abruptio placentae

Premature separation of a normally positioned placenta in a pregnancy of at least 20 weeks' gestation either
before labor or during labor but before delivery. This serious complication of pregnancy, occurring in one
of every 200 births and often resulting in hemorrhage, may lead to the death of the mother, the fetus, or
both. Also called ablatio placentae, accidental hemorrhage.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A disorder of the immune system characterized by an inability to mount a successful defense against
infection such as by organisms that usually aren't pathogenic (opportunistic infections). The syndrome is
caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes a marked depletion in the
number of helper T cells. AIDS is currently incurable and fatal. However, recently developed drug
treatments and regimens seem to be effective in prolonging the lives of clients with AIDS.
active immunity
Acquired immunity caused by the production of antibodies, either after infection or as a result of
vaccination.
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
A form of leukemia, most commonly occurring in children, marked by large numbers of immature
leukocytes in the blood and blood-forming tissues (including the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph
nodes). The disease has a sudden onset and rapid clinical course. Signs and symptoms include fever, pallor,
fatigue, loss of appetite, anemia, bleeding, bone pain, spleen enlargement and, because the immune
function is disturbed, frequent infection. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
acute nephritis
Acute inflammation of the kidney, possibly involving the glomerulus, tubules, and interstitial tissues.
Addison's disease
A life-threatening condition characterized by fatigue, hypotension, loss of appetite and weight, nausea or
vomiting, and increased hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. It results from partial or
complete loss of glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic function of the adrenal glands caused
by tuberculosis, an autoimmune process, or other disease. Also called Addisonism, Addison's syndrome,
chronic adrenocortical insufficiency.
Addisonian crisis
An emergency situation occurring with adrenal hypofunction and exposure to trauma, surgery, or other
severe physiologic stress that exhausts the body's stores of glucocorticoids.
adrenergic
1. Activated or transmitted by epinephrine, norepinephrine, or a similar substance. 2. Also called a
sympathomimetic, a drug that stimulates alpha or beta receptors (thus mimicking the effects of epinephrine
or norepinephrine) or acts primarily on receptors in the sympathetic nervous system that are stimulated by
dopamine.
agoraphobia
An intense, irrational fear of being in open spaces or of venturing out from the home or other familiar
setting. The anxiety may be generalized to any setting beyond the home or may be specific for certain types
of situations and environments, such as open spaces or crowded places.
akinesia
1. Loss of the ability to move voluntarily. 2. The rest period after systole in the normal heart rhythm. 3. In
psychiatry: a neurotic condition characterized by symptoms of paralysis.
Allen's test
A test designed to evaluate a client's collateral circulation in the arm before an invasive arterial procedure
such as arterial blood gas analysis. While the client's radial and ulnar arteries are occluded, he clenches his
fist, causing the hand to blanch. The client then unclenches his fist while the pressure on the ulnar artery is
released (but the radial artery remains occluded). The hand should become pink, indicating a patent ulnar
artery.
amblyopia
Decreased visual acuity in one eye in the absence of detectable structural or pathologic changes.
amenorrhea
The absence or cessation of menstruation. Except in preadolescents and in pregnant and postmenopausal
women, amenorrhea may reflect dysfunction of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovary, or uterus;
congenital absence or surgical removal of both ovaries or the uterus; or an adverse effect of medication.
amniocentesis
Withdrawal of a sample of amniotic fluid by transabdominal puncture and needle aspiration, usually
performed during the fifth month of pregnancy to detect such genetic disorders as Down syndrome, neural
tube defects, and Tay-Sachs disease; if the clinician suspects sex-linked genetic defects, the procedure may
be done to determine fetal gender.
amniotomy
Artificial rupture of the membranes.
anaphylaxis
A systemic reaction to a previously encountered antigen.
anastomosis
A surgical procedure in which two blood vessels, ducts, or other tubelike structures are joined to allow the
flow of substances between them. Types of anastomoses are end-to-end and side-to-side.
angina pectoris
Severe chest pain characterized by sensations of spasm, constriction, and crushing weight, classically
radiating from the area over the heart to the left shoulder and arm and possibly accompanied by a feeling of
choking or suffocation. Angina usually results from myocardial oxygen deprivation secondary to
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder, most common among adolescent girls, that is characterized by an aversion to eating, a
morbid fear of becoming obese despite significant weight loss, a disturbed body image that results in a
feeling of being fat even when extremely thin, and amenorrhea (in females).
anteroposterior-to-lateral
Direction referring from front to back and side to side.
anticholinergic
1. Of or relating to blockade of the impulses of parasympathetic or other cholinergic nerve fibers. 2. Any
agent with anticholinergic properties.
antiembolism stockings
Elasticized stockings prescribed for some postoperative or bedridden clients to enhance venous blood flow
from the lower extremities and thus prevent thromboembolism resulting from pooling of blood in the veins
and dilation of veins.
antisocial personality disorder
A disorder that manifests after age 15 as a pervasive disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
anuria
Absence of urine production.
aortic stenosis
An abnormal narrowing of the orifice of the aortic valve, which prevents normal flow of blood from the left
ventricle into the aorta. The constriction may result from a congenital malformation or pathologic fusion of
the valve cusps. Aortic stenosis causes decreased cardiac output and pulmonary vascular congestion.
Apgar score
A numerical evaluation of a neonate's condition in which a rating of 0, 1, or 2 is assigned to each of five
criteria: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex responses, and skin color. The five scores are then
combined: A score of 7 to 10 is considered normal, 4 to 7 indicates moderate distress, and 3 or less
indicates acute distress. The Apgar score is usually obtained at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.
aphasia
Loss or impairment of the ability to communicate through speech, written language, or signs, resulting
from brain disease or trauma.
aphthous stomatitis
A recurring disease of unknown cause marked by the eruption of ulcers on the mucous membranes of the
mouth. Also called canker sore.
appendicitis
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. When acute, appendicitis commonly necessitates an
appendectomy to prevent perforation of the appendix and subsequent peritonitis.
apraxia
Complete or partial inability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motor
impairment.
asepsis
The absence of living, disease-producing organisms. Medical asepsis refers to the removal or destruction of
disease organisms or infected material. Surgical asepsis refers to protection against infection before, during,
or after surgery by means of sterile technique.
asthma
A respiratory disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of paroxysmal dyspnea, bronchospasm, wheezing
on expiration, and coughing. Conditions that may trigger an asthma attack include inhalation of allergens or
pollutants, vigorous exercise, emotional stress, and infection.
ataxia
Impairment of the ability to coordinate voluntary muscle movement.
atopic dermatitis
A skin inflammation occurring in individuals with a genetic predisposition to allergies, characterized by
intense itching, maculopapular lesions, and excoriation (rash pattern varies with age but usually occurs on
the face).
audiometry
Evaluation of hearing using an audiometer. Various audiometric tests identify the lowest intensity of sound
at which a client can perceive an auditory stimulus, hear different frequencies, and differentiate speech
sounds. Pure tone audiometry evaluates the ability to hear frequencies, usually ranging from 125 to 8,000
Hz, and can determine whether a hearing loss results from a problem in the middle ear, inner ear, or
auditory nerve.
auditory hallucinations
Perceptual experiences occurring in the absence of actual external sensory stimuli (for example, hearing
voices telling one to do something).
location in the same individual.

