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Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang,
Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
2
University Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology,
78000 Alor Gajah, Malacca, MALAYSIA
Email: zainalabidinm@micet.unikl.edu.my
Abstract --
I.
INT RODUCT ION
The development of new extraction technique from plant
material has shown tremendous research interest and potential
which lately received a lot attention. Traditional procedures
include homogenization, filtration/ centrifugation, steamdistillation, hydro-distillation, solvent and Soxhlet extraction
and solvent-pressurize extraction (SPE) for the isolation and
purification of chemical constituents from plant tissues present
some disadvantages. Conventional techniques for the
extraction of active constituents are time and solvent
consuming, thermally unsafe and sometimes have lower
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Order
Blechnales
Gleicheniale
Family
Blechnaceae
Gleicheniaceae
Genus
Stenochlaena
Dicranopteris
Species
palustris
linearis
Local
Paku miding,
Resam,
name
paku akar
Bengkawang
Response surface methodology (RSM) which has recently
attracted much the attention as an optimization technique in
the field of numerical analysis. Furthermore it helps to obtain
the surface contours that provide a good way for visualizing
the parameter interaction [22]. The principle of RSM was
described by Khuri and Cornell [23] and its objective is to
optimize the response based on factors investigated [24].
Thus in this study are to propose a novel modified microwave
extraction system for the extraction of bioactive component
from ferns [Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) and Stenochleana
palustris (Bedd.)], at the same time create a green technology
for the future scientific study of the extraction and introduce
this advantages alternative in the analytical or production of
biological compound in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical
industry. Moreover, an attempt is made to investigate the
important factor considered of extraction performance using
response surface methodology (RSM). RSM will use to
identify the important interfacial reaction factor which
influences the extraction performance [26], visualize the
parameter interaction and also optimized microwave
extraction system to obtain high yield of oil. The factors
considered are the raw materials moisture, microwave power
and extraction time where an extraction yield is a response
variable. This investigation also highlights the various test
results that confirm the validity and correction of the
developed mathematical model for analyzing the effect of the
various factors on the extraction volume.
Experiments will design on the basis of the experimental
design technique that has been proposed by Box and Hunter
[25]. The set of central composite design (CCD), comprises
of 2k full factorial design (+1, -1), where k is the number of
variables, superimposed by the centre point (+, -) and center
runs (0) to improve the reliability of results and to reduce the
Level
Solvent
(% )
0
25
50
75
100
-2
-1
0
+1
+2
Microwave
Power (Watt)
200
325
450
575
700
Time (min)
1
12
23
34
45
V. DAT A ANALYSIS
Again Design Expert software (Version 6.0 Stat-Ease Inc.) will
use to analyze the experimental data. Experimental data were
fitted to a second-order polynomial model and regression
coefficients obtained. The generalized second-order polynomial
model used in the response surface analysis was as follows:
y 0 i xi ii xi2 ij xi x j
Where;
0 = are the regression coefficients for intercept,
i , = are the regression coefficients for linear,
ii = are the regression coefficients for quadratic,
ij , = are the regression coefficients for interaction
terms,
xi and xj = are the independent variables
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Ru
n
xi
x ii
x iii
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
-1
Solven
t
(% )
25
Microwa
ve power
(Watt)
325
Extracti
on time
(min)
12
-1
1
-1
-1
75
25
325
575
12
12
1
-1
-1
1
75
25
575
325
12
34
-1
1
1
1
75
25
325
575
34
34
1
0
1
0
75
0
575
450
34
23
0
-2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
450
200
700
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
450
23
23
23
1
45
23
23
23
23
23
23
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Extraction
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[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
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[7]
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