9

Past perfect
Affirmative

Circle the correct answer.

1 I was / had been there for ten minutes

Full form

Contracted form

I had passed.
You had passed.
He had passed.
She had passed.
It had passed.

Id passed.
Youd passed.
Hed passed.
Shed passed.
Itd passed.

2 They shut the road because there d been /

We had passed.
You had passed.
They had passed.

Wed passed.
Youd passed.
Theyd passed.

4 I didnt go to the cinema last Saturday because

when the police arrived.

was an accident.
3 There were / had been three pet shops in
our town, but one of them is closed now.
I d already seen / already saw the film.
5 We didnt have / hadnt had much money
when I was a kid, but we always had a

Negative
Full form

Contracted form

I had not passed.

You had not passed.
He had not passed.
She had not passed.
It had not passed.

I hadnt passed.
You hadnt passed.
He hadnt passed.
She hadnt passed.
It hadnt passed.

We had not passed.

You had not passed.
They had not passed.

We hadnt passed.
You hadnt passed.
They hadnt passed.

We use the past perfect to talk about

something that happened before
something else in the past.
Marie had left the caf when we arrived.
(= Marie left the caf, then we arrived.)
When Colin had finished his dinner, he
watched TV. (= Colin finished his dinner,
then he watched TV.)

We can also use the past perfect to explain

a situation or give a reason.
I was nervous because I hadnt flown in a
plane before.

good time.
6 Tina wasnt / hadnt been very well last night.

Answers page 116

Past perfect: questions

Questions
Had I passed?
Had you passed?
Had he passed?
Had she passed?
Had it passed?
Had we passed?
Had you passed?
Had they passed?
Short answers
Affirmative

Negative

Yes, I had.
Yes, you had.
Yes, he had.
Yes, she had.
Yes, it had.

No, I hadnt.
No, you hadnt.
No, he hadnt.
No, she hadnt.
No, it hadnt.

Yes, we had.
Yes, you had.
Yes, they had.

No, we hadnt.
No, you hadnt.
No, they hadnt.

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9
Past perfect questions are used in the
same situations as the affirmative and
negative forms.
Had you ever been to Benidorm before
this summer?
No, I hadnt.

Direct speech
Present simple
She said, I work in
London.

Reported speech
Past simple
She said (that) she
worked in London.

Present continuous
Past continuous
He said, Im
He said (that) he was
completing a project. completing a project.

Complete the dialogue with the correct

past perfect form of the verb in brackets.

Present perfect
She said, Ive
broken my arm.

Past perfect
She said (that) she
had broken her arm.

A I got to know a great girl at the party on

Past simple
He said, I talked
to them.

Past perfect
He said (that) he
had talked to them.

will + innitive
He said, I will
arrive home early.

would + innitive
He said (that) he
would arrive home
early.

Saturday.

Had you met (you / meet)

B Really? (1) _______________
her before?
A No, but (2) _______________ (I / see) her.
B How did you get talking?
A Well, (3) _______________ (the party /

We also change modal verbs:

start) when I arrived. (4) _______________

(she / be) there for an hour but she
(5) _______________ (she / not speak) to
anybody. I started chatting to her. The next
thing I knew, the party was over and
(6) _______________ (everybody / leave).
We were the last people there.

Answers page 116

Direct speech
can
She said, I can
speak German.

Reported speech
could
She said (that) she
could speak German.

must/have (got) to
She said, You must
leave.

had to
She said (that) I had
to leave.

may
He said, It may
snow later.

might
He said (that) it
might snow later.

say and tell

Reported speech

Say and tell are the most common

Reported speech is used to repeat what

another person said.

reporting verbs.

If we use told, we must follow it with a

Direct speech
He told me,
Im worried.

Reported speech
He told me (that)
he was worried.

He said,
Im worried.

He said (that)
he was worried.

person or an object pronoun.

She told me (that) she was going away.
NOT She told (that) she was going away.

However, this is not the case with said.

NOT She said me that

When the verb introducing the reported

speech (the reporting verb) is in the past,
the following changes occur:

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9
There are other reporting verbs that we
can use apart from say and tell. These
include: admit, claim, confirm, deny, insist,
reveal. These verbs are like say, they cant
be followed by an object pronoun.
They admitted (that) theyd committed
the crime.
NOT They admitted me (that)

weather
forecast

/we fkst/ _____________

world news

/wld njuz/

_____________

Reporting verbs
admit

/dmt/

_____________

claim

/klem/

_____________

Write the following sentences in reported

speech. Use the reporting verbs in
brackets.

confirm

/knfm/

_____________

deny

/dna/

_____________

insist

/nsst/

_____________

1 I dont like coffee. (he / admit)

reveal

/rvil/

_____________

He admitted that he didnt like coffee.