autoimmune disorder
A disorder resulting from an inappropriate immune response that is directed against the self. Antigens
normally found in the internal cells stimulate the development of antibodies; these antibodies can’t
distinguish antigens of the internal cells from external antigens and act against the internal cells to cause
various reactions.
autoimmunity
A condition in which the immune system mounts an attack against the individual's own body tissues. One
theory proposes that autoimmunity reflects an inability of the immune system to distinguish between
autoantigens and foreign substances, caused by some change in the cellular components of the immune
system. Autoimmunity may lead to hypersensitivity and autoimmune disease.
autonomic dysreflexia
Reaction that may occur in clients with spinal cord injury above T6. Dysreflexia results autograft
The surgical transfer of tissue (commonly skin) from one location of the body to another in profuse
diaphoresis, pounding headache, blurred vision, and dramatically elevated blood pressure. This life-
threatening reaction may occur even from seemingly minor stimuli, such as lying on a wrinkled sheet or
having a full bladder.
autosomal recessive disorder
Genetic disorder involving two expressed abnormal autosomal genes (not expressed in the parents) in
which the individual affected receives one copy of the altered gene from each parent; thus the individual is
homozygous for that trait.
bacterial meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord caused by bacteria such as Neisseria
meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Escherichia coli.
bipolar disorder
A mood disorder characterized by major depression and full manic episodes.
body surface area
Means for calculating the amount of drug to be given to a client (typically a child) using a nomogram or for
estimating the extent of a burn
borderline personality disorder
A disorder characterized by unstable relationships, potentially self-damaging impulsiveness, difficulty in
controlling anger, recurrent suicidal threats, and chronic feelings of boredom and emptiness.
bradyarrhythmias
Irregularity in heart rate or rhythm characterized by slowness.
bradycardia
A slow but steady heartbeat at a rate of less than 60 beats per minute. Bradycardia is normal during sleep
and in well-conditioned athletes. In other circumstances, it may indicate an abnormal condition, such as
brain tumor or digitalis toxicity.
Braxton Hicks contraction
Light, painless, irregular uterine tightening during pregnancy, arising during the first trimester and
increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity by the third trimester. Also called false labor. Strong
Braxton Hicks contractions occurring near term may be mistaken for true labor.
breast engorgement
Distention of the milk ducts and surrounding tissue as breast milk is formed, causing the breasts to become
fuller, larger, and firmer.
bronchiolitis
A lung inflammation that usually begins in the terminal bronchioles, occurring mainly in infants and
debilitated persons. Also called bronchopneumonia. Commonly, bronchiolitis results from upper
respiratory infection, specific infectious fevers, and other debilitating diseases.
bronchoscopy
Visual examination of the tracheobronchial tree using a bronchoscope.
Brudzinski's sign
Flexion of the hips and knees in response to passive flexion of the neck; signals meningeal irritation.
bruit
An abnormal vascular "swishing" sound heard on auscultation as a result of turbulent blood flow through
dilated, irregular, torturous, or stenotic vessels.
bulimia
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating that may end in self-induced vomiting,
alternating with periods of normal eating or fasting. Depression and awareness of the abnormal behavior
are part of this illness.
cardiac catheterization
A diagnostic procedure in which a cardiac catheter is inserted into a large vein (usually of an arm or leg)
and then threaded through the vein to the client's heart.
cardiac output
The volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute (normally ranging from 4 to 8 L). Cardiac output
equals the stroke volume (the difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume) multiplied
by the heart rate.

cardiogenic shock
A condition of low cardiac output that results from heart pump failure, such as in acute myocardial
infarction, heart failure, or severe cardiomyopathy.
catatonic
A stuporous or unresponsive state commonly characterized by an inability to move or talk.
celiac disease
A chronic disease in which an individual can’t tolerate foods containing gluten or wheat protein. Signs and
symptoms include abdominal distention, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle wasting, and extreme lethargy.
cerebral aneurysm
A saclike dilation of the wall of a cerebral artery, typically resulting from weakness of the wall. A cerebral,
or berry, aneurysm usually occurs in the circle of Willis and is prone to rupture.
cerebral confusion
A bruising of the brain tissue as a result of a severe blow to the head. A contusion disrupts normal nerve
function in the bruised area and may cause loss of consciousness, hemorrhage, edema, and even death.
cerebral palsy
A permanent disorder of motor function resulting from nonprogressive brain damage or a brain lesion.
Cerebral palsy usually appears before age 3.
chemotherapy
Treatment of a disease using chemicals that exert a toxic effect on the pathogen or abnormal cell growth.
chest physiotherapy
An array of physical techniques, including postural drainage, chest percussion and vibration, and coughing
and deep-breathing maneuvers. Chest physiotherapy is used to loosen and help eliminate lung secretions,
reexpand lung tissue, and promote optimal use of respiratory muscles.
cholelithiasis
The presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder.
cholinergic
1. Of or relating to nerve fibers that are stimulated to free acetylcholine at a synapse. 2. An agent that frees
acetylcholine.
chronic bronchitis
A persistent respiratory disease marked by increased production of mucus by the glands of the trachea and
bronchi. This common disease is characterized by a cough (with expectoration) at least 3 months of the
year for more than 2 consecutive years.
Chvostek's sign
A spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the facial nerve. This spasm signals tetany and is
seen in clients with hypocalcemia.
circumcised
Involving the removal of the foreskin of the penis.
circumferential
Area encircling or concerning the periphery of an object or body part.
cirrhosis
A chronic, degenerative liver disease in which the lobes are covered with fibrous tissue, the liver
parenchyma degenerates, and the lobules are infiltrated with fat.
clinical depression
Syndrome characterized by persistent sadness and dysphoria accompanied by disturbances in sleep and
appetite, lethargy, and an inability to experience pleasure.
cognitive development
Ability to learn from experience, gain and maintain knowledge, respond to new situations, and solve
problems.
colonoscopy
Examination of the colon using a flexible endoscope to visualize internal body areas or to remove tissue
samples or small growths.
compartment syndrome
A neurovascular complication commonly associated with fractures of the limb; constricting or occlusive
dressings, sutures, or casts; poor positioning; and any injury causing ischemia, swelling, or bleeding into
the tissues that ultimately can lead to permanent dysfunction and deformity. It’s characterized by increasing
limb pain unrelieved by analgesics, pallid or dusky skin color changes, absent pulse or edema distal to the
injury site, decreased active and passive muscle movement distal to the injury site, pain with passive
muscle stretching, and sensory changes.
compliance
1. Adherence to a therapeutic regimen. 2. A tissue's or organ's ability to yield to pressure without
disruption, commonly used to describe the distensibility of an air- or fluid-filled organ.
compulsion
A ritualistic, repetitive, and involuntary defensive behavior.
concussion
A violent shock or jarring, such as from an explosion or a blow. Concussion of the brain is characterized by
loss of consciousness. Severe concussion may also cause impairment of brain stem functions.

