroy individual
with a natural fire frequency of 3 to 7 National Monument (OPCNM), but areas
plants or negatively impact the species’
years for pine rocklands and perhaps in close proximity to these known
habitat. While some threats to the
slightly more frequent for marl prairies. populations have been altered. Cactus
species have been identified, it is likely
In the absence of fire, tropical populations located in the Florence area
not susceptible to other potential
hardwoods quickly encroach. This grass have not been monitored and these
populations may be in danger of habitat impacts (e.g., conversion, grazing),
may once have occurred in pinelands of
loss due to recent urban growth in the primarily due to the inaccessibility of
what is now the Miami urban area,
area. Urban development near Ajo, the near-vertical basalt cliffs it occupies.
based on a specimen collected in 1903.
Arizona, as well as that near Sonoyta, Based on the available information, we
Essentially no suitable habitat appears
Mexico, is a significant threat to the consider the magnitude of threat to
to remain outside of Everglades National
acuna cactus. Populations of the acuna basalt daisy to be moderate-to-low, and
Park. Threats to Florida pineland
cactus within the OPCNM have shown the identified threats continue to be
crabgrass from invasive exotic plants
have been managed by the National Park a 50 percent mortality rate in recent nonimminent. Therefore, we retain a
Service, but the threat of Old World years. The reason(s) for the mortality are listing priority of 11 for this species.
climbing fern and other new exotic not known, but continuing drought Erigeron lemmonii (Lemmon
plants within the decade are likely to be conditions are thought to play a role. fleabane)—The following summary is
realized. Based on nonimminent threats The Arizona Plant Law and the based on information contained in our
that continue to be of a high magnitude, Convention on International Trade in files and the petition received in July
we retain a listing priority number of 5 Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and 1975. The species is known from one
for the Florida pineland crabgrass. Flora provide some protection for the site on the Fort Huachuca Military
Dubautia imbricata ssp. imbricata acuna cactus. However, illegal Reservation of southeastern Arizona.
(Naenae)—See above in ‘‘Summary of collection is a primary threat to this Approximately 70 individual plants are
Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ cactus variety and has been documented at this site. The single largest threat to
The above summary is based on on the OPCNM in the past. While the the species is from significant wildfire
information contained in our files. No threats continue to be of a high in the canyon where the plant occurs.
new information was provided in the magnitude, they are currently An intense wildfire in the narrow
petition received on May 11, 2004. nonimminent. Thus, we retain a listing canyon would almost certainly
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia priority number of 6 for this cactus desiccate plants on the cliff face,
(Naenae)—The following summary is variety. possibly directly killing individuals or
based on information contained in our Erigeron basalticus (Basalt daisy)— stressing plants, and, thereby leading to
files. No new information was provided The following summary is based on lower reproductive output. Fort
in the petition received on May 11, information from our files. No new Huachuca is willing to develop a
conservation agreement for this species. feet. Its distribution is limited to the Red files. No new information was provided
Measures have been taken to reduce the Mountain and Little Red Mountain areas in the petition received on May 11,
threat of wildfire and also the threats of Mendocino County, California, where 2004.
from recreational rappelling, which is it occupies 50 acres and 900 square feet, Geranium hanaense (Nohoanu)—See
not allowed on the cliff faces occupied respectively. Occupied habitat at Red above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority
by the plant. Due to these nonimminent Mountain is scattered over 4 square Changes in Candidates.’’ The above
threats of a high magnitude, we retain miles. Total population size is estimated summary is based on information
a listing priority number of 5 for this at between 20,000 and 30,000 plants, contained in our files. No new
species. which occur in 44 polygons. Intensive information was provided in the
Eriogonum codium (Umtanum Desert monitoring of permanent plots on three petition received on May 11, 2004.
buckwheat)—The following summary is study sites in Red Mountain suggests Geranium hillebrandii (Nohoanu)—
based on information from our files. No considerable annual variation in plant The following summary is based on
new information was provided in the density and reproduction, but no information contained in our files. No
petition received on May 11, 2004. This discernable population trend was new information was provided in the
is a long-lived woody perennial plant in evident in two of three study sites. One petition received on May 11, 2004.
the Polygonaceae (buckwheat) family study site showed a 65 percent decline Geranium hillebrandii is a decumbent
that forms low mats. Individual plants in plant density over 11 years. The subshrub found in bogs on Maui,
may exceed 100 years of age. The only primary threat to the species is the Hawaii. Previously known from two
known population of the species occurs potential for mining; the species populations totaling approximately 500
exclusively on exposed basalt from the distribution overlaps a number of individuals, it is currently known from
Lolo Flow of the Wanapum Basalt mining claims, none of which are over 2,000 individuals, the result of
Formation in Benton County, currently active. Surface mining, which more thorough surveys. This species is
Washington. The population has a would destroy all habitat suitability in moderately threatened by pigs that
discontinuous distribution along a affected areas, would be used to extract degrade and destroy habitat, and by
narrow, 1.0 mi (1.6 km) long mountain chromium and nickel. The species nonnative plants that outcompete and
ridge top. It is unknown if the historical distribution by ownership is described displace it. Because the threats continue
distribution of Umtanum desert as follows: Federal (Bureau of Land to be of a moderate magnitude and are
buckwheat was different from the Management), 69 percent; State of considered imminent, we retain a listing
species’ current distribution. There are California, 1 percent; and private, 30 priority number of 8 for this species.
a number of ongoing threats to percent. Given the continued high Geranium kauaiense (Nohoanu)—The
Umtanum desert buckwheat. The magnitude but nonimminent threats to following summary is based on
species is not well adapted to fire, and the small, scattered populations, we information contained in our files. No
negative impacts to the species from retain a listing priority number of 5 for new information was provided in the
past fires have been significant. In this species. petition received on May 11, 2004.
addition, Umtanum desert buckwheat Festuca hawaiiensis (no common Geranium kauaiense is a decumbent
plants are easily damaged by trampling name)—See above in ‘‘Summary of subshrub found in bogs and bog margins
or crushing by off-road vehicles. Digging Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ on Kauai, Hawaii. This species is known
activities and soil disturbance as a result The above summary is based on from three populations totaling 100 to
of prospecting and collecting of information contained in our files. No 200 individuals in the Alakai Swamp
petrified rock may also threaten new information was provided in the area. This species is highly threatened
Umtanum desert buckwheat as a result petition received on May 11, 2004. by pigs that eat this plant and degrade
of. Finally, the species appears to have Festuca ligulata (Guadalupe fescue)— and destroy habitat, and by nonnative
a very low reproductive rate. The factors The following summary is based on plants that outcompete and displace it.
responsible for the lower-than-expected information from our files and in the Because the threats continue to be of a
number of seedlings in the population petition received in 1975. Guadalupe high magnitude and are considered
are unknown. Possible factors include fescue occurs in Big Bend National Park, imminent, we retain a listing priority
low seed production, low seed or pollen Texas, along a trail near Boot Springs. number of 2 for this species.
viability, low seedling vigor and One of the two Mexican populations Gonocalyx concolor (no common
survival, impacts to plant pollinators or previously known was verified to name)—The following summary is
dispersal mechanisms, and insect persist in 2004. The single known U.S. based on information from our files. No
predation of seeds. The only known population is bisected by a trail and new information was provided in the
population of Umtanum desert subject to occasional trampling by petition received on May 11, 2004.
buckwheat is small and limited to a horses and hikers. New trails are Gonocalyx concolor is a small evergreen
single site. Based on the available planned that may affect this species, but epiphytic shrub found within the dwarf
information, we continue to consider plans have not been finalized. The effect or elfin forest type in the Carite
the magnitude of threat to Umtanum of fire on the species is uncertain. The Commonwealth Forest in the
desert buckwheat to be high, and the magnitude of these threats to Guadalupe municipalities of Guayama, Cayey,
identified threats to be imminent. We fescue continue to be moderate to low Caguas, San Lorenzo, and Patillas of
retain a listing priority of 2 for and nonimminent because Big Bend southeastern Puerto Rico. The
Umtanum desert buckwheat. National Park is committed to species population previously reported from the
Eriogonum kelloggii (Red Mountain management through a conservation Luquillo Mountains is apparently no
buckwheat)—The following summary is agreement to reduce threats which is yet longer extant. The construction of roads
based on information contained in our to be fully implemented. Based on these and telecommunication towers, certain
files. No new information was provided threats imposed on the species, we forest management practices, lower
in the petition received on May 11, retain a listing priority number of 11. number of specific pollinators,
2004. Red Mountain buckwheat is a Gardenia remyi (Nanu)—See above in significant natural disturbance events,
perennial herb that is endemic to ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in and its limited distribution and
serpentine habitat of lower montane Candidates.’’ The above summary is population numbers threaten this
forests found between 1,900 and 4,100 based on information contained in our species. Although the magnitude of
these threats continues to be high, they those portions of wetlands that are discovered in Compartment 55 in Davy
are not imminent because the known exposed to open sun and normally hold Crockett National Forest (DCNF) at the
populations are found within protected standing water early in the growing south end of Forest Road 503. This
lands, and initial efforts at propagation season, with water levels dropping population is large, but has not yet been
have been successful. Therefore, we during late summer and fall. This fully tallied. DCNF represents the only
retain a listing priority of 5 for this species appears to have community public land within the range of the rose-
species. dominance within that narrow band mallow. In 2000, nearly 800 plants were
Hazardia orcuttii (Orcutt’s between high and low water levels in introduced into Compartments 16 and
hazardia)—See above in ‘‘Summary of wetlands exposed to open sun. 20 of the forest as part of a
Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ However, historical habitat has been reintroduction effort. One population
The above summary is based on affected by drainage or filling of has retained high numbers, but the
information contained in our files and floodplain depressions and oxbows, second has been impacted by a change
the petition received on March 8, 2001. stream channelization, road in hydrology. A small dam may be
Hedyotis fluviatilis (Kamapuaa)—See construction, timber harvesting, installed to restore original wetland
above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority agricultural activities (primarily conditions. Three more sites in DCNF
Changes in Candidates.’’ The above mowing and grazing), and herbicide use. have been identified as potential sites
summary is based on information Threats that continue to potentially for reintroduction efforts.
contained in our files. No new affect the species’ habitat include Some populations of this species are
information was provided in the wetland alteration, herbicide use, at risk of genetic swamping by other
petition received on May 11, 2004. grazing, and mowing during the species’ Hibiscus species. Hybridization has
Helianthus verticillatus (Whorled growing and flowering period. occurred at both the Ponta and Highway
sunflower)—The following information A 1995 status survey of 10 counties 94 sites. Stephen F. Austin State
is based on information contained in resulted in confirmation or discovery of University (SFASU) is carrying out a
our files. No new information was the species in only three sites, but in genetic analysis of H. dasycalyx and
provided in the petition received on three separate counties and three similar species to better define
May 11, 2004. The whorled sunflower is different watersheds, suggesting a morphological characteristics. SFASU is
found in moist, prairie-like openings in relatively wide historical range. These also carrying out a habitat study of H.
woodlands and along adjacent creeks. three populations are within highway dasycalyx and developing plants for
Despite extensive surveys throughout its rights-of-way (ROW) (Ponta site in reintroduction purposes. Because the
range, only six sites are known for this Cherokee County; Lovelady in Houston threats continue to be of a high
species. There are two sites documented County; and Highway 94 in Trinity magnitude and are nonimminent, we
for Cherokee County, Alabama; three in County) and are monitored by the Texas retain a listing priority number of 5 for
Floyd County, Georgia; and a single site Parks and Wildlife Department and are the Neches River rose-mallow.
in Madison County, Tennessee. This somewhat protected by a management Indigofera mucronata keyensis
species appears to have restricted agreement with the Texas Department of (Florida indigo)—See above in
ecological requirements and is Transportation. Because these sites are ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in
dependent upon the maintenance of still vulnerable to adjacent agricultural Candidates.’’ The above summary is
prairie-like openings for its survival. activities such as herbicide spraying, based on information contained in our
Active management of habitat is needed they support relatively low population files. No new information was provided
to keep competition and shading under numbers: Ponta (Highway 204) has in the petition received on May 11,
control. Much of its habitat has been ranged from 1 to 5 plants; Lovelady 2004.
degraded or destroyed for agricultural, (Highway 230), 3–14 plants; and Ivesia webberi (Webber ivesia)—The
silvicultural, and residential purposes. Highway 94, 15–49 plants. Continued following summary is based on
The largest population is in Georgia and surveys for H. dasycalyx have resulted information contained in our files. No
is under a conservation easement of 600 in identifying several new populations. new information was provided in the
acres to The Nature Conservancy. We About 300 plants were found on land petition received on May 11, 2004.
continue to assign a listing priority owned by the Temple-Inland Ivesia webberi is a low, spreading,
number of 11 to this species as the Corporation in east Trinity County. A perennial herb that occurs very
magnitude of threats is considered Candidate Conservation Agreement now infrequently in Lassen, Plumas, and
‘‘moderate’’ since the largest site is covers this site, but smaller numbers Sierra Counties in California, and in
under permanent protection and the have been seen in recent years, possibly Douglas and Washoe Counties, Nevada.
threats are considered ‘‘nonimminent’’ due to changes in the wetland’s The species is restricted to sites with
since the whorled sunflower appears to hydrology. Another site was discovered sparse vegetation and shallow, rocky
withstand some disturbance and there on land owned by the Champion soils composed of volcanic ash or
are no known immediate threats to the International Corporation (near White derived from andesitic rock. Occupied
sites. Rock Creek in west Trinity County). A sites generally occur on mid-elevation
Hibiscus dasycalyx (Neches River Candidate Conservation Agreement was flats, benches, or terraces on mountain
rose-mallow)—The following summary also established for this site, which slopes above large valleys along the
is based on information from our files. generally supported 300–400 plants. transition zone between the eastern edge
No new information was provided in However, the status of this population is of the northern Sierra Nevada and the
the petition received on May 11, 2004. currently unknown due to a recent northwestern edge of the Great Basin
The Neches River rose-mallow is a change in ownership. Desert. Currently, the global population
perennial woody herb growing 3–7 feet In west Houston County, a population is estimated at approximately 4.8
tall with one or more stems per clump of 300–400 plants discovered on private million individuals at 15 known sites.
and white flowers 3–6 inches wide, land has been purchased by the Natural The Nevada sites support nearly 98
consisting of five 2–4-inch-long white Area Preservation Association, a land percent of the total number of
petals with deep red or purple at the trust organization, in order to protect individuals (4.7 million) on about 30
base. The Neches River rose-mallow this land in perpetuity. In east Houston acres of occupied habitat. The California
appears to be restricted to wetlands, or County, a population was recently sites are larger in area, totaling about
156 acres, but support fewer individuals Keysseria helenae (no common petition received on May 11, 2004. The
(approximately 115,000). name)—See above in ‘‘Summary of Texas golden gladecress is a small
The primary threats to Webber ivesia Listing Priority Changes in Candidates annual member of the mustard family,
include urban development, authorized and Other Taxonomic Changes in with deep, yellow petals only 7–10 mm
and unauthorized roads, off-road Candidates.’’ The above summary is long; flowering is February through
vehicle activities and other dispersed based on information contained in our March. The gladecress occurs only on
recreation, livestock grazing and files. No new information was provided the Weches outcrops of east Texas in
trampling, fire and fire suppression in the petition received on May 11, San Augustine County and, historically,
activities including fuels reduction and 2004. Sabine County. The Weches geologic
prescribed fires, and displacement by Korthalsella degeneri (Hulumoa)—See formation consists of a layer of
noxious weeds. Despite the high above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority calcareous sediment, lying above a layer
numbers of individuals, observations in Changes in Candidates.’’ The above of glauconite clay deposited up to 50
2002 and 2004 confirmed that direct summary is based on information million years ago. Erosion of this fossil-
and indirect impacts to the species and contained in our files. No new rich complex has produced a rugged
its habitat, specifically from urban information was provided in the topography of steep, flat-topped hills
development and off-highway vehicle petition received on May 11, 2004. and escarpments along Highway 21
activity, remain high and are likely to Labordia helleri (Kamakahala)—See through north San Augustine County
increase. However, the U.S. Forest above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority and west Sabine County. It has also
Service has committed to develop a Changes in Candidates.’’ The above created the unique ecology of Weches
conservation strategy and monitoring summary is based on information glades: islands of thin, loamy, seepy,
program to protect this species on contained in our files. No new alkaline soils that support open-sun,
National Forest lands, and the State of information was provided in the herbaceous, and highly diverse and
Nevada has recently listed the species as petition received on May 11, 2004. specialized plant communities.
Labordia pumila (Kamakahala)—See More than 100 species representing at
critically endangered, which provides a
above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority least 39 plant families, including the
mechanism to track future impacts on
Changes in Candidates.’’ The above federally endangered white bladderpod
private lands. In addition, both the
summary is based on information (Lesquerella pallida), have been
Forest Service and State of Nevada have contained in our files. No new
agreed to coordinate closely on all documented on Weches glades. The
information was provided in the gladecress was historically recorded at
activities that may affect this species. petition received on May 11, 2004.
For these reasons, we have determined eight sites, all in a narrow line along
Leavenworthia crassa (Gladecress)— north San Augustine County and west
that the threats to Webber ivesia The following information is based on Sabine County, following the Weches
continue to be of a high magnitude and information contained in our files. No formation. All sites are on private land.
nonimminent and are maintaining the new information was provided in the Habitat of the species at two of these
listing priority number of 5. petition received on May 11, 2004. This locations has since been eliminated due
Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens species of gladecress is a component of to glauconite mining. Two more sites
(Ohe)—The following summary is based glade flora, occurring in association are currently closed to visitors and the
on information contained in our files. with limestone outcroppings. status of the gladecress at these sites is
No new information was provided in Leavenworthia crassa is endemic to a unknown. However, a large, currently
the petition received on May 11, 2004. 13-mile radius area in north central closed glauconite mine was created just
Ohe is an erect herb found in wet Alabama in Lawrence and Morgan adjacent to these sites 6 years ago, and
Metrosideros polymorpha forest on the Counties, Alabama, where only six may have altered the area’s hydrology.
islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, populations of this species are One historic site in Sabine County (east
and Hawaii, Hawaii. Joinvillea documented. Glade habitats today have of San Augustine County) was
ascendens ssp. ascendens is known been reduced to remnants fragmented rediscovered in 1998 and found to
from 50 to 100 populations totaling 100 by agriculture and development. support over 300 plants. However, this
to 200 individuals throughout its range. Populations of this species are now site has since been modified by the
Plants are typically found as only one or located in glade-like areas exhibiting landowner and may no longer support
two individuals, with miles between various degrees of disturbance including gladecresses. Only two known
populations. This subspecies is the only pastureland, roadside rights-of-way, and populations remain in San Augustine
representative of this monotypic species cultivated or plowed fields. The most County. The Chapel Hill site is less than
in Hawaii. This subspecies is highly vigorous populations of this species are 0.1 ha (less than 1⁄4 ac) in size and
threatened by pigs that degrade and located in areas which receive full or supports population numbers of 67–200.
destroy habitat, by an unknown fungus, near full sunlight with limited The Kardell site is less than 9 m2 (less
and by nonnative plants that herbaceous competition. The magnitude than 100 ft2 ) in size and supports 96–
outcompete and displace it. Because the of threat continues to be high for this 490 plants. An introduced population in
threats continue to be of a high species particularly with the limited Nacogdoches County has numbered
magnitude and are considered number of populations, and the about 270–300 within an area of about
imminent, we retain a listing priority immediacy of threat is nonimminent 18 m2 (200 ft2 ). A ninth site may have
number of 3 for this subspecies. since there are no known projects been discovered in 1995 but has not
Keysseria erici (no common name)— planned that would destroy any sites been confirmed in recent years.
See above in ‘‘Summary of Listing and the species is able to withstand Historic gladecress habitat has been
Priority Changes in Candidates and some disturbance. Thus, we retain a affected by highway construction,
Other Taxonomic Changes in listing priority number of 5 for this residential development, conversion to
Candidates.’’ The above summary is species. pasture and cropland, widespread use of
based on information contained in our Leavenworthia texana (Texas golden herbicide, overgrazing, and glauconite
files. No new information was provided gladecress)—The following summary is mining. However, the primary current
in the petition received on May 11, based on information from our files. No threat to existing gladecress populations
2004. new information was provided in the is the invasion of nonnative and weedy
shrubs and vines (primarily Macartney Populations vary in size from 2 to about impacts because of its extremely limited
rose (Rosa bracteata) and Japanese 1,500 individuals; most contain fewer distribution and specific habitat
honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). All than 50 plants. Road construction and requirements. Water seepage from
known sites are undergoing severe road maintenance have played a adjacent, up-slope agricultural irrigation
degradation by the incursion of significant role in the decline of the causes mass failures and landslides
nonnative shrubs and vines, which species. These activities continue to throughout the length of the White
restrict both growth and reproduction of pose threats to the continued existence Bluffs. Approximately 35 percent of the
the gladecress. Special funding allowed of most populations. Impoundments species’ known range has been
brushclearing to be carried out in 1995 and artificial water level manipulation moderately to severely impacted by
at several white bladderpod sites (where threatened and, in some cases, have landslides. All mass-failures occurring
gladecress is also located). The project destroyed sites supporting the species. along the White Bluffs, with one
resulted in large increases in Many of the Short’s bladderpod exception, are found in association with
bladderpod numbers, and also resulted locations are adjacent to rivers and water seepage. Water, particularly water
in the reappearance of gladecress after a streams, and impoundment and water from irrigated agriculture adjacent to the
10-year absence at one historic site, and level manipulation still threaten the bluffs, is the primary factor triggering
a possible discovery at a second site. species. Invasive nonnative vegetation is the mass-failures. The entire population
However, nonnative shrubs have again a significant threat at most sites. Most of of Lesquerella tuplashensis is down-
invaded these areas. More effective the sites (91 percent) for this species are slope of irrigated agricultural land, and
control measures, such as burning and under private ownership or within the is at risk of landslides induced by water-
selective herbicide use, need to be rights-of-way of State and county roads. seepage. The threat is greater in the
tested and monitored. Of the other sites, two of the Tennessee southern portion of the species
The small number of known sites also sites are on lands managed by the U.S. distribution where irrigated agriculture
makes the gladecress vulnerable to Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville is closest, and in several locations
extreme natural disturbance events. A District. One Tennessee site is on State- directly adjacent to, the bluffs. Other
severe drought in 1999 and 2000 had a owned lands. The Indiana site is on threats to White Bluffs bladder-pod
pronounced adverse effect on gladecress land owned and managed by The Nature include direct damage of plants by off-
reproduction. Prelisting efforts for the Conservancy. The threats faced by these road vehicles and recreational activities
gladecress include: The collection of species continue to be significant (i.e., (e.g., hiking, bicycling, wildflower
seeds and placement in three State high in magnitude); however, it is not collecting). Based on the available
horticultural labs for possible anticipated that they will be subject to information, the magnitude of threats to
reintroduction efforts, a Cooperative these threats in the immediate future White Bluffs bladder-pod continue to be
Agreement (now complete) with The (next 1–2 years). Therefore, we retain a high while these identified threats are
Nature Conservancy of Texas, and listing priority of 5 for this species. nonimminent. Thus, we retain a listing
development of a ‘‘Conservation Area priority of 5 for this species.
Plan for the San Augustine Glades,’’ Lesquerella tuplashensis (White
which identifies the size and Bluffs bladder-pod)—The following Linum arenicola (Sand flax)—The
configuration of conservation units that summary is based on information from following summary is based on
will restore and maintain long-term our files. No new information was information in our files. No new
viability of Weches communities. The provided in the petition received on information was provided in the
next step is to secure adequate funding May 11, 2004. This is a low-growing, petition received on May 11, 2004. This
to initiate protection measures. herbaceous, short-lived, perennial plant wiry, yellow-flowered perennial herb
Landowners of the Chapel Hill and in the Brassicaceae (mustard) family. with linear leaves is found in tropical
Kardell sites are aware of the gladecress Specimens of White Bluffs bladder-pod pinelands on limestone rock (pine
and are maintaining current land-use were first collected in 1883, although rockland), marl prairie, and disturbed
conditions. Efforts to find additional they were not taxonomically identified areas on limestone. These habitats are
sites, and management of known sites, at the time. The same population was maintained by periodic fires that control
should be the focus for this species. Due rediscovered in 1994 and formally shrubs and remove leaf litter. Sand flax
to the continuing overall high described as a distinct species in 1996. is currently known from four sites in
magnitude and immediacy of the Historically and currently, White Bluffs Miami-Dade County, Florida: Camp
threats, we retain a listing priority bladder-pod has only been known from Owaissa Bauer (owned by Miami-Dade
number of 2 for the Texas golden this single population that occurs along County), a private preserve, the Luis
gladecress. the White Bluffs of the Columbia River Martinez U.S. Army Reserve Station
Lesquerella globosa (Desvaux) Watson in Franklin County, Washington. The Richmond Pine Rocklands (managed by
(Short’s bladderpod)—The following species has a discontinuous distribution Miami-Dade County), and Homestead
summary is based on information along a narrow band, approximately 33 Bayfront Park (on a limestone canal
contained in our files. No new feet (10 meters) wide by 10.6 miles (17 levee). In Monroe County (the Florida
information was provided in the kilometers) long, at the upper edge of Keys), it is present on Big Pine Key
petition received on May 11, 2004. the bluffs. The species occurs on (National Key Deer Refuge; the
Short’s bladderpod occurs in Indiana, cemented, highly alkaline, calcium Terrestris Preserve, operated by The
Kentucky, and Tennessee. The species carbonate, paleosol (a ‘‘caliche’’ soil). Nature Conservancy; and on private
is closely associated with outcrops of Eighty-five percent of the population is land). It is also present in the Sugarloaf
calcareous rock and is found on steep, on Federal land within the Hanford Hammocks of Florida Keys Wildlife and
rocky, wooded slopes and talus areas, Reach National Monument/Saddle Environmental Area on Sugarloaf Key,
and along cliff tops and bases and cliff Mountain National Wildlife Refuge, operated by the Florida Fish and
ledges. Historically, there were at least which is jointly managed by the Service Wildlife Conservation Commission. The
57 sites supporting Short’s bladderpod. and U.S. Department of Energy. The total population is about 10,000 plants,
Of these 57 sites, only 33 are currently balance of the species’ distribution is on with 1,000 to 3,000 occurring in
extant. All remaining populations are adjacent private land. White Bluffs completely artificial environments. The
small and vulnerable to extirpation. bladder-pod is vulnerable to localized only population exceeding 1,000 plants
is believed to be the one on Big Pine having only been collected from the from four populations totaling 110
Key. The small sizes of the existing type location along Kokee Stream on the individuals. This species is threatened
populations and ongoing threats from island of Kauai. Ten individuals of this by feral pigs that eat this plant and
exotic pest plants continue to create a species were rediscovered in Hanakoa degrade and/or destroy habitat,
serious risk of extinction for this Valley in 1993, at a site 4 mi (6 km) from nonnative plants that outcompete it, and
species. Therefore, we retain a listing the type location, one individual in the black twig borer that potentially
priority number of 2 for the sand flax. Koaie Canyon, and one individual at preys upon it. Because the threats
Linum carteri var. carteri (Carter’s Pohakuao. Since then, three additional continue to be of a high magnitude and
small-flowered flax)—The following plants were found in Hanakoa Valley, are imminent, we retain a listing
summary is based on information in our bringing the total number of individuals priority number of 2 for this species.
files. No new information was provided to 15. This species is threatened by feral Melicope puberula (Alani)—See above
in the petition received on May 11, goats, nonnative plants, the black twig in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes
2004. Carter’s small-flowered flax is borer, reduced reproductive vigor, and in Candidates.’’ The above summary is
found only on the Miami Rock Ridge in extinction due to naturally occurring based on information contained in our
Miami-Dade County, Florida. It is an random events. Because the threats files. No new information was provided
erect, annual, or short-lived perennial continue to be of a high magnitude and in the petition received on May 11,
herb, often with several stems roughly 1 are imminent, we retain a listing 2004.
foot tall. Fewer than 1,000 individuals priority number of 2 for this species. Myrsine fosbergii (Kolea)—See above
were estimated to exist as of 1999. Melicope hiiakae (Alani)—The in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes
About that time, a population following summary is based on in Candidates.’’ The above summary is
disappeared from the Deering Estate at information contained in our files. No based on information contained in our
Cutler, a county-managed conservation new information was provided in the files. No new information was provided
tract. Carter’s small-flowered flax is petition received on May 11, 2004. in the petition received on May 11,
currently known from three occurrences Melicope hiiakae is a small tree found 2004.
on conservation lands and perhaps six in mesic to wet forest and shrubland on Myrsine mezii (Kolea)—The following
other locations. It is protected at three Oahu, Hawaii. Currently, M. hiiakae is summary is based on information
conservation areas owned by Miami- known from four or five populations of contained in our files. No new
Dade County: Camp Owaissa Bauer, R. about 20 individuals in the Koolau information was provided in the
Hardy Matheson Preserve, and Rockdale Mountains. This species is threatened petition received on May 11, 2004.
Pineland. It is present at the U.S. by feral pigs that eat this plant and Myrsine mezii is a small many-branched
Department of Agriculture’s Subtropical degrade and or destroy its habitat, tree found in mesic forest on Kauai,
Horticulture Research Station (Chapman nonnative plants that outcompete it, and Hawaii. This recently rediscovered
Field). It was reported from Homestead the black twig borer that potentially species is known from two populations
Air Reserve Base, but we do not have preys upon it. Because the threats of only five individuals in Koaie
recent confirmation that it is still continue to be of a high magnitude and Canyon. This species is threatened by
present there. It is also present at three are imminent, we retain a listing feral pigs that eat this plant and degrade
privately owned locations. Residential priority number of 2 for this species. and/or destroy habitat, reduced
and commercial development and Melicope makahae (Alani)—The reproductive vigor, and by extinction
agriculture have substantially reduced following summary is based on due to naturally occurring events (e.g.
the habitat for this plant, which now information contained in our files. No hurricanes and landslides). Because the
exists in such small numbers that it is new information was provided in the threats continue to be of a high
highly vulnerable. Based on imminent petition received on May 11, 2004. magnitude and are imminent, we retain
threats that continue to be of a high Melicope makahae is a shrub or shrubby a listing priority number of 2 for this
magnitude, we retain a listing priority tree found in mesic forest on Oahu, species.
number of 3 for Carter’s small-flowered Hawaii. Melicope makahae was Myrsine vaccinioides (Kolea)—See
flax. historically found throughout the above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority
Lysimachia daphnoides (Lehua central Waianae Mountains. Currently Changes in Candidates.’’ The above
makanoe)—See above in ‘‘Summary of M. makahae is known from three summary is based on information
Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ populations on three discrete ridges, contained in our files. No new
The above summary is based on totaling approximately 200 individuals. information was provided in the
information contained in our files. No This species is threatened by goats that petition received on May 11, 2004.
new information was provided in the eat this plant and degrade and/or Narthecium americanum (Bog
petition received on May 11, 2004. destroy habitat, nonnative plants that asphodel)—The following summary is
Melicope christophersenii (Alani)— outcompete it, and the black twig borer based on information from our files. No
See above in ‘‘Summary of Listing that potentially preys upon it. Because new information was provided in the
Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ The the threats continue to be of a high petition received on May 11, 2004. Bog
above summary is based on information magnitude and are imminent, we retain asphodel is a perennial herb that is
contained in our files. No new a listing priority number of 2. found in savannah areas, usually with
information was provided in the Melicope paniculata (Alani)—The water moving through the substrate, as
petition received on May 11, 2004. following summary is based on well as in sandy bogs along streams and
Melicope degeneri (Alani)—The information contained in our files. No rivers. The historic range of bog
following summary is based on new information was provided in the asphodel included New York, New
information contained in our files. No petition received on May 11, 2004. Jersey, Delaware, North Carolina, and
new information was provided in the Melicope paniculata is a small tree South Carolina, but is now only found
petition received on May 11, 2004. found in wet forest dominated by within the Pine Barrens region of New
Melicope degeneri is a small, long-lived Metrosideros polymorpha on Kauai, Jersey.
perennial shrub found in mesic to wet Hawaii. Historically known from four As an obligate wetland species, N.
forest on Kauai, Hawaii. Melicope scattered populations within central americanum is threatened by changes in
degeneri was thought to be extinct, Kauai, M. paniculata is currently known hydrology, loss of habitat due to filling
or draining of wetlands, flooding as a magnitude and are imminent, we retain not changed in this area in the past 10
result of reservoir construction, and a listing priority number of 2 for this years. No imminent threats have been
conversion of natural wetlands to species. identified for this species. All habitats
commercial cranberry bogs. This species Paronychia congesta (Bushy whitlow- are located on private land, which
occurs in the Pine Barrens region, and wort)—The following summary is based continues to be used for ranching. We
the Pinelands Commission issues the on information from our files. No new do not have any information to indicate
State-assumed Clean Water Act Section information was provided in the that a high level of disturbance has
404 permits. The Pinelands Commission petition received on May 11, 2004. occurred as a result of these activities;
grants wetland exemptions to cranberry Bushy whitlow-wort is endemic to Jim however, access to the property has
production and other agricultural uses. Hogg County, Texas. The species is been discouraged. Thus, based on
Illegal wetland filling is occurring. For known from only two population sites, nonimminent threats that continue to be
example, a cranberry expansion was which occur within 2 miles of each of a moderate-to-low magnitude, we
illegally completed without a State other, and within the drainage of two retain a listing priority number for this
permit. In addition, activities not tributaries of the Arroyo Grande. The species is 11.
needing State or federal permits are bushy whitlow-wort was historically Pediocactus peeblesianus var.
occurring in uplands that are indirectly known only from the type locality fickeiseniae (Fickeisen plains cactus)—
affecting the wetlands. Natural where 2,000 individual plants were The following summary is based on
succession of vegetation in wetlands documented. In 1987, a second small information from our files. No new
supporting bog asphodel from emergent population of 100 individuals was information was provided in the
(herbaceous) to forested wetlands may found 2 miles north-northeast of the petition received on May 11, 2004. The
also be contributing to the species’ type locality. The limited available data Fickeisen plains cactus is a small cactus
decline. Suppression of natural suggest that the current range and known from the Gray Mountain vicinity
wildfires that would retard succession distribution of the species has not to the Arizona Strip in Coconino and
or create open wetland savannahs may changed from the historical information Mohave Counties, Arizona. The cactus
be a factor in the decline of the species. described above. The two known grows on exposed layers of Kaibab
Other factors adversely affecting N. populations occur on small areas that limestone on canyon margins and well-
americanum include trampling, erosion, cover approximately 5 and 15 acres; drained hills in Navajoan desert or
and siltation caused by recreationists on whether populations have expanded or grasslands. In 1998, the Arizona Game
foot or using off-road vehicles. contracted is unknown. and Fish Department noted 23 element
Approximately 70 percent of known Threats include destruction, occurrences for the species, including
extant populations occur on State- modification, and fragmentation of historical ones. Specific population
owned lands. We are working with the habitat, as well as eradication of sizes are unavailable, because
New Jersey Department of individual plants. Destruction of habitat demographic monitoring does not
Environmental Protection to abate due to the conversion of rangeland to include individual plant counts and the
known moderate threats at these sites residential development is considered species tends to shrink into the ground
from recreational use and erosion. not imminent, nor of high magnitude during times of drought, making
Approximately 30 percent of the known since this part of southern Texas is not accurate counts difficult. The major
extant sites are on privately owned undergoing rapid residential or potential human-induced threats to this
lands, many of which are threatened by industrial development. The alteration cactus are damage by off-road vehicles
habitat degradation from on-site or of whitlow-wort habitat by brush and trampling associated with livestock
adjacent residential or commercial clearing and replanting to nonnative grazing. While this cactus is protected
development. Overall, based on these forage grasses may be declining, as this from collection by the Arizona Native
imminent, moderate threats, we retain a type of land conversion has fallen out of Plant Law, illegal collection is also a
listing priority number of 8 for this favor across many parts of the Rio threat for species in the genus
species. Grande Plains as wildlife-related Pediocactus. Because of the continuing
Nothocestrum latifolium (Aiea)—See income has gained importance in the high magnitude of nonimminent threats,
above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority regional economy. Currently, the bushy we retain a listing priority number of 6.
Changes in Candidates.’’ The above whitlow-wort is primarily threatened by Penstemon debilis (Parachute
summary is based on information the displacement or destruction of beardtongue)—See above in ‘‘Summary
contained in our files. No new individual plants by construction of Listing Priority Changes in
information was provided in the activities associated with highways, Candidates.’’ The above summary is
petition received on May 11, 2004. pipeline installation, oil and gas based on information contained in our
Ochrosia haleakalae (Holei)—The exploration, and well-pad construction. files. No new information was provided
following summary is based on Right-of-way maintenance activities in the petition received on May 11,
information contained in our files. No may also have negative effects on the 2004.
new information was provided in the species, and both bushy whitlow-wort Penstemon grahamii (Graham
petition received on May 11, 2004. populations are dissected by rights-of- beardtongue)—The following summary
Holei is a tree found often on lava in way. At this time, we do not know the is based on information contained in
dry-to-mesic forest on the islands of status of oil and gas exploration and our files and the petition received on
Hawaii and Maui, Hawaii. This species production activities in this area, nor do October 8, 2002. Penstemon grahamii is
is currently known from three we have information on right-of-way restricted to calcareous soils derived
populations totaling 150 to 250 maintenance. With regard to highway from oil shale barrens of the Green River
individuals on east Maui and the island construction and maintenance, the Formation in the Uinta Basin of
of Hawaii. This species is threatened by closest highway is a Farm/Ranch road northeastern Utah and adjacent
feral pigs, goats, and cattle that eat this that has not been expanded or rebuilt Colorado. The species population is
plant and degrade and/or destroy recently. estimated at about 7,000 individuals
habitat, nonnative plants that The lack of imminent threats to this with 36 known occurrences. Most of the
outcompete it, and fire. Because the plant from habitat conversion is born occupied habitat of P. grahamii is
threats continue to be of a high out by observations that land use has within developed and expanding oil
and gas fields with several wells and degrade and/or destroy habitat, and by information was provided in the
access roads within the species’ nonnative plants. Because the threats petition received on May 11, 2004.
occupied habitat. The location of P. continue to be of a high magnitude and Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Leur
grahamii habitat exposes it to possibility are imminent, we retain a listing (White fringeless orchid)—The
of habitat destruction from off-road priority number of 2 for this species. following summary is based on
vehicle use, as well as road, pipeline, Phacelia submutica (DeBeque information contained in our files. No
and well-site construction in connection phacelia)—See above in ‘‘Summary of new information was provided in the
with oil and gas development. Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ petition received on May 11, 2004.
Collection of plants and seeds is a The above summary is based on White fringeless orchid occurs in
significant threat due to the actions of information contained in our files. No Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, South
rock-garden enthusiasts to obtain this new information was provided in the Carolina, and Tennessee. Historically, it
very attractive plant. The species is petition received on May 11, 2004. also occurred in Georgia, Mississippi,
heavily grazed by wildlife (rodents, Phyllostegia bracteata (no common North Carolina, and Virginia. It grows in
rabbits, and possibly deer) and by name)—The following summary is wet, boggy areas at the head of streams
livestock (primarily sheep). Livestock based on information contained in our and on seepage slopes. It is often
trampling is affecting some populations. files. No new information was provided associated with Sphagnum in partially,
The threats associated with oil and gas in the petition received on May 11, but not fully, shaded areas. Historically,
development within the habitat of P. 2004. Phyllostegia bracteata is a there were at least 90 populations of
grahamii are imminent in light of the scandent (climbing) perennial herb. white fringeless orchid. Currently there
increased seismic survey and petroleum Apparently rare and endemic to the are only 53 extant sites supporting the
leasing. Therefore, we retain a listing island of Maui, P. bracteata is known species. Threats to the species include
priority number of 2 for this species from three populations totaling no more habitat modification activities such as
because the threats continue to be of than 100 individuals in wet forest road construction, all-terrain vehicles,
high magnitude, and are imminent. habitat of east Maui. This species is residential and commercial
Penstemon scariosus var. albifluvis threatened by feral pigs that eat this construction, and soil and site
(White River beardtongue)—The plant and degrade and/or destroy hydrology altering projects that reduce
following summary is based on habitat, nonnative plants that compete site suitability for the species. Timber
information contained in our files and for light and nutrients, and reduced management is not necessarily
the petition received on October 27, reproductive vigor and extinction from incompatible with the protection and
1983. The White River beardtongue is naturally occurring events due to small management of white fringeless orchid.
restricted to calcareous soils derived population sizes. Because the threats
However, care must be taken during
from oil shale barrens of the Green River timber management to ensure that the
continue to be of a high magnitude and
Formation in the Uinta Basin of hydrology of the bogs that support the
are imminent, we retain a listing
northeastern Utah and adjacent species is not altered, that any heavy
priority number of 2 for this species.
Colorado. There are three known equipment used is kept out of the
Phyllostegia floribunda (no common
populations. Most of the occupied species’ habitat, and that the vegetation
name)—See above in ‘‘Summary of
habitat of the White River beardtongue is managed in a manner that maintains
is within developed and expanding oil Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ suitable light and moisture conditions.
and gas fields. The location of the The above summary is based on Collecting for commercial and other
species’ habitat exposes it to destruction information contained in our files. No purposes, herbivory, and disease all
from ORV use, and road, pipeline, and new information was provided in the threatened this species. Invasive
well-site construction in connection petition received on May 11, 2004. nonnative plants threaten several sites.
