Bio Study Guide

Chapter 21
• Origins of Plants
o Autotrophs
o Cuticle- Waxy waterproof coating
o Come from Green Algae adapted to land
 Both Share Cellulose and Same type of Chlorophyll
 No other major groups do this
 dated to 440mya
 first plants turned rock into soil
• Plant Adaptations
o Vs. Green Algae
 Ability to hold water
 Waxes and oils lipids
o Photosynthesis
 The leaf
o Roots
o Stem
o Vascular Tissue
 Tube-like enlongated cells
• Vascular plants
• NonVascularPlants
o often small
o Reproduction
 Seed
 Sporophyte (2n) and Gametophyte (n)
 Alternating Generations
• Phylogeny
o Non-Seed
 Hepaticophya
• Small plants common name liverworts
• Nonvascular
• only wet environments
• may be common ancestor
o Thallose
 broad body lobed leaf like
o Leafy
 3 rows thin leaves stem
 Anthocerophyta
• sporophyte cycle dominates, looks like horn
• aka Hornworts
• Nonvascular
• damp, shady environ
 Bryophyta
• nonvascular
• have enlongated cells
• no more than 5cm tall
• capulse spores
 Psilophyta
• Whisk ferns
• Thin green stems
• Vascular
 • no roots/leaves
 Lycophyta
• mosses
• moist enviro
• small leaves
• vascular
• as large as 30cm
• nowadays coal
 Arthrophyta
• Horsetails
• vascular
• hollow-jointed stems
• scale like leaves
• mostly extinct
• used to be size of trees
 Pterophyta
• Ferns
• leaves=fronds
• Mesozoic/Paleozoic dominant
• most tropic
o Seed
 Cycadophya
• Cycads
• Male and Female Cones
• up to 20M
• Seeds in Female Cones
• Spores in Male Cones
 Gnetophyta
• 3 genera
• about 70 species total
 Ginkgophyta
• only 1 living species Ginkgo Biloba
• Male/Female
• unplesant female smell
 Coniferophyta
• Conifers
o ie Pine Fir Cypress Redwood
• Vascular Seed
• Cones
 Anthophyta
• "Flowering Plants"
• largest most diverse group
• 250000 Species
• Flowers turn into fruits
• dated to Creatceous Period
• two Classes
o Momocoledons-monocot
o Dicotyledons-dicot

Chapter 22

• Nonvascular plants
 o not as common because need to be near H20
o Alternation of Generations
 Dominant Gameotyphyte
 Sporopytes grow attached to gametophyte and are dependant
 Some Sprophytes are non-photosynthetic
o Sexual Structures
 Antheridium-Male- sperm producing
 Archegonium-Female- eggs produced fertilization occurs here
o Adaptations in Bryophyta
 (Mosses)
 Rhiziods
 peat moss
o Adaptations in Hepaticophyta
 (Liverworts)
 thallose
 leafy
o Adaptations in Anthocerophyta
 (Hornworts)
 sporophyte food
• has chyroplysasts
o Origins of Nonvascular plants
 liverwarts first
 common ancestor
• Alternating Generations
• Cellulose
• Chlorophyll
• Non-Seed Vascular Plants
o able to adapt in changes in H20
o Alternations of Generations
 Sporophyte dominant
 about = in stages
 Strobilus
 Prothallus
o Adaptations in Lycophyta
 used to be tree sized
 now club mosses
o Adaptations in Arthrophyta
 horsetails
 ancient
 still need damp enviro
 strombilus
o Adaptations in Pterophyta
 375mya
 tree ferns
 Rhizome=Storage Cell
 Sorus
o Origins of Non-Seed Vascular Plants
 375mya
 intermediary step between seed plants and non-vascular plants
• Seed Plants
o SEed plants produce spores
o Pollen Grains
o Ovule
 o Advantages of Seeds
 Food for young
• Coytyledons
 Adapted for dispersal
o Flowering/Gymnosperm (cones)
o Adaptations in Cycadophyta
 Male and Female reproductive sys.
 Cycads=Moving Sperm
o Adaptations in Ginkgophyta
 different plants=Male and female
o Adaptations in Gnetophyta
 3 different Genus
o Adaptations in Coniferophyta
 Sugar Pine
 Cones reproduction
 light seeds
 evergreen conifers
 Deciduous Trees
o Adaptations in Anthophyta
 biggest group
 FRUIT
• from Female Structure
 Monocots
• 1 seed leaf
 Dicots
• 2 seed leaf
 Lifespans
• Annual=1y or >
• Biennal=2y
o ie Carrots Beets
o Large roots
• Perennials
o several cycles
o Origins of Seed plants
 250mya
 Anthophytes 140mya

Chapter 23

• Types of Plant Cells

o Parenchyma
 most diverse
 thin flexible cell walls
 Large central Vacuole (may have sap)
 Food production and storage
o Collenchyma
 Long cell
 uneven walls
 allows growth
 tube-like strands
o Sclerenchyma
 thick/rigid
 form body
• Plant Tissue
o Dermal Tissues
 Epidermis
 waxy cuticle production
 stomata-opening in leaf tissue for gas xchange
 guard cells control stomata
 Trichomes- hairlike
• reduce water evap.
o Vascular Tissues
 Xylem-tubular Cells
• Tracheids
o tubular cells where h2o flows
• Vessel Elements
o allow h2o transport
o only in Anthophytes vs. Traceids
• Fibers
• Parenchyma
 Pholem
• similar to xylem
• have sieve tube members
• companion cells
o Ground Tissues
 mostly Parenchyma
 Photosynthesis Storage and Support
o Meristematic Tissues
 dividing cells
 Apical Meristems
• roots
• Vascular Cambium
• Cork Cambium
• Roots
o lots of types
o Structure
 epidermis-cortex-endodermis (waterproof seal)-Pericycle-Xylem&Pholem
o Root Growth
 in Apical Meristem growth
 Vascular Cambium added diameter cells
• Stems
o can store food
o structure
o Internal Structure
 Vascular issues dicot v. monocot
o Woody Stems
 in Confiers and some perinneals
 secondary growth
o TRANSPORT MATERIALS
o similar growth to roots
• Leaves
o leaf variations
o lots of types
o Structure
 cuticle
  upper epidermis
 Palisamedophy
 Vascular bundle
 Mesophyll
o Transpirations
• Plant Responces
o Auxins-Elongations
o Gibberellins-Growth
o Cytokinins-Cell Division
o Ethylene-ripening
o Tropic Responces
 Gravotropism
o Nastic Responces
 eating stuff

Chapter 24

Mostly Graphs- So im not going to write this chapter up if anybody does-- send me an email with
it at owens.hunter@gmail.com and ill attach both of them.