congenital hip dislocation

Improper formation and function of the hip socket, commonly involving subluxation (where the femoral
head is high in the acetabulum) or dislocation (where the femoral head is above the acetabulum).
consolidation
Solidification of the lungs that occurs with pneumonia.
contracture
Abnormal flexion and fixation of a joint, possibly permanent, which is typically caused by muscle wasting
and atrophy or by loss of normal skin elasticity such as from extensive scar tissue.
conversion disorder
A disorder in which the client attempts to resolve a psychological conflict through the loss of a specific
physical function -- for example, by paralysis, blindness, or inability to swallow.couvades syndrome
The experience of physical symptoms associated with pregnancy, such as nausea, vomiting, and backache,
by the husband of a pregnant woman; the response often results from stress, anxiety, and empathy for the
pregnant woman.
crackles
Short, explosive or popping sounds usually heard during inspiration. They may be coarse (loud and low in
pitch) or fine (less intense and high in pitch) and resemble the sounds heard when rolling hair between the
fingers near the ear.
Crohn's disease
A chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause, usually involving the terminal ileum, with
scarring and thickening of the bowel wall. Signs and symptoms include frequent episodes of diarrhea,
severe abdominal pain, nausea, fever, chills, anorexia, and weight loss.
croup
An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract that causes acute upper airway obstruction. Characterized by
stridor, a barking cough, and hoarseness, it primarily affects infants and young children ages 3 months to 3
years and follows an upper respiratory tract infection.
crowning
Appearance of the presenting part of the fetus at the perineum and seen when the vulva are separated.
crystalloid fluid
Clear solutions (usually in reference to I.V. solutions) containing electrolytes and water.
Cushing's syndrome
A metabolic disorder caused by chronic, excessive production of adrenocortical hormones or by prolonged
high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. It’s characterized by such signs and symptoms as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus, dusky complexion with purple striae, muscle wasting, weakness, and sudden development of fat
around the face, neck, and trunk.
cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an excessive amount of
deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule such as in
methemoglobin.
cyanotic
Referring to the bluish or bluish black discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes that results from
excessive concentration of unoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood.
cystic fibrosis
An inherited disorder of the exocrine glands that affects multiple organ systems, causing such conditions as
chronic pulmonary disease, pancreatic deficiency, sweat gland dysfunction, malabsorption, and liver
obstruction.
cystoscopy
Direct visualization of the urinary tract by inserting a cystoscope in the urethra.
debridement
Removal of dead or damaged tissue or foreign material from a wound to prevent the growth of
microorganisms and further damage and to promote healing.
deceleration
A drop in baseline fetal heart rate as indicated by the fetal monitor. Early deceleration is a drop in fetal
heart rate that coincides with uterine contraction. Variable deceleration is a drop in fetal heart rate that
doesn't occur at a consistent point during contractions. Prolonged deceleration is a drop in fetal heart rate
that occurs for an extended period of time.
deep vein thrombosis
A condition involving the development of a blood clot in the deep veins of the pelvis, groin, or legs that
disrupts venous blood flow and leads to swelling and edema.
dehiscence
The partial or complete separation of a wound's edges.
dehydrated
Having insufficient water in the body or tissues.
delusions
False ideas or beliefs accepted as real by the client.
delusions of grandeur
Distorted or false idea or belief that one has exceptional powers, wealth, skill, influence, or destiny.

dependent personality disorder

A disorder that begins in early adulthood and is characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of that
leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fear of separation.depolarization
Neutralization of electrical polarity; reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when
stimulated. An example is the reduction of the ion differential of sodium and potassium across the nerve
cells at the neuromuscular junction.
diabetes insipidus
A metabolic disorder marked by extreme polyuria and polydipsia and resulting from deficient secretion or
production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or inability of the renal tubules to respond to ADH. (Rarely,
excessive water intake causes signs and symptoms.) The condition may be acquired (secondary to disease
or drug therapy), inherited, idiopathic, or nephrogenic.
diabetes mellitus
A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosuria resulting
from inadequate production or utilization of insulin.
diabetic ketoacidosis
An acute, life-threatening form of metabolic acidosis that may arise as a complication of uncontrolled
diabetes mellitus. Accumulation of ketone bodies leads to urinary loss of water, potassium, ammonium, and
sodium, resulting in hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalances, an extremely high blood glucose level and,
commonly, coma. Signs and symptoms include flushed, hot, dry skin; confusion; nausea; diaphoresis;
restlessness; and fruity breath odor.
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
A life-threatening disorder of excessive clot formation caused by overstimulation of the body's clotting and
anticlotting processes in response to disease or injury. Such overstimulation is followed by a deficiency in
clotting factors with hypocoagulability and hemorrhaging.
diuretic
1. Tending to increase the formation and excretion of urine. 2. An agent that promotes the formation and
excretion of urine.
diverticulitis
Inflammation of one or more diverticula, or saclike herniations, in the muscular layer of the colon.
diverticulosis
The presence of saclike herniations through the muscular layer of the colon without accompanying
inflammation. Most clients with this condition have few signs or symptoms except for occasional rectal
bleeding.
dumping syndrome
A condition of nausea, weakness, profuse sweating, and dizziness occurring in clients who have had a
subtotal gastrectomy. Signs and symptoms arise soon after eating when the contents of the stomach empty
too rapidly into the duodenum. Also called postgastrectomy syndrome. Eating small, frequent, high-protein,
high-calorie meals may help prevent discomfort and ensure adequate nutrition.
dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing, commonly resulting from obstructive or motor disorders of the esophagus.
Obstructive disorders, such as an esophageal tumor or lower esophageal ring, interfere with the ability to
swallow solids; motor disturbances such as achalasia impair swallowing of solids and liquids.
dyspnea Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, or labored breathing resulting from certain heart
conditions, anxiety, or strenuous exercise.
dystonic reaction
Severe tonic contractions of the muscles in the neck, mouth, and tongue; dystonic reaction is a common
adverse reaction to antipsychotic drugs.
dysuria
Painful or difficult urination, which is usually caused by a bacterial infection or an obstruction in the
urinary tract.
echolalia
Parrotlike and inappropriate repetition of another's words.
ectopic pregnancy
Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity. Types of ectopic pregnancy are abdominal
pregnancy, interstitial pregnancy, and tubal pregnancy.
effacement
Shortening of the vaginal portion of the cervix and thinning of its walls during labor due to stretching and
dilation caused by the fetus. Full effacement obliterates the constrictive neck of the uterus. The extent of
effacement is expressed as a percentage of full effacement.
elbow restraints
Type of restrictive device attached to the client's body at the elbow to restrict movement or access to
another body part; may be applied after cleft palate repair to reduce the risk of injury to the suture line.
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
The induction of a brief seizure and loss of consciousness by applying a low-voltage alternating current to
the brain through scalp electrodes. ECT is used in the treatment of affective disorders (primarily acute
depression), especially in clients resistant to psychoactive drugs. On awakening, the client has no memory
of the shock.

