Lecture # 1

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

viewed as an engineer

The ability to compute separates the engineer

from the technician.
Engineering mathematics generates an insight
into...physical phenomena
This course requires
QUALITATIVE components
QUANTITATIVE components
EXPERIMENTAL components

Qualitative
Sketch
Layout
Schematics
Diagrams
Flow Charts

Quantitative
Computation of properties with physical units

Experimental

Use of physical models and tests to compensate for

qualitative and quantitative uncertainty

Very limited

Hydrocarbons

http://www.webelements.com/

provides properties of all elements

in the periodic table and links

Name
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Sodium
Magnesium
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Chlorine
Potassium
Calcium

Symbol

# Protons

Atomic
Number

Atomic
Weight

H
C

1
6

1
6

1.01
12.01

N
O
Na
Mg
P
S
Cl
K
Ca

7
8
11
12
15
16
17
19
20

7
8
11
12
15
16
17
19
20

14.01
16.00
22.99
24.31
30.97
32.06
35.45
39.10
40.08

All matter consists of tiny particles called

atoms
Atoms are made up of three fundamental
particles
protons,
neutrons
electrons

Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus

Electrons are in orbits around the nucleus
There are equal numbers of protons (+) and
electrons (-)

Protons and neutrons are far heavier than

electrons
The unit of atomic mass is the mass of a
proton or neutron
Carbon has an atomic mass of 12, the
total of protons plus neutrons

Atomic number of an element is the

number of protons in the nucleus
The atomic number identifies the
element and distinguishes it from all
other elements
Thus carbon is the element with atomic
number 6

The molecular weight is the sum of the

atomic weights of the constituents of the
molecule
Example: water (H2O), the molecular
weight is 16 + 1.01 +1.01= 18.02 atomic
mass units

The weight in grams equivalent to the

atomic or molecular weight in atomic
mass units
A mole of water has a weight of 18.02
grams
A mole of any substance contains
AVOGADROS number of particles (6.02
x 1023)

+ PROTON
NEUTRON
-

ELECTRON

ORBIT
OR
SHELL

NUCLEUS

Diamonds & Graphite

The shells or orbits which contain the electrons

have characteristic occupancy capacity
The first three contain 2, 8, and 8 (or 18)
respectively
Atoms tend to combine chemically forming
either ionic or covalent bonds so that the outer
orbits are complete

Sodium Has An Excess Electron, Chlorine Lacks One

Na

Cl

Orbits become complete by donation (acceptance)

of an electron

Na

POSITIVE
ION

Cl

NEGATIVE
ION

Orbits become complete by sharing electrons

H
OR

C
H

C
H

Homologous Series A group of

molecules which have similar chemical
properties and a gradation in physical
properties. All members conform to a
general formula.
Alkanes General formula - CnH2n+2
(Saturated hydrocarbons) Have the
maximum number of hydrogen atoms for
the number of carbons (ie, all the C - C
bonds are single bonds)

Read MCain pages 1-12 (today), 12-22