Periodic Table of Element

Information you should know:

-

The number of valence electron indicates the Group Number

The number of filled electron shells indicates the Period Number

Group 18 or Group 0 Elements ( inert gases )

1) Group 0 elements are noble gases or inert gases.
Element
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
Name
Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Radon
Electron
2
2.8
2.8.18.18. 2.8.18.18. 2.8.18.32.18
arrangeme
8
8
.8
nt
2) Inert gases are inert or chemically unreactive and do not form compounds
with other elements. They are unreactive because their outermost
electron shells are filled.
3) Explanation:
- Helium has one electron shell which is filled with two electrons. It has attained
duplet electron arrangement.
- The other inert gases have eight electrons in their outermost electron shells.
They have attained octet electron arrangement.
- As the inert gases have filled the outermost electron shells, they do not need
to accept, donate or share electrons with other elements, hence no chemical
reaction occurred.
4) Uses of inert gases:
- Helium is use to filled balloons and airship.
- Neon is use for advertising light tubes.
- Argon is use in electrical bulbs.
Group 1 element ( Alkali Metals )
1)
2)

Physical properties (down the group)

Density increases
Melting point decreases
Reactivity increases
Explanation:
a) All group 1 element have 1 valence electron
b) During chemical reactions, each atom donates one valence electron to
attain stable duplet or octet electron arrangement.
c) Down the group, the atomic radius increases
d) The electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and valence
electron becomes weaker.
e) Hence, the element lower in the group loses valence electron easily.

3) Observation:

Alkali metals
Lithium

Sodium

Potassium

Observation
Moves slowly on the
surface of the water. A
colourless solution is
formed that turns red
litmus paper blue.
Moves at high speed on
the surface of the water
with a hissing sound. It
burns with a yellow flame.
A colourless solution is
formed that turn red
litmus paper blue.
Moves at a very high
speed on the surface of
the water. It burns with
purple flame and a pop
sound. A colourless
solution is formed that
turn red litmus paper blue.

Inference
Least reactive

Reactive

Most reactive

4) Chemical Properties:
a) Alkali metals burn in air to form metal oxides

b) Alkali metals react with water to produce hydroxides and

hydrogen gas

c) Alkali metals react with halogens to form white metal halide salts

Group 17 Element (Halogen)- exist as diatomic

1)
-

Physical properties: (down the group)

Colour of the element become darken
Physical state changes from gas (F2,CI2), liquid(Br2) to solid (I2 and At2)
Reactivity decreases down the group

2) Explanation:

a) All group 17 elements have 7 valence electrons.

b) During chemical reactions, each atom accepts one electron to attain stable
octet electron arrangement.
c) Down the group, the atomic radius become larger, therefore the
electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and electron becomes
weaker.
d) Hence, the halogen lower in the group has a lower tendency to accept
electron. Thereforem reactivity decreases.
3) Electronegativity is a measurement of an element to attract electrons. The
electronegativity increases as we go up Group 17 because the elements
higher in the group have smaller atomic radii. The nucleus can exert a
stronger attractive force on the electron.
4) Chemical properties:
a) Halogen dissolve in water to form acidic solution

b) Halogen react with sodium hydroxide to form salt and water

c) Halogen react with iron to form iron(III) halide

d) The reactivity of halogens decreases down the group ( halogen

above can displace below )

Element in Period 3
Group
Element
Proton
Number
Electron
arrangement
Valence
electron
Atomic
radius
Electronegati
vity
Nature

1
Na
11

2
Mg
12

13
Al
13

14
Si
14

15
P
15

16
S
16

17
CI
17

18
Ar
18

Non-

Non-

Non-

Decreases
Increases
Metal

Metal

Metal

Metallo

Non-

Character

Basic

Basic

Amphote
ric

id
Acidic

m
Acidic

m
Acidic

m
Acidic

Formula of
oxide
Explanation:

m
-

The atomic radius decreases across the period because the proton number increases
across the period. As the number of proton increases, the electrostatic force of
attraction between the nucleus and the electron becomes stronger. The electrons
are pulled closer to the nucleus. Hence, the atomic radius decreases.
Transition Elements
Special properties of transition element:
1) Formed coloured ions
Name
Chromate(VI) ion
Dichromate(VI) ion
Manganate(VII) ion
Iron(II) ion
Iron(III) ion
Copper(II) ion
Cobalt(II) ion

Formula

Coloured
Yellow
Orange
Purple
Green
Brown
Blue
Pink

2) Transition elements form compound with more than one oxidation

state.
- Eg: Iron(II), Iron(III), Copper(I) and Copper(II)
3) Transition elements or their compounds have catalytic properties.
a) Vanadium(V) oxides, V2O5 is used to speed up reaction between sulphur
dioxide and oxygen to form sulphur trioxide in Contact Process
b) Iron powder in used to speed up reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen
to form ammonia in Haber process.
4) Transition elements can form complex ions
-Eg: tetraamminecopper(II) ion, Cu(NH3)42+ and hexaaquacobalt(II) ion,
Co(H2O)62+

Physical Properties:
1) Hard, tough and strong
2) High melting point
3) Malleable ( can be hammered into different shapes) and ductile ( can be
drawn into wires )
4) Good conductor of heat and electricity ( silver is the best, copper is next )
5) High density
Chemical properties:

1) Less reactive than group 1 metals

2) Show no clear trend in reactivity