electromyogram (EMG)
A record of the electrical activity of skeletal muscles, obtained by surface electrodes or needle electrodes
and devices that amplify, transmit, and record the signals. The technique is helpful in diagnosing
neuromuscular disorders, pinpointing motor nerve lesions, and measuring electrical potentials induced by
voluntary muscle contraction.
electromyography
Diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of selected skeletal muscle groups at rest and during
voluntary contraction. It involves percutaneous insertion of a needle electrode into a muscle with
measurement of the muscle's electrical discharge through an oscilloscope.
endocarditis
An abnormal condition of the endocardium and heart valves marked by vegetations on the valves and
endocardium. It may occur as a primary disorder or arise in association with another disease.
endotracheal intubation
Passage of a wide-bore tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea. It may be used to maintain a patent
airway, administer anesthesia, aspirate secretions, prevent aspiration of foreign material into the
tracheobronchial tree of an unconscious or paralyzed person, or administer positive pressure ventilation that
can’t be given effectively by a mask.
enteral
Referring to administration by mouth, rectum, or directly into the intestinal system.
enteral feedings
Delivery of nutrients directly into the GI tract through a feeding tube.
enteric precautions
A category-specific type of infection precautions established by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention involving infections transmitted by intestinal secretions. These have since been replaced with
standard precautions and transmission-based precautions.
enuresis
debris, and small clots. Involuntary passage or release of urine after the age when bladder control would
have been normally achieved.
epiglottis
The lidlike, cartilaginous structure that overhangs the larynx and prevents food from entering the larynx
and trachea during swallowing.
epiglottitis
Inflammation of the epiglottis. Acute epiglottitis, a severe form of the condition that primarily affects
children, causes stridor, fever, sore throat, croupy cough, and a reddened, swollen epiglottis.
epilepsy
A group of neurologic disorders marked by uncontrolled electrical discharge from the cerebral cortex and
typically manifested by seizures with clouding of consciousness. Epilepsy is most commonly of unknown
cause (idiopathic) but is sometimes associated with head trauma, intracranial infection, brain tumor,
vascular disturbances, intoxication, or chemical imbalance.
episiotomy Surgical incision
into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening for delivery. It’s performed to prevent traumatic tearing of
the perineum, to hasten or promote delivery, or to prevent stretching of perineal muscles and connective
tissue.
Erikson
Psychosocial development theorist who described eight developmental stages across the life span, each of
which is characterized by a conflict between two opposing forces.
eschar
A thick scab or dry crust that appears after a thermal or chemical burn.
esophageal atresia
A congenital anomaly involving closure of the esophagus at some point, often ending in a blind pouch.
evaporation
The change of a liquid to a vapor at a temperature below the boiling point of the liquid. Evaporation occurs
at the surface of the liquid, hastened by an increase in temperature and a decrease in atmospheric pressure.
evisceration
1. Pushing out or removal of the viscera, especially through a surgical incision. 2. In ophthalmology:
excision of the contents of the eyeball (except the sclera).
exacerbation
An increase in the seriousness of a disease or disorder or in its signs and symptoms.
extrapyramidal
1. Describing the tissues and structures of the brain located outside the pyramidal tract and not running
through the medullary pyramid -- excluding the motor neurons, motor cortex, and corticospinal and
corticobulbar tracts. 2. Of or relating to the function of these tissues and structures.
extravasation
Escape, usually of blood, lymph, or I.V. solution, from a vessel into surrounding tissues.
febrile seizure
Typically, a tonic-clonic seizure of relatively short duration (usually less than 1 minute) occurring with an
acute illness and fever.

full-term
Pregnancy that has continued for a period of 38 to 42 weeks.
gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and stomach lining.
gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines that accompanies numerous GI disorders;
characterized by anorexia, weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea.
gastrostomy
Opening created into the stomach.
gestational diabetes
The development of diabetes during pregnancy, usually during the second trimester.
gestational trophoblastic disease
Failure of an embryo to develop beyond a primitive state due to proliferation and degeneration of the
trophoblastic villi becoming filled with fluid and appearing as grape-sized vesicles Also called a
hydatidiform mole, molar pregnancy.
glaucoma
A group of eye diseases characterized by abnormally elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of
the outflow of aqueous humor.
glomerular filtration rate
Rate at which the glomeruli in the kidneys filter blood (normally, 125 ml/minute).
glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys.
gout
A group of disorders associated with inborn errors of metabolism that affect purine and pyrimidine use;
results in increased production of uric acid or interferes with its excretion. Manifested by hyperuricemia,
recurrent acute inflammatory arthritis, deposition of urate crystals in the joints of the extremities, and uric
acid urolithiasis.
Graham Steell's murmur
A pulmonary regurgitation murmur resulting from pulmonary hypertension; usually loud with a blowing
quality and variable in duration, it’s heard best along the left sternal border over the third and fourth
intercostal spaces.
granulation tissue
Tissue that develops during collagen production; capillaries form as budlike structures from nearby vessels,
penetrating the wound, growing into loops, and providing a nutritional source for the newly generated
tissue; the loops give the tissue a "granular" appearance.
Graves' disease
A disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by pronounced thyrotoxicosis usually associated with an
enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, or pretibial myxedema.
gravida A pregnant woman.
gynecomastia
Enlargement and development of the mammary glands in men, usually temporary and benign.
hallucinations
Sensory perceptions that don't result from external stimuli and that occur during wakefulness.
heart failure
Inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the tissues.
hemarthrosis
Bleeding into a joint cavity.
hematuria
The presence of blood in the urine.
hemicolectomy
Surgical removal of one-half of the colon.
hemiparesis
Paralysis on one side of the body or a part of it that indicates an injury to the motor area of the brain.
hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body.
hemolytic reaction Type of blood
transfusion reaction occurring when the donor's blood is incompatible with the recipient's blood; the most
serious type of transfusion reaction.
hemophilia
A bleeding disorder characterized by a failure of the blood clotting mechanism. It’s an inherited condition
occurring almost exclusively in males.
hemoptysis
The coughing or spitting up of blood caused by hemorrhage in the lungs or bronchi. Minor amounts of
blood may appear in the sputum of individuals with bronchitis or upper respiratory tract infections.
hepatic encephalopathy
A serious complication of liver failure affecting a client's neurologic status; believed to result from the
accumulation of toxins, such as ammonia, in the blood.

hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver.
hiatal hernia
Protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm.
hopelessness
State of severe despair associated with feelings of inadequacy and isolation, an inability to act on one's
behalf, and a belief that the situation is highly unlikely to improve.
hospice
A system of family-centered care using a multidisciplinary approach designed to assist the chronically ill
person to maintain a satisfactory lifestyle through the terminal phases of dying.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A retrovirus identified as the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
hydatidiform mole
A usually benign neoplasm that occurs at the end of a degenerating pregnancy and arises from enlarged
chorionic villi and the proliferation of trophoblastic tissue.
hydramnios
Presence of an excess volume of amniotic fluid during pregnancy.
hydrotherapy Treatment
involving the use of water, such as tub or shower baths and whirlpools.
hyperemesis gravidarum
Severe and prolonged vomiting during pregnancy to such a degree that weight loss and an imbalance of
fluids and electrolytes occur.
hyperphosphatemia
Elevated serum level of phosphorus above 2.6 mEq/L or 4.5 mg/dl.
hypersomnolence Excessive
sleepiness.
hyperthermia
A severe elevation in body temperature.
hypertonic
1. A solution that has greater osmotic pressure compared to another solution; a fluid in which cells shrink.
2. In reference to muscles or arteries, having a greater than normal degree of tension.
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Primary disease of the cardiac muscle characterized by disproportionate, asymmetrical thickening of the
interventricular septum, particularly in the anterior-superior region. Also called idiopathic hypertrophic
subaortic stenosis.
hypochondriasis
Preoccupation with the fear that one has a serious illness despite medical reassurance to the contrary; fear
interferes with psychosocial functioning.
hypoglycemia
Low serum glucose levels.
hypospadias
A congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on the underside, rather than at the tip,
of the penis; in females, the defect is manifested by a urethral opening into the vagina.
hypotonic
1. A solution that has a decreased osmotic pressure compared to another solution; a fluid in which cells
swell. 2. In reference to muscles or arteries, having a less than normal degree of tension.
hypoxia
A decreased level of oxygen in inspired air.
iatrogenic
Introduced inadvertently by a medical practitioner or resulting from a diagnostic procedure or treatment.
impetigo
A contagious, inflammatory skin infection that usually occurs on the face. Characterized by the appearance
of small, itchy blisters that rupture and form a crusty scab; usually caused by streptococcal or
staphylococcal bacteria or a combination of both types of organisms.
incentive spirometer
A device that requires the client to deep breathe, hold the breath for approximately 3 seconds, and then
exhale in an effort to expand the lungs.
incompatibility
Unsuitability for combination, often due to antagonistic action.
informed consent
Permission obtained from a client to perform a specific test or procedure after the client has been fully
informed about the test or procedure.
intermittent claudication
Pain that occurs with activity or exercise but that is relieved with rest. This pain results from the body's
inability to supply arterial blood (blood rich in nutrients) to the tissues that experience an increase in
demand during exercise or activity.

intra-aortic balloon pump

A device consisting of a balloon attached to a catheter that is introduced into the descending thoracic aorta
through the femoral artery. Alternating inflation (during diastole) and deflation (during systole) of the
balloon alters resistance to aortic blood flow and both decrease the heart's workload and increase the supply
of blood to the coronary arteries.
intradermal injection
Injection of any substance into the skin between the dermis and epidermis. The technique is typically used
to produce a local drug effect (such as in local anesthesia for procedures such as suturing wounds) or
during allergy testing. Also called intracutaneous injection.
intraosseous infusion
Administration of fluid, blood, or drugs into the bone marrow cavity of a long bone; typically used in
children for emergency situations when I.V. access is difficult or unavailable.
intussusception
Telescoping or invagination of a portion of the bowel into an adjacent portion; most commonly seen in
infants.
iron deficiency anemia
Anemia characterized by an insufficient amount of iron in the serum, decreased stores of iron in the bone
marrow, and elevated serum iron-binding.
irritability
Excitability or excessive responsiveness to a stimulus.
isotonic
Of or relating to a solution that has the same osmotic pressure as another solution; a solution in which cells
neither swell nor shrink Kawasaki disease
A febrile, multisystem disorder affecting the small to medium-size vessels, primarily of the lymph nodes,
most commonly in children before puberty; usually follows exposure to an infection. Also called
mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.
Kegel exercises
Exercises involving alternate contraction and relaxation performed to strengthen the perineal muscles.
kernicterus
A neurologic syndrome resulting from deposition of unconjugated bilirubin in the brain cells and
characterized by severe neural symptoms.
Kernig's sign
Elicitation of resistance and hamstring muscle pain when the examiner attempts to extend the knee while
the hip and knee are both flexed 90 degrees.
Kussmaul's respirations
Abnormally deep, gasping type of respirations resulting from air hunger; associated withsevere diabetic
acidosis and coma. laminectomy
Surgical removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae; performed to relieve spinal cord
compression or to remove a displaced intervertebral disk.
lead poisoning
Poisoning caused by the ingestion or absorption of lead or one of its salts. Signs and symptoms include loss
of appetite and weight, anemia, constipation, insomnia, headache, dizziness, irritability, a blue line at the
margin of the gums, and peripheral neuropathy.
lethargy
A feeling or condition of sluggishness, apathy, or inactivity.
living will
A witnessed document indicating a client's desire to be allowed to die a natural death rather than be kept
alive by heroic, life-sustaining measures. The will applies to decisions that will be made after a terminally
ill client is incompetent and has no reasonable possibility of recovery.
lochia
The vaginal discharge present during the first several weeks after delivery.
lochia alba
A creamy white, brown, or colorless discharge consisting mainly of serum and white blood cells; typically
stops flowing at about 6 weeks postpartum.
lochia rubra
Present during the first 3 to 4 postpartal days; it’s bloody and may contain mucus, tissue,
lochia serosa
A pink or brownish discharge persisting for 5 to 7 days postpartum.
lumbar puncture
Fluid withdrawal from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region of the spinal canal, usually between the
third and fourth lumbar vertebrae, for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Also called spinal tap.
lymphangiography
A diagnostic radiographic evaluation of lymphatic system filling after injection of a contrast medium into a
lymphatic vessel of each foot or hand.
lymphedema
Edema of an arm or leg caused by the buildup of interstitial fluid as a result of lymphatic inflammation or
obstruction or a lymph node disorder.
mammogram
A radiograph of the breast; used for diagnostic purposes.
mammography
Radiography of the mammary gland to identify benign and malignant neoplastic processes.
mastectomy
The surgical resection of a breast; usually performed to remove a malignant tumor.
mastitis
Inflammation of the mammary gland; usually caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal infection and
infrequent breast-feeding.
meconium
A dark, greenish black material that occurs in the intestines of a fetus that forms the first stools of a
neonate. The fluid is thick and sticky and is composed of intestinal gland secretions, some amniotic fluid,
and intrauterine debris.
Ménière's disease
A labyrinthine dysfunction that produces severe vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnitus.
metabolic acidosis
A condition resulting from excessive accumulation of acid or depletion of bicarbonate.
metabolic alkalosis
A clinical state marked by decreased amounts of acid or increased amounts of base bicarbonate.
milieu
A therapeutic environment, typically used as part of inpatient psychiatric therapymitral stenosis
Obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle due to thickening and contracting of the
mitral valve leaflets; consequently, left atrial volume and pressure rise and the chamber dilates. Greater
resistance to blood flow causes pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right-sided
heart failure.
muscular dystrophy
A group of degenerative genetic diseases characterized by weakness and the progressive atrophy of skeletal
muscles with no evidence of nervous system involvement.
myasthenia gravis
An abnormal muscle weakness and fatigability, especially in the muscles of the face and throat, resulting
from a defect in the conduction of nerve impulses at the myoneural junction.
myeloma
Osteolytic neoplasm consisting of a protrusion of cells typical of the bone marrow.
myelomeningocele
The protrusion of a hernial sac containing a portion of the spinal cord, its meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid
through a congenital defect in the vertebral column.
myxedema
A disorder that results from hypofunction of the thyroid. Signs and symptoms include enlarged tongue,
slowed speech, moon face, drowsiness, cold intolerance, hair loss, and anemia.
myxedema coma
A rare, serious form of hypothyroidism that usually results from lack of treatment or mistreatment, severe
stress (from infection, exposure to cold, or trauma), or the use of sedatives or anesthetics in a client being
treated for hypothyroidism.
nephrectomy
The surgical removal of a kidney, usually done to remove a tumor, drain an abscess, or treat
hydronephrosis.
nephrotic syndrome
A clinical classification including all kidney diseases characterized by marked proteinuria,
hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
neurotransmitter
Any one of a group of substances that act on a target nerve cell to excite or inhibit transmission of nerve
impulses; substances include norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and dopamine.
nystagmus
Involuntary, rapid movements of the eyeball that may be horizontal, rotatory, vertical, or mixed.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
A disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors that represent recurring efforts to
control overwhelming anxiety, guilt, or unacceptable impulses that persistently enter the consciousness.
oliguria
A diminished flow of urine in relation to fluid intake; usually less than 400 ml in 24 hours. Also called
hypouresis.
ophthalmia neonatorum
Eye infection occurring at birth or in the first month; most commonly caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia.
opioids
Opium-derived or synthetically produced drugs that alter pain perception, induce mental changes, promote
deep sleep, depress respirations, constrict pupils, and decrease GI motility.
orthostatic hypotension
Abnormally low blood pressure that occurs when a person stands up. Also called postural hypotension.

