Early Embryonic Development 2

Dr. Johnson
Week 6, Friday 9/19/14
Lesson Objectives
1. Describe fate of epiblast and hypoblast of bilaminar disc embryo
2. Describe role of primitive streak in defining future embryonic axes
3. Describe cell movements of gastrulation
4.Describe origin of notochord
5. List fates of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
6. Using esophagus, learn germ layers sources of various tissues
7. Describe saccrococcygeal teratoma
PART 1: Fertilization

*Summary: We have a bunch of follicles developing, one of those

follicles ovulates and the remnants of the unovulated part of the follicle
form the corpus luteum. The 2 oocyte is dumped out into the female
reproductive tract and it begins to be transported. Meanwhile
spermatozoa come from the opposite direction, meet up and fertilize.
At the end of about 2 days or 30 hours, were at 2 cells, 3 days were at
the morula, 4 days a blastocyst that hasnt hatched yet and at around
5 days blastocysts hatch out of the zona pellucida and they attach to
the endometrium and begin to implant. So were about 6 days in at the
beginning of implantation
A. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
1. Secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts (STB)
2. hCG has alpha and beta subunits: alpha subunit is common to
several hormones however the beta subunit is unique to the hCG
hormone. hCG is a glycoprotein. The alpha subunit is also found in
human placental glycogen and other hormones.
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3. Pregnancy tests accurate within 7 days of fertilization via

sensitive RIA(radioimmunoassay) for blood beta-hCG
4. Home test kits less sensitive colorimetric assays-soon after
missed period, can detect beta-hCG in urine. The assay has hCG
antibodies that will recognize the hCG antigen and will produce a color
change that shows up on the stick. By the time you miss a period, you
are about 2 weeks out after fertilization.
B. If Fertilization Occurs
1. STB becomes source of hCG
2. hCG stimulates the pituitary to continue progesterone
secretion by corpus luteum
3. No menses
4. First missed period and pregnancy

5. This is an implanted embryo and we will look at what happens

in the bilaminar disc: there are two cell layers now consisting of the
epiblast and the hypoblast.
C. Bilaminar Disc
1. Epiblast is floor of amniotic cavity
2. Hypoblast is roof of yolk sac
3. Two epithelial layers sandwiched
4. Primitive streak forms as mid-line invagination depression in
epiblast

*The image on the left shows 4.1A which is the implantation site
at the end of the second week. You can see the syncytiotrophoblast
and the cytotrophoblast. You can see the two layers of cells that help
to delineate between the amniotic cavity and the definitive yolk sac.
Both layers epiblast and hypoblast are shown in 4.1B in a cross
sectional view. The hypoblast faces the inner yolk sac and the epiblast
faces the inside of the amniotic cavity. So the amniotic cavity is shaped
like an oval. The epiblast is one layer of epithelial cells. Down the
center is an invagination site(indentation) that is called the primitive
streak. This is the site where gastrulation starts. The epiblast cells
which are tightly coupled, will begin to migrate from the lateral ends
medially toward the primitive streak and will travel through the streak
and migrate laterally back toward the outside of the amniotic cavity.
The result is that the cells will displace the hypoblast and will create
another layer of cells. SO in the end, the top layer of cells will be called
the ectoderm, the lower layer is called the endoderm and the group of
cells at the invagination site will become the mesoderm.
* Now the image on the right. In the center of the amniotic cavity
epiblast cell layer is the primitive node which touches the tip of the
primitive streak. So the cells will start at the head of the primitive
streak(which is touching the outer layer of amniotic cavity) and will
migrate toward the primitive node and will make a U-turn and travel
back to the head of the primitive streak. What does this do? This is
creating the notochord. By the end of gastrulation there will be the
ectoderm, the notochord, two layers of mesoderm and the endoderm
underneath.
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*This pics are very detailedjust

focus on the three layers of
ectoderm-mesoderm-endoderm,
with the notochord in between
the ectoderm and endoderm.
Also note that there is
intraembryonic mesoderm
between the endo and ecto and
there is extraembryonic
mesoderm which is on the sides

D. Consequences of Primitive Node/streak

1. Establishes axis of bilateral symmetry
2.Establishes head and tail end
3. Serves as site for invagination, migration, and differentiation
of epiblast cells to establish three primary germ layers
PART 2: Cell Layer Derivatives

A. Ectodermal Derivatives
1. Forms everything you can see in the mirror with eyes and
mouth open-epidermis and appendages, cornea, mammary glands,
enamel
2. Forms brain, spinal cord, and neural crest
B. Mesodermal Derivatives
1. Forms most of what you are working with in gross labconnective tissues, muscles, most of urogenital system, all of
cardiovascular system and its contents
C. Endodermal Derivatives
1. Forms epithelium(only) lining the GI tract and its associated
glands-posterior salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas,
auditory tube, palatine tonsils, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus
2. Walls of GI tract contain mesodermally derived CT and muscle
and intrinsic autonomic innervation from neural crest
D. Lets Build an Organ
1. Many organs have derivatives from more than one primary
germ layer
2. Esophagus has luminal lining from endoderm, mural smooth
muscle from splanchnic mesoderm, and innervation from ectoderm(via
neural crest).

*All GI organs have the lumen through which food passes,

epithelial lining and a mucosa. The mucosa is composed of a thin layer
of smooth muscle, the muscularis mucosa, loose irregular connective
tissue domain called lamina propria. The mucosa consists of muscularis
mucosa, lamina propira, and mucosal epithelium. Deep to the
muscularis there is a loose CT layer called submucosa. On the outer
sections you have muscularis externa, there is also an outer edge of CT
called adventitia. So we have Mucosa, Submucosa, muscularis externa
and adventitia, those are the layers of any GI organ.
*For the esophagus specifically, there is the mucosal epithelium
which consists of stratified squamous unkerratinized epithelium, then
there is lamina propira, deep to the lamina propria is a thin layer of
smooth muscle, the muscularis mucosa. The muscularis mucosa has
two layers: the inner layer is circularly arranged with respect to the
lumen and the outer layer is longitudinally arranged and runs parallel
to axis of lumen. In between the two layers there is a bunch of
parasympathetic innervation there. There are neurons and nerve fibers
that innervate the layers of smooth muscle here that cause them to
contract. They are the motor innervation of that smooth muscle.
* So we have the basic structure of this GI organ. What comes
from the mesoderm, ectoderm endoderm. These GI organs represent
all three. The lumen is stratified squamous unkerratinized epithelium
which is endorderm derivative. Everything from the muscularis
externa, lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis mucosa and adventitia
is mesoderm. So the rest of the wall of the esophagus is mesodermally
derived except for the intrinsic innervation, except for the
parasympathetic ganglia that are between the two muscle layers.
Those cells come from the neural crest, which is an ectoderm
derivative. So we have endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm making up
the esophagus.
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PART 3: Medical Conditions of Early Development

A. Sarcococcygeal Teratoma
1. Persistent Remnants of Primitive Streak form masses of
undifferentiated, abnormally arranged tissues.
2. Contain Pluripotent cells
3. Forms disorganized mass of different tissues from several
primary germ layers, ex hair, fat, cartilage, hematopoietic tissue etc
4. Most common tumor in newborns(1/30,000 newborns), 34:1::F:M ratio
5. The cells do not receive proper signals to determine what they
should be so they form random tissues