____________________________________
2 Well visit soon. (they / confirm)
____________________________________
3 Paul wasnt there. (she / deny)
____________________________________

English you need

Gossip
Hey, youll never guess what I heard.
____________________________________

4 Heathers getting married. (he / claim)

____________________________________
5 You (singular) can do it. (he / insist)
____________________________________
6 Theres been an accident. (Eddie / tell / us)

____________________________________
I heard that theyve just got engaged.
____________________________________
____________________________________

____________________________________
You wont believe this, but Martys got a job.

Answers page 116

____________________________________
____________________________________
A little bird told me.
____________________________________
Have you heard about Kate and Darren?

Newspapers
caption

/kpn/

_____________

____________________________________

cartoon

/ktun/

_____________

____________________________________

front page

/frnt ped/

_____________

headline

/hedlan/

_____________

horoscope

/hrskp/

_____________

local news

/lkl njuz/

_____________

sports section /spts sekn/

Apparently, they had a big argument.

____________________________________
____________________________________

_____________

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9
Dont tell anyone, though!
____________________________________
I wont say a word.
____________________________________

Learning tip
Making cards with a new word or phrase on
the front and a definition in English on the
back is a good way to revise vocabulary.

Write definitions for these words.

1 volunteer (n)
___________________________________

Find words from Unit 9 to match the

definitions.

___________________________________
2 vandalize

single parent
1 ___________________

___________________________________
___________________________________

a parent who looks after a child without

3 rainforest

the help of the other parent

___________________________________

2 ___________________

___________________________________

travel by asking cars to stop and take you

4 clue

to your destination

___________________________________

3 ___________________

___________________________________

electricity that you see during storms

4 ___________________
talk about other peoples lives when you
arent with them

Make revision cards for words on your

word list. Then test your memory. Read a
definition. Can you remember the word?

5 ___________________
a section in a newspaper where you can
read a prediction for the days weather
6 ___________________
let something fall out of your hand by
accident

Answers page 116

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Newspapers

Look at the definitions for different parts of a newspaper and complete the puzzle.

10
1

F R O N T P A G E

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1 To see the main news story, look here. (5, 4)

2 If you want to see something funny, look at this. (7)
3 Look at this to quickly find out whats in the news. (8)
4 You can find out whats happening in other countries in this section. (5, 4)
5 You sometimes see one of these under photos. (7)
6 If you want to find out whats happening in your area, read this. (5, 4)
7 To read a prediction for your future, read this. (9)
8 If you want to know yesterdays football results, turn to this. (5, 7)
9 If it will rain tomorrow, it tells you. (7, 8)
10 You can read about the news here. (2, 3, 5)

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Past perfect

2 he / be / asleep for an hour when a loud

Complete the sentences with the past

perfect and the words below.
spend not read

a snack the paper

sleep not book eat

a table enough

not rehearse

badly all her money

noise / wake / him up

____________________________________
____________________________________
3 he / get up / to see what / make / the noise
____________________________________

d eaten
1 Jack wasnt hungry because he __________

____________________________________

a snack.
_____________________________________

4 on the floor there / be / a man who / fall

2 Gigi didnt buy any shoes because she

over / in the dark

_____________________________________

____________________________________

3 The play went badly because the actors

____________________________________

_____________________________________

5 he / break / his leg and / ask / Jim to call

4 Dan was very tired because he ___________

an ambulance

_____________________________________

____________________________________

5 We didnt go to a restaurant because we

____________________________________

_____________________________________
6 Wendy didnt know the news because she
_____________________________________

Circle the correct options.

Honest teenager returns 15,000

14-year-old Chris Hemmings surprised police
on Saturday when he (1) gave / d given them
two bags that he (2) found / d found. The
bags contained more than 15,000. When
Chris first saw the bags at the bus stop on
Friday evening, he (3) thought / d thought that
someone (4) left / had left their rubbish there.
But when he saw that they (5) didnt go / hadnt
gone the next morning, he (6) decided / d
decided to open them.

Past perfect: questions

Complete the questions. Then match them

with the answers.
1 Greece held the Olympic Games in 2004.