osmolality
The concentration or osmotic pressure of a solution; expressed in osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
osmolarity
The osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmoles of solute per liter of solution.
osteomalacia
Delayed or poor mineralization of bone; the adult equivalent of rickets. This condition is associated with
anorexia, fracture, pain, weakness, and weight loss.
osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone that results from a local or general infection of bone and bone marrow. The bacterial
infection is caused by trauma or surgery, by direct extension from a nearby infection, or by introduction
from the bloodstream.
osteoporosis
A disorder in which bone mass is reduced and fractures occur after minimal trauma. It occurs most
commonly in postmenopausal women, sedentary or immobilized individuals, and persons on long-term
steroid or heparin therapy.
otorrhea
A discharge from the ear, which may be serous, sanguineous, or purulent if the external or middle ear is
infected.
ototoxicity
Harmful effect on the function of the eighth cranial nerve or hearing organs; most commonly associated
with prescribed drugs.
paralytic ileus
A decrease in or absence of bowel motility that may occur following abdominal surgery or may be caused
by numerous other conditions, most commonly by peritonitis.
paranoid schizophrenia
Disorder involving disordered thinking with delusional thought content characterized by preoccupation
with delusions or auditory hallucinations, lack of organized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or
flat or inappropriate affect.
paraplegia
An abnormal condition characterized by the loss of sensation and motor function in the lower limbs, which
may result in either complete or incomplete paralysis.
parenteral
Not in or through the digestive system, but rather by injection through some other route, such as
subcutaneously, I.V., I.M., or intradermally.
paresthesia
Abnormal or heightened touch sensations, such as burning, numbness, prickling, and tingling, that
commonly occur without external stimulus.
perceptions
Awareness of objects and the ability to differentiate between them.
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
A technique to open stenosed atherosclerotic arteries. A balloon catheter is inserted through the skin and
into the vessel to the site of narrowing; the balloon is inflated, thus flattening the plaque against the arterial
walls.
pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium; may be caused by trauma, neoplasm, infection, uremia, myocardial
infarction, or collagen disease.
perineum
1. The pelvic floor and its associated structures; located between the symphysis pubis and the coccyx and
on the sides by the ischial tuberosities. 2. The body area between the thighs; bounded by the anus and
scrotum in males and by the anus and vulva in females.
peritoneal dialysis
A procedure performed to remove toxins, drugs, or other wastes normally excreted by the kidney; transfers
these substances across the peritoneum by intermittently introducing and removing a dialysate from the
peritoneal cavity.
peritonitis
An inflammation of the peritoneum; can be produced by bacteria or irritating substances introduced into the
abdominal cavity by a penetrating wound or perforation of an organ.
pernicious anemia A
megaloblastic anemia characterized by decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid from the parietal
cells of the stomach essential for vitamin B12 absorption; results in vitamin B12 deficiency.
phagocytosis
The process by which cells engulf and digest solid substances, such as microorganisms and cell debris.
phenylketonuria (PKU)
An inborn metabolic disorder caused by absence or deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, the enzyme
responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine; results in accumulation of phenylalanine and its
metabolites, causing mental retardation and other neurologic problems, light pigmentation, eczema, and a
distinctive mousy odor.