with oil and gas development. With Phyllostegia hispida (no common The threats faced by this species are
such a small population and limited name)—The following summary is significant; however, it is not
occupied habitat, any substantial based on information contained in our anticipated that it be subject to these
destruction, modification, or files. No new information was provided threats in the immediate future (next 1–
curtailment of the habitat could have a in the petition received on May 11, 2 years). Therefore we retain a listing
highly negative impact on the species. 2004. Phyllostegia hispida is a loosely priority of 5 for this species.
Additionally, the species is heavily spreading many-branched vine found in Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta (no
grazed by wildlife and livestock and is wet forest on Molokai, Hawaii. The common name)—See above in
vulnerable to livestock trampling. Based historic range of this species was eastern ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in
on current information, we are retaining Molokai. Currently, P. hispida is known Candidates.’’ The above summary is
the listing priority number of 6. from only two plants, one in The Nature based on information contained in our
Peperomia subpetiolata (Ala ala wai Conservancy’s Kamakou Preserve and files. No new information was provided
nui)—The following summary is based one in Puu Alii Natural Area Reserve. in the petition received on May 11,
on information contained in our files. This species is threatened by feral pigs 2004.
No new information was provided in that eat this plant and degrade and/or Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens
the petition received on May 11, 2004. destroy habitat, erosion, reduced (no common name)—See above in
Ala ala wai nui is a short-lived reproductive vigor, and extinction due ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in
perennial herb found in mesic forest on to naturally occurring events. Because Candidates.’’ The above summary is
Maui, Hawaii. This species is known the threats continue to be of a high based on information contained in our
from a few scattered and declining magnitude and are imminent, we retain files. No new information was provided
populations on windward east Maui, a listing priority number of 2 for this in the petition received on May 11,
totaling 100 individuals. Further study species. 2004.
of the population indicates that the 100 Pittosporum napaliense (Hoawa)—See Platydesma remyi (no common
individuals may actually represent above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority name)—The following summary is
clones of only 6 genetically distinct Changes in Candidates.’’ The above based on information contained in our
individuals. This species is threatened summary is based on information files. No new information was provided
by feral pigs that eat this plant and contained in our files. No new in the petition received on May 11,
2004. Platydesma remyi is a shrub or has prompted the Service to maintain extinct. The historic range of this
shrubby tree found scattered in wet, low the magnitude of threats to the species subspecies was throughout the mesic
statured forest on the island of Hawaii, as high. However, the threats to Soldier and wet forests on the island of Oahu.
Hawaii. This species is known from two Meadow cinquefoil from various land While there are no historic records of
populations (one each in the Kohala uses are currently considered numbers of populations or individuals,
Mountains and Hamakua) totaling less nonimminent because of the mesic and wet forests were once
than 100 individuals. This species is commitments to conservation made by abundant on Oahu and it is assumed
threatened by feral pigs and cattle, the BLM through implementation of a that the subspecies was relatively
nonnative plants, and reduced regional resource management plan. widespread. This species is now
reproductive vigor and extinction from Based on this information, we are restricted to the Koolau Mountains. This
naturally occurring events due to small maintaining a listing priority number of species is threatened by feral pigs that
population sizes. Because the threats 5. eat it and degrade and/or destroy
continue to be of a high magnitude and Pritchardia hardyi (Loulu)—See above habitat, and by nonnative plants that
are imminent, we retain a listing in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes compete for light and nutrients. Because
priority number of 2 for this species. in Candidates.’’ The above summary is the threats continue to be of a high
Platydesma rostrata (Pilo kea lau based on information contained in our magnitude and are imminent, we retain
lii)—See above in ‘‘Summary of Listing files. No new information was provided a listing priority number of 3 for this
Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ The in the petition received on May 11, plant variety.
above summary is based on information 2004. Psychotria hobdyi (Kopiko)—The
contained in our files. No new Pseudognaphalium (Gnaphalium) following summary is based on
information was provided in the sandwicensium var. molokaiense information contained in our files. No
petition received on May 11, 2004. (Enaena)—See above in ‘‘Summary of new information was provided in the
Pleomele forbesii (Hala pepe)—See Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’ petition received on May 11, 2004.
above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority The above summary is based on Psychotria hobdyi is a tree found in
Changes in Candidates.’’ The above information contained in our files. No mesic forest habitat on Kauai, Hawaii.
summary is based on information new information was provided in the This species is known from three
contained in our files. No new petition received on May 11, 2004. populations totaling approximately 85
information was provided in the Psychotria grandiflora (Kopiko)—The individuals. This species is threatened
petition received on May 11, 2004. following summary is based on by feral goats that eat this plant and
Potentilla basaltica (Soldier Meadow information contained in our files. No degrade and/or destroy habitat,
cinquefoil or basalt cinquefoil)—The new information was provided in the nonnative plants that compete for light
following summary is based on petition received on May 11, 2004. and nutrients, reduced reproductive
information contained in our files. No Psychotria grandiflora is a small tree or vigor, and stochastic extinction due to
new information was provided in the shrub found in mesic to sometimes wet naturally occurring events. Because the
petition received on May 11, 2004. forest on Kauai, Hawaii. This species is threats continue to be of a high
Soldier Meadow cinquefoil is a low- found only in the Kokee area on the magnitude and are imminent, we retain
growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous island of Kauai. The historic range of a listing priority number of 2 for this
perennial that is associated with alkali this species was throughout Kauai’s species.
meadows, seeps, and occasionally mesic and wet forests. While there are Pteralyxia macrocarpa (Kaulu)—See
marsh habitats bordering perennial no historic records of numbers of above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority
thermal springs, outflows, and meadow populations or individuals, qualitative Changes in Candidates.’’ The above
depressions. In Humboldt County, accounts indicate that the species was summary is based on information
Nevada, the species is known only from relatively widespread and abundant. contained in our files. No new
Soldier Meadow, which is located at the Mesic and wet forest habitats have been information was provided in the
northern extreme of the western arm of significantly degraded by human petition received on May 11, 2004.
the Black Rock Desert in the transition activities and natural events. Recent Ranunculus hawaiensis (Makou)—See
zone between the Basin and Range surveys show that the species is now above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority
Physiographic Province and the limited to four populations, totaling 18 Changes in Candidates.’’ The above
Columbia Plateau Province. In individuals. This species is highly summary is based on information
northeastern California, the species is threatened by feral pigs and goats that contained in our files. No new
known from Ash Valley near Ash Creek eat this plant and degrade and/or information was provided in the
in Lassen County. In Nevada, Soldier destroy habitat, and nonnative plants petition received on May 11, 2004.
Meadow cinquefoil has been that compete for light and nutrients. Ranunculus mauiensis (Makou)—The
documented from 10 discrete Because the threats continue to be of a following summary is based on
occurrences within an area of about 70 high magnitude and are imminent, we information contained in our files. No
acres that supports about 130,000 retain a listing priority number of 2 for new information was provided in the
individuals. On private lands, the this species. petition received on May 11, 2004.
population occupies less than an acre Psychotria hexandra var. oahuensis Ranunculus mauiensis is an erect to
and supports fewer than 1,000 plants. (Kopiko)—The following summary is weakly ascending perennial herb found
The species and its habitat are based on information contained in our in open sites in mesic-to-wet forest and
threatened by increasing recreational files. No new information was provided along streams on Maui and Kauai,
use in the areas where the species in the petition received on May 11, Hawaii. Ranunculus mauiensis was
occurs, livestock grazing, and activities 2004. Psychotria hexandra var. historically known from the islands of
associated with the use of authorized oahuensis is a tree or shrub found in Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Oahu, and
and unauthorized roads. Despite the mesic and wet forests on Oahu, Hawaii. Kauai. It is currently known from less
relatively high number of individuals This subspecies is known from three than 30 individuals on Maui and 30
observed and the apparently stable populations of eight individuals of the individuals on Kauai. This species is
population trend, concern over variety oahuensis. The other varieties of threatened by feral pigs and slugs that
increasing and intense recreational use this subspecies, hoskana and rockii, are eat this plant and degrade and/or
destroy habitat, and by nonnative plants individuals, typically of 25 individuals activities; and grazing impacts from
that compete for light and nutrients. per population. This species is cattle and wildlife. Fire suppression and
Because the threats continue to be of a threatened by cattle that eat this plant alteration of natural fire regimes are also
high magnitude and are ongoing and and degrade and/or destroy habitat, fire, a potential threat to this plant. The first
therefore imminent, we retain a listing and nonnative plants that compete for location is within a 2-hour drive of 14
priority number of 2. light and nutrients. Because the threats million people and is popular with
Rorippa subumbellata (Tahoe yellow continue to be of a high magnitude and recreationalists. Recreational use and
cress)—see resubmitted petition finding are imminent, we retain a listing development in San Bernardino
published in the Federal Register on priority number of 2 for this species. National Forest and adjacent private
December 27, 2004 (69 FR 77167). Sedum eastwoodiae (Red Mountain inholdings continues in a manner that is
Schiedea attenuata (no common stonecrop)—The following summary is likely to preclude the opportunity to
name)—The following summary is based on information contained in our preserve existing plants and conduct
based on information contained in our files. No new information was provided prescribed burns to promote the
files. No new information was provided in the petition received on May 11, persistence of this species. The second
in the petition received on May 11, 2004. Red Mountain stonecrop is a population of 4 individuals was recently
2004. Schiedea attenuata is an erect, perennial succulent which occupies discovered on the north slope of the San
sparingly branched shrub found on relatively barren, rocky openings and Bernardino Mountains the year
cliffs in diverse mesic forest habitat on cliffs in lower montane coniferous following a fire. This location is a
Kauai, Hawaii. This recently discovered forests which occur between 1,900 and notably drier location than any of the
species is known from one population 4,000 feet. Its distribution is limited to others found to date and expands the
of less than 20 individuals on the cliffs Red Mountain, Mendocino County, model of what constitutes suitable
of Kalalau Valley. This species is California, where it occupies 30 ac habitat for the species. The populations
threatened by feral goats that eat this scattered over 4 mi2. Total population in Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo
plant and degrade and/or destroy size is estimated as 5,300 to 23,000 Counties are more remote from
habitat, and by nonnative plants that plants, which occur in 27 polygons. developed recreational areas. In these
compete for light and nutrients. Because Intensive monitoring suggests locations, opportunities still exist to
the threats continue to be of a high considerable annual variation in plant conduct prescribed burns in a manner
magnitude and are imminent, we retain seedling success and inflorescence that would promote the persistence of
a listing priority number of 2 for this production; stonecrop density varied this species. Because this portion of the
species. from year to year. The primary threat to species’ range is exposed to less severe
Schiedea pubescens (Maolioli)—The the species is the potential for mining; threats, we conclude that the magnitude
following summary is based on the species distribution overlaps a of threat to the species as a whole is
information contained in our files. No number of mining claims, none of moderate to low. Although we believe
new information was provided in the which are currently active. Surface the threat to this species is higher in the
petition received on May 11, 2004. mining, which would destroy all habitat southernmost portion of its range, the
Maolioli is a reclining or weakly suitability in affected areas, would be discovery of another population there
climbing vine found in diverse mesic-to- used to extract chromium and nickel. and the potential broadening of what
wet forest on Maui and Molokai, The species distribution by ownership might be considered suitable habitat has
Hawaii. Schiedea pubescens was is described as follows: Federal (Bureau slightly reduced the overall threat of
historically found scattered in mesic-to- of Land Management), 95 percent; and extinction of the species. Additionally,
wet forest habitat on the islands of private, 5 percent. Given the magnitude we have new information indicating the
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently, (high) and immediacy (nonimminent) of threat situation of Sidalcea hickmanii
this species, which is declining, is the threat to the small, scattered ssp. parishii has improved in previous
known from 6 populations totaling populations, and its taxonomy (species), years. However, we have not yet
approximately 100 individuals on Maui we retain a listing priority number of 5 completed our analysis of the current
and Molokai. This species is threatened for this species. plant information, and consequently
by feral goats that eat this plant and Sicyos macrophyllus (Anunu)—See have not made a determination as to
degrade and/or destroy habitat, and by above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority whether candidate status is still
nonnative plants that compete for light Changes in Candidates.’’ The above warranted in light of this new
and nutrients. Because the threats summary is based on information information. We expect to complete the
continue to be of a high magnitude and contained in our files. No new analysis of the data within the next 12
are imminent, we retain a listing information was provided in the months. Until we complete this
priority number of 2 for this species. petition received on May 11, 2004. analysis, we are retaining a listing
Schiedea salicaria (no common Sidalcea hickmanii ssp. parishii priority number of 9 for this subspecies.
name)—The following summary is (Parish’s checkerbloom)—The following Solanum nelsonii (Popolo)—See
based on information contained in our summary is based on information above in ‘‘Summary of Listing Priority
files. No new information was provided contained in our files and the petition Changes in Candidates.’’ The above
in the petition received on May 11, received in 1975. Parish’s checkerbloom summary is based on information
2004. Schiedea salicaria is an erect is known from San Bernardino, Santa contained in our files. No new
subshrub or shrub found on ridges and Barbara, and San Luis Obispo counties information was provided in the
steep slopes in dry shrubland on Maui, in southern California. Two populations petition received on May 11, 2004.
Hawaii. While there are no historic occur in San Bernardino County. No Stenogyne cranwelliae (no common
records of numbers of populations or more than a dozen plants have been name)—The following summary is
individuals, qualitative accounts found in one of these populations in the based on information contained in our
indicate that this species was not last decade. Populations of this plant files. No new information was provided
uncommon on west Maui. Currently, have been reduced by habitat loss from in the petition received on May 11,
this species is declining throughout its road construction, expansion of 2004. Stenogyne cranwelliae is a
range, and it is known from several recreational and communication creeping vine found in wet forest
populations totaling 100 to 300 facilities; trampling from recreational dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha
on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. species survive adjacent to roads, previously known from Idaho
Stenogyne cranwelliae is known from 6 railroads, utility rights-of-way and other (Boundary County), Montana (Lake
populations of 100 individuals. openings where land management County), California (Fresno County),
Historically found in the Kohala mimics natural disturbance regimes. Colorado (Boulder County), and Canada
Mountains, this species was thought to However, at these sites the species is (Quebec and New Brunswick), have not
be extinct until rediscovered during inherently vulnerable to accidental been seen for several years and may be
surveys of the Kohala Mountains in destruction from herbicide application, extirpated. The total number of
1995. This species is threatened by feral road shoulder grading, and other individuals observed at the 12 extant
pigs and rats that eat this plant and maintenance activities. Many population sites varies, with
degrade and/or destroy habitat, and populations are threatened also by observations ranging from 2 to 162
nonnative plants that complete for light development (several are within individuals. Identifiable threats to
and nutrients. Because the threats planned residential subdivisions), various populations of this species
continue to be of a high magnitude and highway expansion/improvement, and include road maintenance activities,
are imminent, we retain a listing woody succession due to fire herbicide application, recreation, timber
priority number of 2 for this species. suppression. Two of the remaining harvest, trampling, and development.
Stenogyne kealiae (no common populations are located adjacent to The slender moonwort may also be
name)—The following summary is active quarries, which could eliminate affected by grazing from livestock or
based on information contained in our the plants as the quarries expand. One wildlife, but specific effects of grazing
files. No new information was provided population has been lost to competition on the species are unknown. However,
in the petition received on May 11, with kudzu (Pueraria lobata), a if grazing by livestock or wildlife
2004. Stenogyne kealiae is a trailing or nonnative plant. The threats faced by species occurs prior to the maturation
scandent vine found in wet forest this species are significant; however, and release of spores, the capacity for
habitat on Kauai, Hawaii. This species they continue to be nonimminent, sexual reproduction of affected plants
is known from 5 populations totaling leading to us to retain a listing priority may be compromised.
100–200 individuals in the number of 5 for this species. The slender moonwort is considered
northwestern section of the island of Zanthoxylum oahuense (Ae)—The a sensitive species in Regions 2, 5, and
Kauai. This species is threatened by following summary is based on 6 of the U.S. Forest Service, where
feral pigs, goats and deer that eat this information contained in our files. No National Forest system lands include
plant and degrade and/or destroy new information was provided in the extant and historical slender moonwort
habitat, and by nonnative plants that petition received on May 11, 2004. Ae sites found in Colorado, Oregon,
complete for light and nutrients. is small tree found in mesic-to-wet Washington, and California. Regional
Because the threats continue to be of a forest habitat on Oahu, Hawaii. The sensitive species lists fall under Forest
high magnitude and are imminent, we historic range of Zanthoxylum oahuense Service policies that address land use
retain a listing priority number of 2 for was throughout mesic or, rarely, wet planning and management with regard
this species. forest in the Koolau Mountains on the to sensitive species. Forest Service
Symphyotrichum georgianum island of Oahu. While there are no Regions 1 and 4, which include extant
(Georgia aster)—The following summary historic records of numbers of and historical sites found in Montana
is based on information from our files. populations or individuals, qualitative and Idaho, do not have slender
No new information was provided in accounts indicate that the species was moonwort on their regional sensitive
the petition received on May 11, 2004. not uncommon. Currently this species is species lists and it is, therefore, not
Georgia aster is a relict species of post known from several populations totaling given any special consideration by the
oak savanna/prairie communities that approximately 500 individuals on Oahu. Forest Service in those regions.
existed in the southeast prior to This species is threatened by feral pigs Although the slender moonwort is
widespread fire suppression and that eat this plant and degrade and/or considered to be rare and imperiled by
extirpation of large native grazing destroy habitat, the nonnative two the State Natural Heritage Programs in
animals. Most populations are small, spotted leaf hopper that eats this plant Colorado, Montana, Oregon, and
and since the species’ main mode of species, and nonnative plants that Washington, the State Natural Heritage
reproduction is vegetative, each isolated compete for light and nutrients. Because Program rankings are not legal
population probably represents just a the threats continue to be of a high designations and do not confer State
few genotypes. Many populations are magnitude and are imminent, we retain regulatory protection to this species.
threatened by woody succession due to a listing priority number of 2 for this Because the overall magnitude of threats
fire suppression, development, highway species. to the slender moonwort throughout its
expansion/improvement, and herbicide range continues to moderate and the
application. Historically, 97 populations Ferns and Allies
overall immediacy of these threats is
of Georgia aster were known to exist; 34 Botrychium lineare (Slender nonimminent, we retain a listing
of these have apparently been moonwort)—The following summary is priority number of 11.
destroyed. The species appears to have based on information contained in our Christella boydiae (no common
been eliminated from Florida, one of the files and the petition received on July name)—See above in ‘‘Summary of
five States in which it originally 28, 1999. See also the 12-month petition Listing Priority Changes in Candidates.’’
occurred. It remains in 31 counties in 4 finding published on June 6, 2002 (67 The above summary is based on
States (North Carolina, South Carolina, FR 39035). The slender moonwort is information contained in our files. No
Alabama, and Georgia). In most cases currently known from a total of 12 new information was provided in the
the exact cause of extirpation was not widely disjunct populations in 6 states: petition received on May 11, 2004.
documented, but herbicides, highway 3 in Colorado (El Paso and Lake Doryopteris takeuchii (no common
construction, fire suppression, and Counties), 1 in Idaho (Custer County), 2 name)—The following summary is
residential and industrial development in Oregon (Wallowa County), 3 in based on information contained in our
have all altered the historic landscape in Montana (Glacier County), 2 in Nevada files. No new information was provided
which Georgia aster once flourished. (Clark County) and 1 in Washington in the petition received on May 11,
Most remaining populations of this (Ferry County). Historic populations, 2004. Doryopteris takeuchii is a small
fern found in dry shrubland and is not likely to jeopardize the continued (3) Selkirk grizzly population of the
grassland on Oahu, Hawaii. This newly existence of any endangered or grizzly bear (Region 6) (see also 64 FR
described species is found only on the threatened species. 26725, May 17, 1999, and the species
island of Oahu on the slopes of (1) North Cascades ecosystem assessment form (see ADDRESSES) for
Diamond Head Crater in one population population of the grizzly bear (Ursus additional information on why
totaling hundreds of individuals. It is arctos horribilis) (Region 6) (also see 63 reclassification is warranted-but-
suspected that this species evolved FR 30453, June 4, 1998, and the species precluded)—Current grizzly bear
relatively recently and never had a wide assessment form (see ADDRESSES) for distribution has been reduced to 5 areas
historic distribution on Oahu, but the additional information on why in the western United States, including
magnitude of the threats facing the reclassification to endangered is the Selkirk Mountains in northern
species has increased dramatically. This warranted-but-precluded)—Current Idaho, northeast Washington, and
species is threatened by nonnative grizzly bear distribution has been Southeast British Columbia. Populations
plants, fire, trampling, and erosion, reduced to 5 areas in the western United are estimated to be 40–50 animals
which degrade and/or destroy habitat. States, including the North Cascades in within the 2,200 mi2 (5,700 km2) Selkirk
Because the threats continue to be of a north central Washington. Populations Mountains recovery zone. Threats to the
high magnitude and are imminent, we are estimated to be fewer than 20 species in this recovery zone include
retain a listing priority number of 2 for animals within the 9,500-square-mile incomplete habitat protection measures
this species. (sq-mi) (25,000-square-kilometer (sq- in the form of motorized access
Huperzia stemmermanniae (no km)) North Cascades recovery zone. management, overutilization in the form
common name)—See above in ‘‘Other Threats to the species in this recovery of human-caused mortality, and small
Taxonomic Changes in Candidates.’’ zone include incomplete habitat population size and population
The above summary is based on protection measures (motorized access fragmentation that produce genetic
information contained in our files. No management) and small population size isolation. We assign a listing priority
new information was provided in the and population fragmentation that number of 3 to this population because
petition received on May 11, 2004. produce genetic isolation. We assigned of continuing high levels of human-
Microlepia strigosa var. mauiensis (no caused mortality in British Columbia
a listing priority number of 3 for this
common name)—See above in and new genetic information indicating
population because of very low
‘‘Summary of Listing Priority Changes in the population is isolated and has
population numbers as evidenced by
Candidates and Other Taxonomic declined in genetic diversity relative to
continuing lack of credible sightings
Changes in Candidates.’’ The above both adjacent populations.
and little success identifying animals
summary is based on information (4) Spikedace (Meda fulgida) (Region
through hair snagging and genetic
contained in our files. No new 2) (see 59 FR 35303, July 11, 1994, and
information was provided in the analysis. Information indicating
the species assessment form (see
petition received on May 11, 2004. isolation of the population in British
ADDRESSES) for additional information
Columbia and the United States limits
Petitions To Reclassify Species Already on why reclassification to endangered is
the chance of natural recovery given the
Listed warranted-but-precluded)—The
small population size. Population
spikedace, a small fish species in a
We previously made warranted-but- augmentation may be the only way to
monotypic genus, is found in moderate-
precluded findings on five petitions recover this population.
to-large perennial waters, where it
seeking to reclassify threatened species (2) Cabinet-Yaak population of the inhabits shallow riffles with sand,
to endangered status. Because these grizzly bear (Region 6) (see also 64 FR gravel, and rubble substrates, and
species are already listed, they are not 26725, May 17, 1999, and the species moderate-to-swift currents and swift
technically candidates for listing and assessment form (see ADDRESSES) for pools over sand or gravel substrates.
are not included in Table 1. However, additional information on why Specific habitat for this species consists
this notice and associated species reclassification to endangered is of shear zones where rapid flow borders
assessment forms also constitute the warranted-but-precluded)—Current slower flow; areas of sheet flow at the
resubmitted petition findings for these grizzly bear distribution has been upper ends of mid-channel sand/gravel
species. We find that reclassification to reduced to 5 areas in the western United bars; and eddies at downstream riffle
endangered status for the species listed States, including the Cabinet-Yaak in edges. Recurrent flooding and a natural
below is currently warranted but northern Idaho and northwest Montana. hydrograph are very important in
precluded by work identified above (see Populations are estimated to be 30–40 maintaining the habitat of spikedace
‘‘Petition Findings for Candidate animals within the 2,600-sq-mi (6,700- and in helping maintain a competitive
Species’’ above). In addition, these sq-km) Cabinet-Yaak recovery zone. edge over invading nonnative aquatic
species are currently listed as Threats to the species in this recovery species.
threatened under the Act, and therefore zone include incomplete habitat The spikedace was once common
they receive certain protections under protection measures in the form of throughout much of the Gila River
the Act. The Service promulgated motorized access management, basin, but it is now restricted to
regulations extending take prohibitions overutilization by human-caused approximately 466 km (289 mi) of
for endangered species under section 9 mortality, and small population size and stream in portions of the upper Gila
to threatened species (50 CFR 17.31). population fragmentation that produce River (Grant, Catron, and Hidalgo
Prohibited actions under section 9 genetic isolation. We assign a listing Counties, NM); middle Gila River (Pinal
include, but are not limited to, take (i.e., priority number of 3 to this population County, AZ); lower San Pedro River
harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, due to continuing high levels of human- (Pinal County, AZ); Aravaipa Creek
wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or caused mortality, new threats to habitat (Graham and Pinal Counties, AZ); Eagle
attempt to engage in such activity). in the form of large scale mine Creek (Graham and Greenlee Counties,
Other protections include those under development proposals in the Cabinet AZ); and the Verde River (Yavaipai
section 7(a)(2) of the Act whereby Mountains, and the high potential for County, AZ). Its present range is only
Federal agencies must insure that any further fragmentation of populations about 10 to 15 percent of the historic
action they authorize, fund, or carry out within the recovery zone. range, and the status of the species
within occupied areas ranges from minnow and in helping the species Current Notice of Review
common to very rare. The species is maintain a competitive edge over
now common only in Aravaipa Creek in We gather data on plants and animals
invading nonnative aquatic species.
Arizona and some parts of the upper native to the United States that appear
The loach minnow was once locally to merit consideration for addition to
Gila River in New Mexico. The common throughout much of the Gila
reduction in the historical distribution the Lists of Endangered and Threatened
River basin, including the mainstem Wildlife and Plants. This notice
of spikedace is largely attributable to the
Gila River upstream of Phoenix, and the identifies those species that we
continued modification of its habitat
Verde, Salt, San Pedro, and San currently regard as candidates for
and continued interactions with
Francisco subbasins. The present range addition to the Lists. These candidates
nonnative species. These threats occur
over the majority of their range, to is only 15 to 20 percent of its historic include species and subspecies of fish,
varying degrees. Each of the individual range, and the status of the species wildlife, or plants and DPSs of
spikedace complexes may face unique within occupied areas ranges from vertebrate animals. This compilation
threats as well. For example, the San common to rare. The species is now relies on information from status
Pedro River area is experiencing common only in Aravaipa Creek and the surveys conducted for candidate
groundwater depletion which is Blue River in Arizona, and limited assessment and on information from
affecting surface flows within the river portions of the San Francisco, upper State Natural Heritage Programs, other
channel, whereas Tonto Creek faces Gila, and Tularosa rivers in New State and Federal agencies,
continued grazing pressure, recreational Mexico. The reduction in the historical knowledgeable scientists, public and
use, and dewatering due to diversions. distribution of loach minnow is largely private natural resource interests, and
Proposals have been made for water attributable to the continued comments received in response to
exchanges affecting the Verde River in modification of its habitat and previous notices of review.
order to provide water for growing continued interactions with nonnative Tables 1 and 2 list animals arranged
urban areas. Currently, threats are species. These threats occur over the alphabetically by common names under
exacerbated by the ongoing drought. majority of the range, to varying degrees. the major group headings and list plants
While some areas are subjected to fewer Each of the individual loach minnow alphabetically by names of genera,
disturbances or pressures, there are no complexes may face unique threats as species, and relevant subspecies and
known habitat areas that are completely well. For example, the San Pedro River varieties. Animals are grouped by class
free of disturbance. Effects from area is experiencing groundwater or order. Plants are subdivided into two
nonnative species introductions are depletion which is affecting surface groups: (1) Flowering plants and (2)
permanent, unless streams are actively flows within the river channel, whereas ferns and their allies. Useful synonyms
renovated and/or barriers installed to and subgeneric scientific names appear
Tonto Creek faces continued grazing
preclude further recolonization by in parentheses with the synonyms
pressure, recreational use, and
nonnatives. Grazing pressures have preceded by an ‘‘equals’’ sign. Several
dewatering due to diversions. Proposals
eased somewhat as Federal agencies species that have not yet been formally
have been made for water exchanges described in the scientific literature are
remove cattle from streams directly, but affecting the Verde River in order to
upland conditions continue to degrade included; such species are identified by
provide water for growing urban areas. a generic or specific name (in italics),
watersheds in general. Groundwater Currently, threats are exacerbated by the
withdrawals or exchanges that affect followed by ‘‘sp.’’ or ‘‘ssp.’’ We
ongoing drought. While some areas are incorporate standardized common
streamflow are not reversible. Because subjected to fewer disturbances or
these high magnitude threats have gone names in these notices as they become
pressures, there are no known habitat available. We sorted plants by scientific
on for many years in the past, are
areas that are completely free of name due to the inconsistencies in
associated with irreversible
disturbance. Effects from nonnative common names, the inclusion of
commitments (i.e., water exchanges), or
species introductions are permanent vernacular and composite subspecific
are not easily reversed (i.e., nonnative
stocking and impacts from grazing), the unless streams are actively renovated names, and the fact that many plants
threats are imminent. Therefore, we and/or barriers installed to preclude still lack a standardized common name.
assign this species a listing priority of 1 further recolonization by nonnatives. Table 1 lists all candidate species and
for uplisting to endangered. Grazing pressures have eased somewhat all species proposed for listing under
as Federal agencies remove cattle from the Act. We emphasize that we are not
(5) Loach minnow (Tiaroga cobitis)
streams directly, but upland conditions proposing these candidate species for
(Region 2) (see 59 FR 35303, July 11,
1994, and the species assessment form continue to degrade watersheds in listing by this notice, but we anticipate
(see ADDRESSES) for additional general. Groundwater withdrawals or developing and publishing proposed
information on why reclassification to exchanges that affect streamflow are not listing rules for these species in the
endangered is warranted-but- reversible. Most of these high- future. We encourage State agencies,
precluded)—This small fish, the only magnitude threats to the loach minnow other Federal agencies, and other parties
species within the genus, is found in are already ongoing, in particular to give consideration to these species in
small-to-large perennial streams and grazing, water withdrawals, nonnative environmental planning.
uses shallow, turbulent riffles with stocking programs, recreational use, and In Table 1, the ‘‘category’’ column on
primarily cobble substrate and swift drought. Because threats have gone on the left side of the table identifies the
currents. The loach minnow uses the for many years in the past, are status of each species according to the
spaces between, and in the lee of, larger associated with irreversible following codes:
substrate for resting and spawning. It is commitments (i.e., water exchanges), or PE—Species proposed for listing as
rare or absent from habitats where fine are not easily reversed (i.e., nonnative endangered. Proposed species are those
sediments fill the interstitial spaces. stocking and impacts from grazing), the species for which we have published a
Recurrent flooding and a natural threats are imminent. Therefore, we proposed rule to list as endangered or
hydrograph are very important in assign this species a listing priority threatened in the Federal Register. This
maintaining the habitat of loach number of 1 for uplisting to endangered. category does not include species for
which we have withdrawn or finalized species or as candidates in the previous (3) Recommending areas that we
the proposed rule. CNOR (published May 4, 2004). Since should designate as critical habitat for a
PT—Species proposed for listing as May 4, 2004, we added two of these species, or indicating that designation of
threatened. species to the Lists of Endangered and critical habitat would not be prudent for
PSAT—Species proposed for listing as Threatened Wildlife and Plants, a species;
threatened due to similarity of withdrew one species from proposed (4) Documenting threats to any of the
appearance. status, and removed five species from included species;
C—Candidates: Species for which we candidate status for the reasons (5) Describing the immediacy or
have on file sufficient information on indicated by the codes. The first column magnitude of threats facing candidate
biological vulnerability and threats to indicates the present status of the species;
support proposals to list them as species, using the following codes (not (6) Pointing out taxonomic or
endangered or threatened. Issuance of all of these codes may have been used nomenclature changes for any of the
proposed rules for these species is in this CNOR): species;
precluded at present by other higher- E—Species we listed as endangered. (7) Suggesting appropriate common
priority listing actions. This category T—Species we listed as threatened. names; and
includes species for which we made a Rc—Species we removed from the (8) Noting any mistakes, such as
12-month warranted-but-precluded candidate list because currently errors in the indicated historical ranges.
finding on a petition to list. We made available information does not support Submit your comments regarding a
new findings on all petitions for which a proposed listing. particular species to the Regional
we previously made ‘‘warranted-but- Rp—Species we removed from the Director of the Region identified as
precluded’’ findings. We identify the candidate list because we have having the lead responsibility for that
species for which we made a continued withdrawn the proposed listing. species. The regional addresses follow:
warranted-but-precluded finding on a The second column indicates why we
resubmitted petition by the code ‘‘C*’’ Region 1. California, Hawaii, Idaho,
no longer regard the species as a Nevada, Oregon, Washington, American
in the category column (see ‘‘Findings candidate or proposed species using the
on Resubmitted Petitions’’ section for Samoa, Guam, and Commonwealth of
following codes (not all of these codes the Northern Mariana Islands. Regional
additional information). We identify the may have been used in this CNOR):
species for which we are not making a Director (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife
A—Species that are more abundant or Service, Eastside Federal Complex, 911
‘‘warranted-but-precluded’’ finding on a widespread than previously believed
resubmitted petition by the code ‘‘C+’’ N.E. 11th Avenue, Portland, Oregon
and species that are not subject to the 97232–4181 (503/231–6158).
in the category column. We have not degree of threats sufficient to warrant
updated our finding with regard to these Region 2. Arizona, New Mexico,
continuing candidate status, or issuing a
species since we have received Oklahoma, and Texas. Regional Director
proposed or final listing. The reduction
important new information that we are (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 500
in threats could be due, in part or
currently analyzing. Gold Avenue SW., Room 4012,
entirely, to actions taken under a
The ‘‘Priority’’ column indicates the Albuquerque, New Mexico 87102 (505/
conservation agreement.
listing priority number (LPN) for each 248–6920).
F—Species whose range no longer
candidate species which we use to Region 3. Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
includes a U.S. territory.
determine the most appropriate use of Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio,
I—Species for which we have
our available resources. The lowest and Wisconsin. Regional Director (TE),
insufficient information on biological
numbers have the highest priority. We U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bishop
vulnerability and threats to support
assign LPNs based on the immediacy Henry Whipple Federal Building, One
issuance of a proposed rule to list.
and magnitude of threats as well as on L—Species we added to the Lists of Federal Drive, Fort Snelling, Minnesota
taxonomic status. We published a Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 55111–4056 (612/713–5334).
complete description of our listing and Plants. Region 4. Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,
priority system in the Federal Register M—Species we mistakenly included Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,
(48 FR 43098, September 21, 1983). as candidates or proposed species in the Mississippi, North Carolina, South
The third column, ‘‘Lead Region,’’ last notice of review. Carolina, Tennessee, Puerto Rico, and
identifies the Regional Office to which N—Species that are not listable the U.S. Virgin Islands. Regional
you should direct comments or entities based on the Act’s definition of Director (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife
questions (see ADDRESSES at the end of ‘‘species’’ and current taxonomic Service, 1875 Century Boulevard, Suite
the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION understanding. 200, Atlanta, Georgia 30345 (404/679–
section). X—Species we believe to be extinct. 4156).
Following the scientific name (fourth The columns describing lead region, Region 5. Connecticut, Delaware,
column) and the family designation scientific name, family, common name, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland,
(fifth column) is the common name and historical range include information Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
(sixth column). The seventh column as previously described for Table 1. Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode
provides the known historical range for Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West
the species or vertebrate population (for Request for Information Virginia. Regional Director (TE), U.S.
vertebrate populations, this is the We request you submit any further Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Westgate
historical range for the entire species or information on the species named in Center Drive, Hadley, Massachusetts
subspecies and not just the historical this notice as soon as possible or 01035–9589 (413/253–8615).
range for the distinct population whenever it becomes available. We are Region 6. Colorado, Kansas, Montana,
segment), indicated by postal code particularly interested in any Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota,
abbreviations for States and U.S. information: Utah, and Wyoming. Regional Director
territories. Many species no longer (1) Indicating that we should add a (TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
occur in all of the areas listed. species to the list of candidate species; P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center,
Species in Table 2 of this notice are (2) Indicating that we should remove Denver, Colorado 80225–0486 (303/
species we included either as proposed a species from candidate status; 236–7400).
Region 7. Alaska. Regional Director for the species, which we maintain at comments. We will make all
(TE), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the appropriate Regional Office. submissions from organizations or
1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Our practice is to make comments, businesses, and from individuals
Alaska 99503–6199 (907/786–3505). including names and home addresses of identifying themselves as
We provided comments received in respondents, available for public representatives or officials of
response to the previous CNOR to the inspection. Individual respondents may organizations or businesses, available
Region having lead responsibility for request that we withhold their home for public inspection in their entirety.
each candidate species mentioned in the address from the public record, which
comment. We will likewise consider all we will honor to the extent allowable by Authority
information provided in response to this law. In some circumstances, we can also
CNOR in deciding whether to propose withhold from the public record a This document is published under the
species for listing and when to respondent’s identity, as allowable by authority of the Endangered Species Act
undertake necessary listing actions law. If you wish for us to withhold your (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).
(including whether emergency listing name and/or address, you must state Dated: May 2, 2005.
pursuant to section 4(b)(7) of the Act is this request prominently at the Matt Hogan,
appropriate). Comments we receive will beginning of your comments. However,
Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.
become part of the administrative record we will not consider anonymous
TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)
[Note: See end of SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for an explanation of symbols used in this table.]
Status
Lead region Scientific name Family Commom name Historic range
Category Priority
Mammals
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Emballonura semicaudata Emballonuridae ................... Bat, Pacific sheath-tailed .... U.S.A. (GU, CNMI).
rotensis.
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Emballonura semicaudata Emballonuridae ................... Bat, Pacific sheath-tailed .... U.S.A. (AS), Fiji, Inde-
semicaudata. pendent Samoa, Tonga,
Vanuatu.
C* ................. 6 ............... R1 Martes pennanti .................. Mustelidae ........................... Fisher (west coast DPS) ..... U.S.A. (CA, CT, IA, ID, IL,
IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI,
MN, MT, ND, NH, NJ,
NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, TN,
UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV,
WY), Canada.
PT ................ 3 ............... R7 Enhydra lutris kenyoni ......... Mustelidae ........................... Otter, Northern Sea (south- Species range: Pacific Rim
west Alaska DPS). coastal waters, from
Northern Japan to Baja,
Mexico.
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Thomomys mazama couchi Geomyidae .......................... Pocket gopher, Mazama U.S.A. (WA).
(Shelton).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Thomomys mazama Geomyidae .......................... Pocket gopher, Mazama U.S.A. (WA).
glacialis. (Roy Prairie).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Thomomys mazama louiei .. Geomyidae .......................... Pocket gopher, Mazama U.S.A. (WA).
(Cathlamet).
melanops. (Olympic).
pugetensis. (Olympia).
tacomensis. (Tacoma).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Thomomys mazama tumuli Geomyidae .......................... Pocket gopher, Mazama U.S.A. (WA).
(Tenino).
yelmensis. (Yelm).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Spermophilus tereticaudus Sciuridae ............................. Squirrel, Palm Springs U.S.A. (CA).
chlorus. (=Coachella Valley)
round-tailed ground.
C* ................. 9 ............... R1 Spermophilus brunneus Sciuridae ............................. Squirrel, Southern Idaho U.S.A. (ID).
endemicus. ground.
C* ................. 5 ............... R1 Spermophilus washingtoni .. Sciuridae ............................. Squirrel, Washington ground U.S.A. (WA, OR).
Birds
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Porzana tabuensis .............. Rallidae ............................... Crake, spotless (American U.S.A. (AS), Australia, Fiji,
Samoa DPS). Independent Samoa, Mar-
quesas, Philippines, Soci-
ety Islands, Tonga.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Oreomystis bairdi ................ Fringillidae ........................... Creeper, Kauai .................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Coccyzus americanus ......... Cuculidae ............................ Cuckoo, yellow-billed (West- U.S.A. (Lower 48 States),
ern U.S. DPS). Canada, Mexico, Central
and South America.
C* ................. 12 ............. R1 Ptilinopus perousii perousii Columbidae ......................... Fruit-dove, many-colored .... U.S.A. (AS), Independent
Samoa.
C* ................. 6 ............... R1 Gallicolumba stairi stairi ...... Columbidae ......................... Ground-dove, friendly ......... U.S.A. (AS), Independent
Samoa.
C* ................. 6 ............... R1 Eremophila alpestris strigata Alaudidae ............................ Horned lark, streaked .......... U.S.A. (OR, WA), Canada
(BC).
C* ................. 5 ............... R7 Brachyramphus brevirostris Alcidae ................................ Murrelet, Kittlitz’s ................. U.S.A. (AK), Russia.
TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued

Status
Category Priority
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Synthliboramphus Alcidae ................................ Murrelet, Xantus’s ............... U.S.A. (CA), Mexico.
hypoleucus.
C* ................. 8 ............... R2 Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Phasianidae ........................ Prairie-chicken, lesser ......... U.S.A. (CO, KA, NM, OK,
TX).
C+ ................ 6 ............... R1 Centrocercus urophasianus Phasianidae ........................ Sage-grouse, greater (Co- U.S.A. (AZ, CA, CO, ID,
lumbia Basin DPS). MT, ND, NE, NV, OR,
SD, UT, WA, WY), Can-
ada (AB, BC, SK).
C* ................. 2 ............... R6 Centrocercus minimus ........ Phasianidae ........................ Sage-grouse, Gunnison ...... U.S.A (AZ, CO, KS, OK,
NM, UT).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Oceanodroma castro ........... Hydrobatidae ....................... Storm-petrel, band-rumped U.S.A. (HI), Atlantic Ocean,
(Hawaii DPS). Ecuador (Galapagos Is-
lands), Japan.
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Dendroica angelae .............. Emberizidae ........................ Warbler, elfin woods ........... U.S.A. (PR).
REPTILES
C * ................ 2 ............... R2 Sceloporus arenicolus ......... Iguanidae ............................ Lizard, sand dune ............... U.S.A. (TX, NM).
C * ................ 9 ............... R3 Sistrurus catenatus Viperidae ............................. Massasauga (= rattlesnake), U.S.A. (IA, IL, IN, MI, MO,
catenatus. eastern. MN, NY, OH, PA, WI),
Canada.
C * ................ 6 ............... R4 Pituophis melanoleucus Colubridae ........................... Snake, black pine ................ U.S.A. (AL, LA, MS).
lodingi.
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Pituophis ruthveni ............... Colubridae ........................... Snake, Louisiana pine ........ U.S.A. (LA, TX).
C * ................ 5 ............... R2 Graptemys caglei ................ Emydidae ............................ Turtle, Cagle’s map ............. U.S.A. (TX).
C * ................ 3 ............... R2 Kinosternon sonoriense Kinosternidae ...................... Turtle, Sonoyta mud ........... U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico.
longifemorale.
Amphibians
C * ................ 3 ............... R1 Rana luteiventris ................. Ranidae ............................... Frog, Columbia spotted U.S.A. (AK, ID, MT, NV,
(Great Basin DPS). OR, UT, WA, WY), Can-
ada (BC).
C * ................ 3 ............... R1 Rana muscosa .................... Ranidae ............................... Frog, mountain yellow- U.S.A (CA, NV).
legged (Sierra Nevada
DPS).
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Rana pretiosa ...................... Ranidae ............................... Frog, Oregon spotted .......... U.S.A. (CA, OR, WA), Can-
ada (BC).
C * ................ 5 ............... R1 Rana onca ........................... Ranidae ............................... Frog, relict leopart ............... U.S.A. (AZ, NV, UT).
C * ................ 3 ............... R3 Cryptobranchus Crytobranchidae .................. Hellbender, Ozark ............... U.S.A. (AR, MO).
alleganiensis bishopi.
C* ................ 2 ............... R2 Eurycea waterlooensis ........ Plethodontidae .................... Salamander, Austin blind .... U.S.A. (TX).
C* ................ 2 ............... R2 Eurycea naufragia ............... Plethodontidae .................... Salamander, Georgetown ... U.S.A. (TX).
C* ................ 2 ............... R2 Eurycea chisholmensis ....... Plethodontidae .................... Salamander, Salado ........... U.S.A. (TX).
C* ................ 3 ............... R6 Bufo boreas boreas ............ Bufonidae ............................ Toad, boreal (Southern U.S.A. (AK, CA, CO, ID,
Rocky Mountains DPS). MT, NM, OR, UT, WA,
WY), Canada (BC).
C * ................ 11 ............. R1 Bufo canorus ....................... Bufonidae ............................ Toad, Yosemite ................... U.S.A. (CA).
C * ................ 2 ............... R4 Necturus alabamensis ......... Proteidae ............................. Waterdog, black warrior (= U.S.A. (AL).
Sipsey Fork).
Fishes
PE ................ 3 ............... R1 Gila bicolor vaccaceps ........ Cyprinidae ........................... Chub, Cowhead Lake tui .... U.S.A. (CA).
PE ................ 2 ............... R2 Gila intermedia .................... Cyprinidae ........................... Chub, Gila ........................... U.S.A. (AZ, NM), Mexico.
C * ................ 11 ............. R6 Etheostoma cragini ............. Percidae .............................. Darter, Arkansas ................. U.S.A. (AR, CO, KS, MO,
OK).
C * ................ 6 ............... R4 Etheostoma nigrum Percidae .............................. Darter, Cumberland johnny U.S.A. (KY, TN).
susanae.
C* ................ 5 ............... R4 Percina aurora ..................... Percidae .............................. Darter, Pearl ........................ U.S.A. (LA, MS).
C* ................ 5 ............... R4 Etheostoma phytophilum .... Percidae .............................. Darter, rush ......................... U.S.A. (AL).
C* ................ 2 ............... R4 Etheostoma moorei ............. Percidae .............................. Darter, yellowcheek ............. U.S.A (AR).
C* ................ 3 ............... R6 Thymallus arcticus .............. Salmonidae ......................... Grayling, Fluvial arctic U.S.A. (MT, WY).
(upper Missouri River
DPS).
C * ................ 2 ............... R4 Noturus sp. .......................... Ictaluridae ............................ Madtom, chucky .................. U.S.A. (TN).
C .................. 5 ............... R4 Moxostoma sp. .................... Catostomidae ...................... Redhorse, sicklefin .............. U.S.A. (GA, NC, TN).
C * ................ 2 ............... R3 Cottus sp. ............................ Cottidae ............................... Sculpin, grotto ..................... U.S.A. (MO).
C * ................ 5 ............... R2 Notropis oxyrhynchus .......... Cyprinidae ........................... Shiner, sharpnose ............... U.S.A. (TX).
C * ................ 5 ............... R2 Notropis buccula ................. Cyprinidae ........................... Shiner, smalleye ................. U.S.A. (TX).
C * ................ 3 ............... R2 Catostomus discobolus Catostomidae ...................... Sucker, Zuni bluehead ........ U.S.A. (AZ, NM).
yarrowi.
PSAT ........... N/A ........... R1 Salvelinus malma ................ Salmonidae ......................... Trout, Dolly Varden ............. U.S.A. (AK, WA), Canada,
East Asia.
Clams
C .................. 5 ............... R4 Villosa choctawensis ........... Unionidae ............................ Bean, Choctaw .................... U.S.A. (AL, FL).