Had it held
______________________
them before?
2 When J.K. Rowling wrote the first
Harry Potter book, how many books
______________________ before?
3 When Pierce Brosnan stopped
playing James Bond, how many times
______________________ the character?
4 Kanye West won a Grammy in 2008.
______________________ one before?
5 When the Americans elected Barak Obama

Write complete sentences with the past

perfect and past simple.
1 Jim Green / go / to bed early because he /
have / a tiring day

Jim Green went to bed early because hed

____________________________________

as President, ______________________ a
black President before?
_ None _ No, they hadnt. _ Yes, he had.
_ Four 1
_ Yes, it had.

had a tiring day.

____________________________________
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Reporting verbs

Write the verbs.

Reported speech

1 say something is a fact

laim
c________

2 say that something isnt true

d________

Write what the people say in reported

speech.

3 repeat something for emphasis i________

1 Were
celebrating
the end of
school.

4 say that a rumour or belief is correct

c________
5 confess that something is true a________
6 say something that has been a secret
r________

Ive won
again. Im
the best!

4 I told you
before, Im doing
my homework.

I havent told
you before, but
Ive got a pet.

I didnt
eat the
pie.

5
We didnt
have
lunch.

I dont
understand
3 Ive
ordered
sushi.

Circle the correct option.

4
Were
hungry!

6 Ill
pour the
drinks

Were sorry. It was

us. We broke the
window.

OK, youre right.

Were more than
good friends.

1 She claimed / revealed that she was the best.

2 She revealed / insisted that she had a pet.
3 They denied / admitted that they had
broken the window.
4 He admitted / insisted that she was doing
her homework.
5 He confirmed / denied that hed eaten the pie.
6 They claimed / confirmed that they were
more than good friends.

they were
1 He told the waiter that ________________
celebrating the end of the school.
____________________________________
2 He said _____________________________
____________________________________
3 She told him _________________________
____________________________________
4 They said that _______________________
____________________________________
5 They told her ________________________
____________________________________
6 She said that ________________________
____________________________________

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1 Sandra said that she loved Spain. She

Write said or told in the sentences.

was
thought it _____________
beautiful.

told us that they

1 Our neighbours ________

2 She said she _________________________

were going on holiday.

to Spain two years before.

2 My friend ________ she hadnt watched

3 But she said that she __________________

TV last night.

to Madrid before.

3 I ________ the teacher that I would study

4 She said that she _____________________

hard for the test.

with some friends.

4 My mum ________ that she was very

5 She said she ______________ any Spanish

tired.

because she _______________ it at school.

5 My uncle ________ hed been to France

6 Marc said that he _____________________

three times.

her if she liked.

6 I ________ my parents I was going to a

friends house.

Read the dialogue between Marc and

Sandra. Then write it in reported
speech.
p
p

Read the stars words. Complete the

newspaper article with reporting verbs from
vocabulary exercise 1 and reported speech.
Yes, the rumours are true. Ill be the star of
Oliviers next film. No, it isnt true. Im not
doing it for the money. Im only interested in
art thats a fact! I dont know when
filming will start. I said I dont know when
filming will start. Yes, its true that Ive been
out with Sharon a few times. No, we arent
getting married. Its been a secret before but I
can tell you now, we argued all the time.

In an exclusive interview, Ryan Philips

confirmed that he would be the star of

(1) _____________
Oliviers next film but he (2) _____________
that he was doing it for the money.
A What do you think of Spain, Sandra?
B I love it. I think its beautiful.
A Have you been here before?
B Yes, I came here two years ago, but I
havent been to Madrid before.
A Ah! And where are you staying?
B With some friends.
A Do you speak any Spanish?

He (3) _____________ that he (4) __________

only interested in art. He (5) _____________
that he didnt know when filming
(6) _____________. He (7) _____________
that he had been out with Sharon a few times
but he said that they (8) _____________
married. In fact, he (9) _____________ that
they (10) _____________ all the time.

B No, I dont. I didnt study it at school.

A Ill teach you if you like.
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Read the extracts from a newspaper. Match them with the sections below.

A
TV Guide __

Health and relationships __

D
In tonights re-run of the fourth series
of Desperate Housewives, Carlos tells
Edie that hes going away on a golfing
weekend, but is really seeing his exwife, Gabrielle. Meanwhile, Gabrielle
realises that her husband has hired a
private detective to watch her, so she
leaves home in disguise.

Gossip column __

Horoscope __

I was in a r estaurant on
Thursday night, and im
agine my
surprise when politicians
John Redford and Samu
el Hill came
in. Theyre political oppo
nents, and Redford had
attacked Hill
earlier in the day about
the gover nments healt
h plans. But
here they were, enjoying
a meal together, like two
actors after
a play.