pheochromocytoma
A chromaffin-cell tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes an excessive amount of the catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine, which results in severe hypertension, increased metabolism, and
hyperglycemia.
phototherapy
The treatment of disease by the use of light, especially ultraviolet light or other concentrated rays; used to
treat acne, psoriasis, and hyperbilirubinemia.
placenta previa
Implantation of the placenta so that it adjoins or covers the internal os of the uterine cervix. The most
common symptom is painless hemorrhage in the last trimester.
pneumonia
An acute infection of the lung parenchyma that commonly impairs gas exchange.
pneumothorax
A collection of air in the pleural space; may result from an open chest wound that permits the entrance of
air or from the rupture of a vesicle on the surface of the lung. Common types of pneumothorax are open,
closed, and tension.
polydipsia
Chronic, excessive thirst.
polyneuritis
Degeneration of peripheral nerves primarily supplying the distal muscles of the extremities. It results in
muscle weakness, with sensory loss and atrophy, and decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes.
polyphagia
Voracious or excessive eating before becoming satiated.
polyuria
The excessive excretion of urine from the kidneys.
postterm neonate
A neonate born after the onset of the 43rd week of pregnancy.
preeclampsia
An abnormal condition characterized by the development of hypertension during pregnancy, accompanied
by edema or proteinuria, usually after the 20th week of gestation.
pressure ulcer
Localized area of skin breakdown occurring secondary to prolonged pressure. Necrotic tissue develops
because the vascular supply to the area is diminished.
preterm neonate
A neonate born before the beginning of the 38th week of pregnancy.
primigravid
A woman who is pregnant for the first time.
productive cough
A mechanism by which the body clears the airway passages of secretions that normal mucociliary action
doesn't remove; usually sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs that contains sputum or
blood (or both).
projection
False attribution of one's unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts onto another.
pruritus Itching; an
unpleasant sensation that leads to rubbing or scratching the skin in an effort to obtain relief. Scratching the
skin may lead to secondary infection.
pseudoparkinsonism
The development of a Parkinson-like disorder (neuromuscular disorder involving progressive muscle
rigidity, akinesia, and involuntary tremors) due to psychotropic drug therapy.
puerperal
1. Of or pertaining to the period from the end of childbirth until involution of the uterus is complete
(usually 3 to 6 weeks). 2. Of or pertaining to a woman (puerpera) who has just given birth to an infant.
pulmonary edema
An abnormal condition in which extravascular fluid is accumulated in lung tissues and alveoli.
pulse pressure
The numeric difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures, usually 30 to 40 mm Hg.
purulent
Containing or forming pus.
pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis.
pyuria
The presence of pus in the urine, commonly a sign of urinary tract infection. radical mastectomy

Surgical removal of an entire breast, pectoral muscles, axillary lymph nodes, and all fat, fascia, and
adjacent tissues; usually used in the treatment of breast cancer.
reaction formation
Substitution of behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are completely opposed to one's own unacceptable
behavior, thoughts, or feelings.

reflection
A technique in which the listener interprets the feelings of the client and repeats them back to the client;
encourages the client to clarify his feelings.
repolarization
Part of the cardiac conduction cycle in which the cell returns to its resting state, a more negatively charged
state. Calcium ions move into the cell and potassium ions move out, followed by the extrusion of sodium
and calcium ions from the cell and the restoration of potassium ions into the cell by the sodium potassium
pump.
respiratory acidosis
Caused by reduced alveolar ventilation; is marked by increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide,
excess carbonic acid, and increased plasma hydrogen-ion concentration. Hypoventilation inhibits the
excretion of carbon dioxide, which consequently produces excessive carbonic acid and thus lowers blood
pH.
respiratory alkalosis
Caused by both respiratory and nonrespiratory factors, this condition is marked by decreased partial
pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, decreased hydrogen-ion concentration, and increased blood pH.
Extreme anxiety can precipitate hyperventilation associated with respiratory alkalosis.
resuscitation
A method used to support a client's breathing and circulation until the body can do so on its own or the
client is mechanically supported. It involves maintaining an open airway, providing artificial ventilation
through rescue breathing, and promoting artificial circulation through external cardiac compression.
Reye's syndrome
Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the internal organs following acute viral infections, such as
influenza B, chickenpox (varicella), the enteroviruses, and the Epstein-Barr virus; has also been associated
in children with administration of aspirin and other salicylates.
Rh incompatibility
In hematology: two blood groups that are antigenically different and, therefore, aren't compatible because
one group lacks the Rh factor.
rheumatic fever
An inflammatory disease sometimes occurring if group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection is
inadequately treated.
rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic, systemic collagen disease marked by inflammation, stiffness, and pain in the joints and related
structures that result in crippling deformities.
ritodrine therapy
A prescribed treatment that uses the beta-receptor agonist ritodrine to halt preterm labor.
Romberg’s sign
A swaying (or falling) when a person stands with feet together and eyes closed. It’s an indication that the
person has lost a sense of position. Also called rombergism.
rooting reflex
A response in neonates to the cheek being touched or stroked. The infant turns the head toward the
stimulated side and begins to suck. The reflex usually disappears by 3 to 4 months of age.
Russell traction
An orthopedic device that combines suspension and traction to align and immobilize the legs; used to treat
diseases of the hip and knee and fractured femurs as well as hip and knee contractures.
scabies
A contagious skin disease caused by the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei.
schizotypal personality disorder
A disorder characterized by acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships and by
cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning in early adulthood.
scoliosis
An appreciable lateral curvature of the spine resulting from numerous causes, including congenital
malformations of the spine, muscle paralysis, poliomyelitis, sciatica, and unequal leg length.
sensorineural hearing loss
Hearing loss caused by a defect or lesion of the inner ear or the acoustic nerve resulting in a distortion of
sound that makes discrimination difficult.
sensory perceptions
Awareness of one's surroundings through the use of vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.
serosanguineous
Of a discharge containing both serum and blood.
shock
An abnormal physiologic state characterized by reduced cardiac output, circulatory insufficiency,
tachycardia, hypotension, restlessness, pallor, and diminished urinary output. Shock may be caused by a
variety of conditions, including trauma, infection, hemorrhage, poisoning, myocardial infarction, and
dehydration.