Status
Category Priority
C .................. 2 ............... R3 Villosa fabalis ...................... Unionidae ............................ Bean, rayed ......................... U.S.A. (IL, IN, KY, MI, NY,
OH, TN, PA, VA, WV),
Canada (ON).
C .................. 2 ............... R4 Fusconaia (= Obovaria) Unionidae ............................ Ebonyshell, round ............... U.S.A. (AL, FL).
rotulata.
C* ................. 2 ............... R2 Popenaias popei ................. Unionidae ............................ Hornshell, Texas ................. U.S.A. (NM, TX), Mexico.
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Ptychobranchus subtentum Unionidae ............................ Kidneyshell, fluted ............... U.S.A. (AL, KY, TN, VA).
C .................. 2 ............... R4 Ptychobranchus jonesi ........ Unionidae ............................ Kidneyshell, southern .......... U.S.A. (AL, FL).
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Lampsilis rafinesqueana ..... Unionidae ............................ Mucket, Neosho .................. U.S.A. (AR, KS, MO, OK).
C .................. 2 ............... R3 Plethobasus cyphyus .......... Unionidae ............................ Mussel, sheepnose ............. U.S.A. (AL, IA, IL, IN, KY,
MN, MO, MS, OH, PA,
TN, VA, WI, WV).
C* ................. 2 ............... R4 Margaritifera marrianae ....... Margaritiferidae ................... Pearlshell, Alabama ............ U.S.A. (AL)
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Lexingtonia dolabelloides .... Unionidae ............................ Pearlymussel, slabside ....... U.S.A. (AL, KY, TN, VA)
C .................. 5 ............... R4 Pleurobema strodeanum ..... Unionidae ............................ Pigtoe, fuzzy ....................... U.S.A. (AL, FL).
C* ................. 2 ............... R4 Pleurobema hanleyanum .... Unionidae ............................ Pigtoe, Georgia ................... U.S.A. (AL, GA, TN)
C .................. 5 ............... R4 Fusconaia escambia ........... Unionidae ............................ Pigtoe, narrow ..................... U.S.A. (AL, FL).
C .................. 11 ............. R4 Quincuncina burkei ............. Unionidae ............................ Pigtoe, tapered .................... U.S.A. (AL, FL).
C .................. 5 ............... R4 Lampsilis australis ............... Unionidae ............................ Sandshell, southern ............ U.S.A. (AL, FL).
C .................. 4 ............... R3 Cumberlandia monodonta ... Margaritiferidae ................... Spectaclecase ..................... U.S.A. (AL, AR, IA, IN, IL,
KS, KY, MO, MN, NE,
OH, TN, VA, WI, WV).
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Elliptio spinosa .................... Unionidae ............................ Spinymussel, Altamaha ....... U.S.A. (GA).
Snails
C* ................. 9 ............... R6 Oreohelix peripherica Oreohelicidae ...................... Mountainsnail, Ogden ......... U.S.A. (UT)
wasatchensis.
C* ................. 8 ............... R6 Stagnicola bonnevillensis .... Lymnaeidae ......................... Pondsnail, Bonneville .......... U.S.A. (UT).
C* ................. 2 ............... R4 Leptoxis foremani(= downei) Pleuroceridae ...................... Rocksnail, Interrupted (= U.S.A. (GA, AL).
Georgia).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Ostodes strigatus ................ Potaridae ............................. Sisi snail .............................. U.S.A. (AS).
C* ................. 2 ............... R2 Pseudotryonia adamantina Hydrobiidae ......................... Snail, Diamond Y Spring ..... U.S.A. (TX).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Samoana fragilis ................. Partulidae ............................ Snail, fragile tree ................. U.S.A. (GU, MP).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Partula radiolata .................. Partulidae ............................ Snail, Guam tree ................. U.S.A. (GU).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Partula gibba ....................... Partulidae ............................ Snail, Humped tree ............. U.S.A. (GU, MP)
PE ................ 2 ............... R2 Tryonia kosteri ..................... Hydrobiidae ......................... Snail, Koster’s tryonia ......... U.S.A. (NM).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Partulina semicarinata ......... Achatinellidae ...................... Snail, Lanai tree .................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Partulina variabilis ............... Achatinellidae ...................... Snail, Lanai tree .................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Partula langfordi .................. Partulidae ............................ Snail, Langford’s tree .......... U.S.A. (MP).
PE ................ 2 ............... R2 Assiminea pecos ................. Assimineidae ....................... Snail, Pecos assiminea ....... U.S.A. (NM, TX), Mexico
C* ................. 2 ............... R2 Cochliopa texana ................ Hydrobiidae ......................... Snail, Phantom cave ........... U.S.A. (TX).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Eua zebrina ......................... Partulidae ............................ Snail, Tutuila tree ................ U.S.A. (AS).
C* ................. 2 ............... R2 Pyrgulopsis chupaderae ..... Hydrobiidae ......................... Springsnail, Chupadera ....... U.S.A. (NM).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Pyrgulopsis notidicola ......... Hydrobiidae ......................... Springsnail, elongate mud U.S.A. (NV).
meadows.
C* ................. 11 ............. R2 Pyrgulopsis gilae ................. Hydrobiidae ......................... Springsnail, Gila .................. U.S.A. (NM).
C* ................. 2 ............... R2 Tryonia circumstriata (= Hydrobiidae ......................... Springsnail, Gonzales ......... U.S.A. (TX).
stocktonensis).
C* ................. 5 ............... R2 Pyrgulopsis thompsoni ........ Hydrobiidae ......................... Springsnail, Huachuca ........ U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico
C* ................. 11 ............. R2 Pyrgulopsis thermalis .......... Hydrobiidae ......................... Springsnail, New Mexico ..... U.S.A. (NM).
C* ................. 5 ............... R2 Pyrgulopsis morrisoni .......... Hydrobiidae ......................... Springsnail, Page ................ U.S.A. (AZ).
C* ................. 2 ............... R2 Tryonia cheatumi ................. Hydrobiidae ......................... Springsnail (= Tryonia), U.S.A. (TX).
Phantom.
PE ................ 2 ............... R2 Pyrgulopsis roswellensis ..... lHydrobiidae ........................ Springsnail, Roswell ............ U.S.A. (NM).
C* ................. 2 ............... R2 Pyrgulopsis trivialis .............. Hydrobiidae ......................... Springsnail, Three Forks ..... U.S.A. (AZ).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Newcombia cumingi ............ Achatinellidae ...................... Tree snail, Newcomb’s ........ U.S.A. (Hl).
Insects
C* ................. 11 ............. R6 Zaitzevia thermae ................ Elmidae ............................... Beetle, Warm Springs U.S.A. (MT).
Zaitzevian riffle.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Nysius wekiuicola ................ Lygaeidae ............................ Bug, Wekiu .......................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Hypolimnas octucula Nymphalidae ....................... Butterfly, Mariana eight-spot U.S.A. (GU, MP).
mariannensis.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Vagrans egestina ................ Nymphalidae ....................... Butterfly, Mariana wan- U.S.A. (GU, MP).
dering.
C * ................ 6 ............... R4 Cyclargus thomasi Lycaenidae .......................... Butterfly, Miami blue ........... U.S.A. (FL), Bahamas.
bethunebakeri.
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Glyphopsyche sequatchie ... Limnephilidae ...................... Caddisfly, Sequatchie ......... U.S.A. (TN).
C .................. 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, Baker Station U.S.A. (TN).
insularis. (= insular).
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus major Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, beaver ............ U.S.A. (KY).
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus caecus Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, Clifton ............. U.S.A. (KY).
C .................. 11 ............. R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, Coleman ........ U.S.A. (TN).
colemanensis.
C .................. 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, Fowler’s ......... U.S.A. (TN).
fowlerae.