B
you had solved last weeks
If you Scorpios thought that
re difficult days.There are
problems, prepare for a few mo
more stormy weather is
dark clouds on the horizon, and
mind that theres generally
probably on its way. Keep in
that things will improve!
sunshine after a storm, and

For this weeks Satur day interview I spoke

to psychologist and writer Faith Nor
ton
about her new book, Definitely Different. In it,
she looks at the dif ferent way that men and
women relate to their friends, and explains
why female friendships actually help women
to live longer.

Answer the questions.

Who

Faith Norton
1 has just published a book? _____________
2 are enemies in public but friends in

Circle the words and expressions in the

extracts. Then match them with the
definitions.

b
1 __

2 __

3 __

4 __

5 __

6 __

private? ____________________________
____________________________________
3 meet in secret? ______________________
____________________________________
4 are going to have problems this week?
____________________________________
5 are healthier because of their friends?

1 re-run

a criticized

2 in disguise

b a repeat of an old
programme

3 stormy weather c problems

4 keep in mind

d really, in fact

5 actually

e dressed so that people

cant recognize you

6 attacked

____________________________________
6 has contracted a private detective?

remember

____________________________________

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Complete the dialogues between Boris

and his friends with a word or phrase
from each box.

17

Circle the options that you think are

correct. Then listen and check.
1 Boys have more / fewer friends than girls.

little bird wont

about say

never guess tell

anyone believe

wont heard

told what

2 Boys and girls talk about the same /

different things.
3 Girls gossip more / less than boys.

17

Listen again. Are the sentences about

girls (G) or boys (B)?

G
1 __

2 __

3 __

4 __

5 __

6 __

1 They talk about personal problems.

never guess what

A Youll (1) __________________________

2 They do competitive activities when they

I heard, Boris.

meet.

B What?

3 Their behaviour produces oxytocin.

A Glorias going to leave her band.

4 Their relationships help reduce stress.

Apparently, she doesnt think the others

5 They prefer to solve problems alone.

play well enough.

6 They should have more respect for

B They wont be very happy.

gossiping.

A No! Dont (2) _________________________,

though.
B I (3) __________________________ a word.

18

Listen. Write six sentences from a

dialogue.

Youll
1 ____________________________________
____________________________________
2 ____________________________________
____________________________________
B Have you (4) _________________________
Gloria?
C What about her?
B You (5) __________________________ this,
but shes leaving her group.
C Well, I heard that her bands going to throw
her out because she sings so badly.
B Really? How do you know that?

3 ____________________________________
____________________________________
4 ____________________________________
____________________________________
5 ____________________________________
____________________________________
6 ____________________________________
____________________________________

C A (6) __________________________ me.

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A news article

Read the news article. Then choose the

headline.

Nobody believes this

excuse any mor e,
but for Paul Wheeler
it was true.
Paul had gone out
with friends after
finishing a school
project. When he
got back home, his dog had destr oyed
his USB memor y stick with the only
copy of his project on it.
Paul saw Buster eating something as
he was walking thr ough the door. But
by the time he r ealized that it was his
memory stick, it was too late.
Paul tried to tell his teacher what
had happened. As soon as he said that
the dog had eaten his homework, she
started to laugh.
Paul failed his pr oject. At first he was
annoyed with Buster , but now hes
forgiven him.

Cat travelled 300 miles in car

3 They ran after the lorry _____________ it

was driving away. __
4 _____________ they arrived, theyd driven
300 miles. __
5 _____________ they were taking out the
suitcases, they found her. __
6 They gave him some lettuce to eat
_____________ they got home. __

Write the story for headline A or B.

_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________

Translate the sentences.

1 I always read the local news.

Tortoise thrown out with

C

rubbish

k
My dog ate my homewor

____________________________________
2 Yesterday I read an article about a robbery.
____________________________________
____________________________________
3 A robber had stolen a million Euros.

Time connectors

Circle as, as soon as and by the time in the

article. Then write them in the sentences.
Are they from story A or B?

____________________________________
4 When the police found him, hed spent it.
____________________________________
____________________________________

By the time they realized where Fred

1 _____________
B
was, the men had taken the rubbish. __

5 He denied that hed stolen it.

2 _____________ they were ready, they set

6 You wont believe this, but I know him!

off on their journey. __

____________________________________
____________________________________

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