sickle cell anemia

A chronic and incurable hereditary disorder occurring in people homozygous for hemoglobin S (Hb S). The
presence of Hb S results in distortion and fragility of erythrocytes.
sickle cell crisis
Episode of widespread cellular sickling in which the client's red blood cells containing hemoglobin S are
exposed to conditions in which oxygen supply to the cells is decreased. This leads to cellular contraction
and piling within the cell, altering the shape of the red blood cells (sickling). These sickled cells become
rigid and clump together to form clusters, ultimately obstructing capillary blood flow and causing tissue
ischemia.
simple fracture
An uncomplicated, closed bone fracture in which the skin isn't broken.
skin turgor
Skin characteristic determined by pinching a small area of skin on the medial arm or anterior chest and
noting how quickly it returns to its position when released.
somatoform pain
Development of the symptom of pain as a result of psychological stress.
spinal shock
Loss of autonomic reflex, motor, and sensory activity below the level of a lesion. Signs of spinal shock
include flaccid paralysis, loss of deep tendon and perianal reflexes, and loss of motor and sensory function.
standard precautions
Infection control guidelines established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention requiring all
health care personnel to use gloves, gowns, and goggles to prevent contact with a client's blood or body
fluids and to adhere to strict safety measures when handling needles, scalpels, and other sharp instruments.
status asthmaticus
A severe and prolonged asthma attack in which bronchospasm fails to respond to oral medication,
sometimes resulting in hypoxia, cyanosis, and unconsciousness.
Stokes-Adams attack
Episode of confusion and light-headedness accompanying syncope with or without seizures due to
inadequate cerebral perfusion secondary to heart block.
stoma
1. A minute pore, orifice, or surface opening. 2. An artificial, surgically created opening of an internal
organ on the body surface, such as for a colostomy or tracheostomy. 3. A new opening surgically created
between two structures, such as for a gastroenterostomy or pancreaticogastrostomy.
stomatitis
An inflammation of the mouth that may result from bacterial, viral, or fungal infection; exposure to
chemicals or drugs; vitamin deficiency; or a systemic inflammatory disease.
stridor
A high-pitched respiratory sound, usually heard during inspiration, caused by an obstruction of the trachea
or larynx.
stroke
A condition of sudden onset in which a cerebral blood vessel is occluded by an embolus or cerebrovascular
hemorrhage. The resulting ischemia of brain tissue that is normally perfused by the affected vessel may
lead to permanent neurologic damage.
subdural hematoma
A condition involving the collection of blood between the dura mater and the brain.
sublingual
Under the tongue.
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
The sudden, unexpected, and inexplicable death of an infant who appears to be healthy. It occurs during
sleep, typically in infants between the ages of 3 weeks and 5 months. Also called crib death.
supratentorial
Located above the tentorium of the brain.
suspension
A liquid that contains solid particles that aren't dissolved; stirring or shaking the liquid maintains the
dispersal.
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
A chronic inflammatory multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by
involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes.
tachycardia
A condition characterized by a regular but accelerated action of the heart, usually l00 to 150 beats per
minute.
tactile fremitus
Vibration in the chest wall that can be felt when a hand is applied to the thorax while the patient is
speaking. It's most commonly due to consolidation of a lung or a part of a lung but may also be caused by
congestion, inflammation, or infection.

tardive dyskinesia
A neurological syndrome marked by slow, rhythmical, automatic movements that occur as an adverse
effect of extended phenothiazine use.
tension pneumothorax
A condition in which air enters the pleural space through a tear in lung tissue but can't exit through the
same vent, thereby trapping air in the pleural space with each inspiration and producing positive pleural
pressure. This in turn causes the ipsilateral lung to collapse.
teratogenic
Causing harm to the developing fetus.
tetany
Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles as a result of a lessened concentration of extracellular ionized
calcium; symptoms include convulsions, muscle twitching and cramps, and sharp flexion of the wrist and
ankle joints.
tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital cardiac defects consisting of pulmonic stenosis, interventricular septal defect,
dextroposition of the aorta so that it overrides the interventricular septum and receives venous as well as
arterial blood, and right ventricular hypertrophy.
thrombocytopenia
A reduction in the number of blood platelets; usually caused by destruction of erythroid tissue in bone
marrow. The condition may be a result of neoplastic disease or an immune response to a drug.
thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often involving clot formation. Common causes include chemical irritation, blood
hypercoagulability, immobilization, infection, postoperative venous stasis, prolonged sitting or standing,
trauma to the vessel wall, or a long period of I.V. catheterization.
tonic-clonic seizure
Paroxysmal, uncontrolled discharge of central nervous system neurons extending to the entire brain and
characterized by stiffening (tonic phase) and then rapid synchronous muscle jerking and hyperventilation
(clonic phase). Also called a major or grand mal seizure.
tonsillectomy
The surgical removal of the palatine tonsils.
total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
The administration of total caloric needs in a nutritionally adequate solution of glucose, protein
hydrolysates, minerals, and vitamins through a catheter inserted into the superior vena cava.
tracheoesophageal fistula
Abnormal opening between the esophagus and trachea that may lead to aspiration.
tracheostomy
The surgical creation of an opening through the neck into the trachea; used to relieve upper airway
obstruction and aid breathing.
traction
1. The action of pulling a part of the body along the long axis. 2. In orthopedics: the act of exerting force
through a system of weights and pulleys to align, immobilize, or relieve pressure in a limb, bone, or group
of muscles.
transdermal
Method or route of topical drug administration; provides continuous drug delivery through the skin to
achieve a constant, steady blood concentration level.
Trousseau's sign
An assessment technique for evaluating neuromuscular irritability (tetany) associated with hypocalcemia.
When Trousseau's sign is positive, the client develops a carpopedal spasm (adducted thumb, flexed wrist
and metacarpophalangeal joints, and extended interphalangeal joints) after a blood pressure cuff is applied
to the client's upper arm and inflated to a pressure above systolic pressure for approximately 1 to 4 minutes.
type 1 diabetes
An endocrine disorder involving disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, usually
occurring before age 30 and requiring the use of exogenous insulin and dietary management. Also called
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
type 2 diabetes
An endocrine disorder involving disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; characterized
by insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects. May be treated with diet, exercise,
and oral antidiabetic agents. Exogenous insulin is sometimes necessary.
type 2 herpes simplex
A type of herpes simplex virus transmitted primarily through contact with genital secretions and affecting
the genital structures. ulcerative colitis
A chronic, recurrent ulceration of the colon of unknown cause in which there is abdominal cramping, rectal
bleeding, and diarrhea containing blood, pus, and mucus.
urinary incontinence
Inability to prevent urine discharge.

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A bacterial infection, most commonly caused by Escherichia coli or a species of Klebsiella, Proteus,
Pseudomonas, or Enterobacter, affecting one or more parts of the urinary tract.
urticaria
A vascular reaction caused by dilation and increased permeability of the capillaries. Symptoms include the
development of transient wheals with pale centers and well-defined erythematous margins.
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
An abnormal opening in the septum separating the ventricles, usually resulting from failure of the fetal
interventricular foramen to close; results in blood flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle and
recirculation of blood through the pulmonary artery and lungs.
ventricular tachycardia
A life-threatening arrhythmia that occurs when the ventricles produce several premature ventricular
contractions in succession; usually due to a problem with the heart's conduction system and increased
myocardial contractility. wet-to-dry dressings
Type of wound covering (dressing) in which gauze moistened with normal saline is applied wet to the
wound and removed once the gauze becomes dry and adheres to the wound bed; used for debridement.
Wilms' tumor
A rapidly growing malignant kidney tumor that occurs most commonly in children younger than age 5,
although it sometimes develops before birth. Rare cases occur later in life. Also called adenomyosarcoma.
X-linked recessive disorders
Genetic disorders in which the abnormal gene exists on the X chromosome; only males exhibit clinical
signs of the disorder because they have no offsetting X chromosome. Z-track
An I.M. injection technique in which the client's skin is pulled in such a way that the needle track is sealed
off after the injection. The technique is done to minimize subcutaneous irritation and discoloration.