Status
Category Priority
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, greater Adams U.S.A. (KY).
pholeter.
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus frigidus Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, icebox ............ U.S.A. (KY).
C .................. 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus tiresias Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, Indian Grave U.S.A. (TN).
Point (= Soothsayer).
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus inquisi- Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, inquirer ........... U.S.A. (TN).
tor.
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, lesser Adams U.S.A. (KY).
cataryctos.
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus troglo- Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, Louisville ........ U.S.A. (KY).
dytes.
C .................. 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus paulus Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, Noblett’s ......... U.S.A. (TN).
C * ................ 11 ............. R4 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, surprising ....... U.S.A. (KY).
inexpectatus.
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Pseudanophthalmus parvus Carabidae ............................ Cave beetle, Tatum ............. U.S.A. (KY).
C * ................ 3 ............... R1 Euphydryas editha taylori .... Nymphalidae ....................... Checkerspot, Taylor’s (= U.S.A. (OR, WA), Canada
Whulge). (BC).
C * ................ 9 ............... R1 Megalagrion nigrohamatum Coenagrionidae ................... Damselfly, blackline Hawai- U.S.A. (HI).
nigrolineatum. ian.
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Megalagrion leptodemas ..... Coenagrionidae ................... Damselfly, crimson Hawai- U.S.A. (HI).
ian.
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Megalagrion nesiotes .......... Coenagrionidae ................... Damselfly, flying earwig Ha- U.S.A. (HI).
waiian.
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Megalagrion oceanicum ...... Coenagrionidae ................... Damselfly, oceanic Hawai- U.S.A. (HI).
ian.
C * ................ 8 ............... R1 Megalagrion xanthomelas ... Coenagrionidae ................... Damselfly, orangeblack Ha- U.S.A. (HI).
waiian.
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Megalagrion pacificum ........ Coenagrionidae ................... Damselfly, Pacific Hawaiian U.S.A. (HI).
C * ................ 5 ............... R1 Phaeogramma sp. ............... Tephritidae .......................... Gall fly, Po’olanui ................ U.S.A. (HI).
C .................. 5 ............... R1 Ambrysus funebris .............. Naucoridae .......................... Naucorid bug (= Furnace U.S.A. (CA).
Creek), Nevares Spring.
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila aglaia ................ Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila attigua ............... Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila differens ............ Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila digressa ............ Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila hemipeza .......... Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila heteroneura ....... Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila montgomeryi ..... Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila mulli .................. Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila musaphila .......... Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila neoclavisetae .... Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila obatai ................ Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila ochrobasis ........ Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila substenoptera ... Drosophilidae ...................... Fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
PE ................ 2 ............... R1 Drosophila tarphytrichia ...... Drosophilidae ...................... fly, Picture wing [unnamed] U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 5 ............... R2 Heterelmis stephani ............ Elmidae ............................... Riffle beetle, Stephan’s ....... U.S.A. (AZ).
C* ................. 11 ............. R3 Hesperia dacotae ................ Hesperiidae ......................... Skipper, Dakota .................. U.S.A. (MN, IA, SD, ND, IL),
Canada.
C* ................. 5 ............... R1 Polites mardon .................... Hesperiidae ......................... Skipper, Mardon .................. U.S.A. (CA, OR, WA).
C* ................. 9 ............... R6 Cicindela limbata albissima Cicindelidae ......................... Tiger beetle, Coral Pink U.S.A. (UT).
Sand Dunes.
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Cicindela highlandensis ...... Cicindelidae ......................... Tiger beetle, highlands ........ U.S.A. (FL).
PE ................ 3 ............... R6 Cicindela nevadica Cicindelidae ......................... Tiger beetle, Salt Creek ...... U.S.A. (NE).
lincolniana.
Arachnids
C* ................. 2 ............... R2 Cicurina wartoni .................. Dictynidae ........................... Meshweaver, Warton’s cave U.S.A. (TX).
CRUSTACEANS
C .................. 2 ............... R2 Gammarus hyalleloides ....... Gammaridae ........................ Amphipod, diminutive .......... U.S.A. (TX).
PE ................ N/A ........... R2 Gammarus desperatus ....... Gammaridae ........................ Amphipod, Noel’s ................ U.S.A. (NM).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Antecaridina lauensis .......... Atyidae ................................ Shrimp, anchialine pool ....... U.S.A. (HI), Mozambique,
Saudi Arabia, Japan.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Calliasmata pholidota .......... Alpheidae ............................ Shrimp, anchialine pool ....... U.S.A. (HI), Funafuti Atoll,
Saudi Arabia, Sinai Pe-
ninsula, Tuvalu.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Metabetaeus lohena ........... Alpheidae ............................ Shrimp, anchialine pool ....... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Palaemonella burnsi ........... Palaemonidae ..................... Shrimp, anchialine pool ....... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Procaris hawaiana .............. Procarididae ........................ Shrimp, anchialine pool ....... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 1 ............... R1 Vetericaris chaceorum ........ Procaridae ........................... Shrimp, anchialine pool ....... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Typhlatya monae ................ Atyidae ................................ Shrimp, troglobitic ground- U.S.A. (PR), Barbuda, Do-
water. minican Republic.
Flowering Plants
C* ................. 11 ............. R1 Abronia alpina ..................... Nyctaginaceae .................... Sand-verbena, Ramshaw U.S.A. (CA).
Meadows.

Status
Category Priority
C* ................. 11 ............. R6 Aliciella cespitosa ................ Polemoniaceae ................... Alice-flower, wonderland ..... U.S.A. (UT).
C* ................. 11 ............. R4 Arabis georgiana ................. Brassicaceae ....................... Rockcress, Georgia ............. U.S.A. (AL, GA).
C* ................. 11 ............. R4 Argythamnia blodgettii ......... Euphorbiaceae .................... Silverbush, Blodgett’s .......... U.S.A. (FL).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Artemisia campestris ssp. Asteraceae .......................... Wormwood, northern ........... U.S.A. (OR, WA).
borealis var. wormskioldii.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Astelia waialealae ............... Liliaceae .............................. Pa‘iniu ................................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 8 ............... R6 Astragalus equisolensis ...... Fabaceae ............................ Milk-vetch, horseshoe ......... U.S.A. (UT).
C* ................. 8 ............... R6 Astragalus tortipes .............. Fabaceae ............................ Milk-vetch, Sleeping Ute ..... U.S.A. (CO).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Bidens amplectens .............. Asteraceae .......................... Ko‘oko‘olau .......................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Bidens campylotheca Asteraceae .......................... Ko‘oko‘olau .......................... U.S.A. (HI).
pentamera.
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Bidens campylotheca Asteraceae .......................... Ko‘oko‘olau .......................... U.S.A. (HI).
waihoiensis.
C* ................. 8 ............... R1 Bidens conjuncta ................. Asteraceae .......................... Ko‘oko‘olau .......................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Bidens micrantha Asteraceae .......................... Ko‘oko‘olau .......................... U.S.A. (HI).
ctenophylla.
C* ................. 8 ............... R4 Brickellia mosieri ................. Asteraceae .......................... Brickell-bush, Florida ........... U.S.A. (FL).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Calamagrostis expansa ....... Poaceae .............................. No common name ............... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Calamagrostis hillebrandii ... Poaceae .............................. No common name ............... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Calliandra locoensis ............ Mimosaceae ........................ No common name ............... U.S.A. (PR).
C* ................. 5 ............... R1 Calochortus persistens ....... Liliaceae .............................. Mariposa lily, Siskiyou ......... U.S.A. (CA, OR).
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Calyptranthes estremerae ... Myrtaceae ........................... No common name .............. U.S.A. (PR).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Canavalia napaliensis ......... Fabaceae ............................ ‘Awikiwiki ............................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Canavalia pubescens .......... Fabaceae ............................ ‘Awikiwiki ............................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 8 ............... R6 Castilleja aquariensis .......... Scrophulariaceae ................ Paintbrush, Aquarius ........... U.S.A. (UT).
C* ................. 11 ............. R1 Castilleja christii .................. Scrophulariaceae ................ Paintbrush, Christ’s ............. U.S.A. (ID).
C* ................. 6 ............... R4 Chamaecrista lineata var. Fabaceae ............................ Pea, Big Pine partridge ....... U.S.A. (FL).
keyensis.
C* ................. 9 ............... R4 Chamaesyce deltoidea Euphorbiaceae .................... Sandmat, pineland .............. U.S.A. (FL).
pinetorum.
C* ................. 6 ............... R4 Chamaesyce deltoidea Euphorbiaceae .................... Spurge, wedge .................... U.S.A. (FL).
serpyllum.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Chamaesyce eleanoriae ..... Euphorbiaceae .................... Àkoko .................................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Chamaesyce remyi var. Euphorbiaceae .................... Àkoko .................................. U.S.A. (HI).
kauaiensis.
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Chamaesyce remyi var. Euphorbiaceae .................... Àkoko .................................. U.S.A. (HI).
remyi.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Charpentiera densiflora ....... Amaranthaceae ................... Papala ................................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 6 ............... R1 Chorizanthe parryi var. Polygonaceae ..................... Spineflower, San Fernando U.S.A. (CA).
fernandina. Valley.
C* ................. 2 ............... R4 Chromolaena frustrata ........ Asteraceae .......................... Thoroughwort, Cape Sable U.S.A. (FL).
C* ................. 2 ............... R4 Consolea corallicola ............ Cactaceae ........................... Cactus, Florida semaphore U.S.A. (FL).
C* ................. 2 ............... R4 Cordia rupicola .................... Boraginaceae ...................... No common name ............... U.S.A. (PR), Anegada.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyanea asplenifolia ............. Campanulaceae .................. Haha .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyanea calycina .................. Campanulaceae .................. Haha .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyanea eleeleensis ............. Campanulaceae .................. Haha .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyanea kuhihewa ............... Campanulaceae .................. Haha .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyanea kunthiana ............... Campanulaceae .................. Haha .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyanea lanceolata .............. Campanulaceae .................. Haha .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyanea obtusa .................... Campanulaceae .................. Haha .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyanea tritomantha ............. Campanulaceae .................. Aku ...................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyrtandra filipes .................. Gesneriaceae ...................... Haı̀wale ............................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyrtandra kaulantha ............ Gesneriaceae ...................... Haı̀wale ............................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyrtandra oenobarba .......... Gesneriaceae ...................... Haı̀wale ............................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyrtandra oxybapha ............ Gesneriaceae ...................... Haı̀wale ............................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Cyrtandra sessilis ................ Gesneriaceae ...................... Haı̀wale ............................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 9 ............... R4 Dalea carthagenensis Fabaceae ............................ Prairie-clover, Florida .......... U.S.A. (FL).
floridana.
C* ................. 5 ............... R5 Dichanthelium hirstii ............ Poaceae .............................. Panic grass, Hirsts’ ............. U.S.A. (DE, GA, NC, NJ).
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Digitaria pauciflora .............. Poaceae .............................. Crabgrass, Florida pineland U.S.A. (FL).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Dubautia imbricata imbricata Asteraceae .......................... Naènaè ................................ U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Dubautia plantaginea Asteraceae .......................... Naènaè ................................ U.S.A. (HI).
magnifolia.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Dubautia waialealae ............ Asteraceae .......................... Naènaè ................................ U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 6 ............... R2 Echinomastus erectocentrus Cactaceae ........................... Cactus, Acuna ..................... U.S.A. (AZ), Mexico.
var. acunensis.
C* ................. 11 ............. R1 Erigeron basalticus .............. Asteraceae .......................... Daisy, basalt ....................... U.S.A. (WA).
C* ................. 5 ............... R2 Erigeron lemmonii ............... Asteraceae .......................... Fleabane, Lemmon ............. U.S.A. (AZ).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Eriogonum codium .............. Polygonaceae ..................... Buckwheat, Umtanum U.S.A. (WA).
Desert.
C .................. 2 ............... R1 Eriogonum diatomaceum .... Polygonaceae ..................... Buckwheat, Churchill Nar- U.S.A (NV).
rows.
C* ................. 5 ............... R1 Eriogonum kelloggii ............. Polygonaceae ..................... Buckwheat, Red Mountain .. U.S.A. (CA).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Festuca hawaiiensis ............ Poaceae .............................. No common name ............... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 11 ............. R2 Festuca ligulata ................... Poaceae .............................. Guadalupe fescue ............... U.S.A. (TX), Mexico.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Gardenia remyi ................... Rubiaceae ........................... Nanu .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Geranium hanaense ........... Geraniaceae ........................ Nohoanu .............................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 8 ............... R1 Geranium hillebrandii .......... Geraniaceae ........................ Nohoanu .............................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Geranium kauaiense ........... Geraniaceae ........................ Nohoanu .............................. U.S.A. (HI).

Status
Category Priority
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Gonocalyx concolor ............ Ericaceae ............................ No common name ............... U.S.A. (PR).
C* ................. 5 ............... R1 Hazardia orcuttii .................. Asteraceae .......................... Orcutt’s hazardia ................. U.S.A. (CA), Mexico
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Hedyotis fluviatilis ................ Rubiaceae ........................... Kampuaá ............................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 11 ............. R4 Helianthus verticillatus ........ Asteraceae .......................... Sunflower, whorle ................ U.S.A. (AL, GA, TN).
C* ................. 5 ............... R2 Hibiscus dasycalyx .............. Malvaceae ........................... Rose-mallow, Neches River U.S.A. (TX).
C* ................. 9 ............... R4 Indigofera mucronata Fabaceae ............................ Indigo, Florida ..................... U.S.A. (FL).
keyensis.
C .................. 2 ............... R6 Ipomopsis polyantha ........... Polemoniaceae ................... Skyrocket, Pagosa .............. U.S.A. (CO).
C* ................. 5 ............... R1 Ivesia webberi ..................... Rosaceae ............................ Ivesia, Webber .................... U.S.A. (CA, NV).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Joinvillea ascendens Joinvilleaceae ...................... ‘Ohe ..................................... U.S.A. (HI).
ascendens.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Keysseria (= Lagenifera) Asteraceae .......................... No common name .............. U.S.A. (HI).
erici.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Keysseria (= Lagenifera) Asteraceae .......................... No common name ............... U.S.A. (HI).
helenae.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Korthalsella degeneri .......... Viscaceae ............................ Hulumoa .............................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Labordia helleri ................... Loganiaceae ........................ Kamakahala ........................ U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Labordia pumila .................. Loganiaceae ........................ Kamakahala ........................ U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Leavenworthia crassa ......... Brassicaceae ....................... Gladecress, unnamed ......... U.S.A. (AL).
C* ................. 2 ............... R2 Leavenworthia texana ......... Brassicaceae ....................... Gladecress, Texas golden .. U.S.A. (TX).
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Lesquerella globosa ............ Brassicaceae ....................... Bladderpod, Short’s ............ U.S.A. (IN, KY, TN).
C* ................. 5 ............... R1 Lesquerella tuplashensis .... Brassicaceae ....................... Bladderpod, White Bluffs .... U.S.A. (WA).
C* ................. 2 ............... R4 Linum arenicola ................... Linaceae .............................. Flax, sand ........................... U.S.A. (FL).
C* ................. 3 ............... R4 Linum carteri var. carteri ..... Linaceae .............................. Flax, Carter’s small-flowered U.S.A. (FL).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Lysimachia daphnoides ....... Primulaceae ........................ Lehua makanoe .................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Melicope christophersenii .... Rutaceae ............................. Alani .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Melicope degeneri ............... Rutaceae ............................. Alani .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Melicope hiiakae ................. Rutaceae ............................. Alani .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Melicope makahae .............. Rutaceae ............................. Alani .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Melicope paniculata ............ Rutaceae ............................. Alani .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Melicope puberula ............... Rutaceae ............................. Alani .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Myrsine fosbergii ................. Myrsinaceae ........................ Kolea ................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Myrsine mezii ...................... Myrsinaceae ........................ Kolea ................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Myrsine vaccinioides ........... Myrsinaceae ........................ Kolea ................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 8 ............... R5 Narthecium americanum ..... Liliaceae .............................. Asphodel, bog ..................... U.S.A. (DE, NC, NJ, NY,
SC).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Nothocestrum latifolium ....... Solanaceae ......................... ‘Aiea .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Ochrosia haleakalae ........... Apocynaceae ...................... Holei .................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 11 ............. R2 Paronychia congesta ........... Caryophyllaceae ................. Whitlow-wort, bushy ............ U.S.A. (TX).
C* ................. 6 ............... R2 Pediocactus peeblesianus Cactaceae ........................... Cactus, Fickeisen plains ..... U.S.A. (AZ).
fickeiseniae.
C* ................. 2 ............... R6 Penstemon debilis ............... Scrophulariaceae ................ Beardtongue, Parachute ..... U.S.A. (CO).
C* ................. 2 ............... R6 Penstemon grahamii ........... Scrophulariaceae ................ Beardtongue, Graham ........ U.S.A. (CO, UT).
C* ................. 6 ............... R6 Penstemon scariosus var. Scrophulariaceae ................ Beardtongue, White River ... U.S.A. (CO, UT).
albifluvis.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Peperomia subpetiolata ...... Piperaceae .......................... ‘Ala ‘ala wai nui ................... U.S.A. (HI).
C .................. 2 ............... R1 Phacelia stellaris ................. Hydrophyllaceae ................. Brand’s phacelia ................. U.S.A. (CA), Mexico.
C* ................. 8 ............... R6 Phacelia submutica ............. Hydrophyllaceae ................. Phacelia, DeBeque ............. U.S.A. (CO).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Phyllostegia bracteata ......... Lamiaceae ........................... No common name .............. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Phyllostegia floribunda ........ Lamiaceae ........................... No common name ............... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Phyllostegia hispida ............ Lamiaceae ........................... No common name ............... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Pittosporum napaliense ....... Pittosporaceae .................... Ho‘awa ................................ U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 5 ............... R4 Platanthera integrilabia ....... Orchidaceae ........................ Orchid, white fringeless ....... U.S.A. (AL, GA, KY, MS,
NC, SC, TN, VA).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Platydesma cornuta var. Rutaceae ............................. No common name ............... U.S.A. (HI).
cornuta.
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Platydesma cornuta var. Rutaceae ............................. No common name ............... U.S.A. (HI).
decurrens.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Platydesma remyi ................ Rutaceae ............................. No common name .............. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Platydesma rostrata ............ Rutaceae ............................. Pilo kea lau li‘i ..................... U.S.A. (HI).
C .................. 2 ............... R1 Pleomele fernaldii ............... Agavaceae .......................... Hala pepe ............................ U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Pleomele forbesii ................. Agavaceae .......................... Hala pepe ............................ U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 5 ............... R1 Potentilla basaltica .............. Rosaceae ............................ Cinquefoil, Soldier Meadow U.S.A. (NV).
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Pritchardia hardyi ................ Asteraceae .......................... Lo‘ulu ................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................. 3 ............... R1 Pseudognaphalium Asteraceae .......................... ‘Ena‘ena .............................. U.S.A. (HI).
(=Gnaphalium)
sandwicensium var.
molokaiense.
C* ................. 2 ............... R1 Psychotria grandiflora ......... Rubiaceae ........................... Kopiko ................................. U.S.A. (HI).
C * ................ 3 ............... R1 Psychotria hexandra var. Rubiaceae ........................... Kopiko ................................. U.S.A. (HI).
oahuensis.
C* ................ 2 ............... R1 Psychotria hobdyi ................ Rubiaceae ........................... Kopiko ................................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................ 2 ............... R1 Pteralyxia macrocarpa ........ Apocynaceae ...................... Kaulu ................................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................ 2 ............... R1 Ranunculus hawaiensis ...... Ranunculaceae ................... Makou ................................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................ 2 ............... R1 Ranunculus mauiensis ........ Ranunculaceae ................... Makou ................................. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................ 8 ............... R1 Rorippa subumbellata ......... Brassicaceae ....................... Cress, Tahoe yellow ........... U.S.A. (CA, NV).
C* ................ 2 ............... R1 Schiedea attenuata ............. Caryophyllaceae ................. No common name .............. U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................ 2 ............... R1 Schiedea pubescens ........... Caryophyllaceae ................. Ma‘oli‘oli ............................... U.S.A. (HI).
C* ................ 2 ............... R1 Schiedea salicaria ............... Caryophyllaceae ................. No common name .............. U.S.A. (HI).

Status
Category Priority
C * ................ 5 ............... R1 Sedum eastwoodiae ........... Crassulaceae ...................... Stonecrop, Red Mountain ... U.S.A. (CA).
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Sicyos macrophyllus ........... Cucurbitaceae ..................... ‘Anunu ................................. U.S.A. (HI).
C * ................ 9 ............... R1 Sidalcea hickmanii parishii .. Malvaceae ........................... Checkerbloom, Parish’s ...... U.S.A. (CA).
C .................. 9 ............... R4 Sideroxylon reclinatum ssp. Sapotaceae ......................... Bully, Everglades ................ U.S.A. (FL).
austrofloridense.
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Solanum nelsonii ................. Solanaceae ......................... Popolo ................................. U.S.A. (HI).
C .................. 8 ............... R4 Solidago plumosa ............... Asteraceae .......................... Goldenrod, Yadkin River ..... U.S.A. (NC)
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Stenogyne cranwelliae ........ Lamiaceae ........................... No common name ............... U.S.A. (HI).
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Stenogyne kealiae .............. Lamiaceae ........................... No common name .............. U.S.A. (HI).
C * ................ 5 ............... R4 Symphyotrichum Asteraceae .......................... Aster, Georgia ..................... U.S.A. (AL, FL, GA, NC,
georgianum. SC).
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Zanthoxylum oahuense ....... Rutaceae ............................. A‘e ....................................... U.S.A. (HI).
Ferns and Allies
C * ................ 11 ............. R1 Botrychium lineare .............. Ophioglossaceae ................ Moonwort, slender .............. U.S.A. (CA, CO, ID, MT,
OR, WA), Canada (AB,
BC, NB, QC).
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Christella boydiae (= Thelypteridaceae ................. No common name ............... U.S.A. (HI).
Cyclosorus boydiae var.
boydiae + Cyclosorus
boydiae kipahuluensis).
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Doryopteris takeuchii ........... Pteridaceae ......................... No common name ............... U.S.A. (HI).
C * ................ 2 ............... R1 Huperzia (= Phlegmariurus) Lycopodiaceae .................... Wawae‘iole .......................... U.S.A. (HI).
stemmermanniae.
C * ................ 3 ............... R1 Microlepia strigosa var. Dennstaedtiaceae ............... Palapali ............................... U.S.A. (HI).
mauiensis (= Microlepia
mauiensis).
TABLE 2.—ANIMALS AND PLANTS FORMERLY CANDIDATES OR FORMERLY PROPOSED FOR LISTING
Status
Code Expl.
Mammals
T ................... L ............... R1 Pteropus mariannus Pteropodidae ....................... Bat, Mariana fruit (= Mar- Western Pacific Ocean,
mariannus. iana flying fox) (Aguijan, U.S.A. (GU, MP).
etc.).
Rc ................ A .............. 6 Cynomys ludovicianus ........ Sciuridae ............................. Prairie dog, black-tailed ...... U.S.A. (AZ, CO, KS, MT,
NE, NM, ND, OK, SD,
TX, WY), Canada, Mex-
ico.
Amphibians
T ................... L ............... R1 Ambystoma californiense .... Ambystomatidae ................. Salamander, California tiger U.S.A. (CA).
Clams
Rc ................ N .............. R4 Pleurobema troschelianum Unionidae ............................ Clubshell, Alabama ............. U.S.A. (AL, GA, TN).
Rc ................ N .............. R4 Pleurobema Unionidae ............................ Clubshell, painted ............... U.S.A. (AL, GA, TN).
chattanoogaense.
Insects
Rp ................ A .............. R2 Euphydryas anicia Nymphalidae ....................... Butterfly, Sacramento U.S.A. (NM).
cloudcrofti. Mountains checkerspot.
Rc ................ A .............. R5 Pseudanophthalmus Carabidae ............................ Cave Beetle, Holsinger’s ..... U.S.A. (VA).
holsingeri.
Crustaceans
Rc ................ A .............. R4 Fallicambarus gordoni ......... Cambaridae ......................... Crayfish, Camp Shelby bur- U.S.A. (MS).
rowing.
[FR Doc. 05–9283 Filed 5–5–05; 1:01 pm]

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

Proposed Rule: Endangered and Threatened Species: Plant and Animal Species Candidates or Proposed For Listing, Findings On Resubmitted Petitions Description of Progress On Listing Actions Review

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Proposed Rule: Endangered and Threatened Species: Plant and Animal Species Candidates or Proposed For Listing, Findings On Resubmitted Petitions Description of Progress On Listing Actions Review

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Wednesday,

May 11, 2005

TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued

TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued

TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued

TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued

TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued

TABLE 1.—CANDIDATE NOTICE OF REVIEW (ANIMALS AND PLANTS)—Continued

Ferns and Allies

[FR Doc. 05–9283 Filed 5–5–05; 1:01 pm]

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