ENERGY AUDIT FOR
BUILDDINGS
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
Energy Audits
Is about the What, Where, and
When energy is used
And
suggesting how this consumption
can be reduced
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
Energy Audits
Energy Audit will provide:
! financial,
! operational and
! Environmental
benefits
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
Energy Audits
! Financial Benefits ! Reduced fuel and electricity bills.
! Reduced operation and maintenance costs .
! Reduced capital expenditure.
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
Energy Audits
! Operational Benefits ! Improved comfort levels
! Improved efficiency
! Better informed workers on global issues.
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
Energy Audits
! Environmental benefits
! Reduced consumption of finite resources.
! Reduced Pollution levels.
! Improved public image.
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
Assessing current building
performance
Two methods of Energy Audit:
! The Regression Method, and
! The NPI Method.
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
Assessing current building
performance
! The Regression Method
A standard method to assess the energy use
in buildings, done by plotting the energy
consumption each Month against the
Degree days for that month.
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
Assessing current building
performance
! The Regression Method
This will show the trend in Energy
consumption, is fitted by a linear relation,
from this it is possible to predict future
consumption.
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
Regression Degree
Day Figure
Energy Consumed
(GJ)
January
376
185.67
February
359
166.51
March
322
157.56
April
243
124.33
May
162
98.22
June
83
72.6
July
44
56.65
August
48
54.89
September
90
71.66
October
178
103.49
November
275
140.78
December
343
171.62
Month
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
10
150
(kWh)
Energy Consumed
Regression Method
100
50
0
0
05/04/2011
100
200
Degree Day
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300
400
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NPI Method
The Normalised Performance Indicator
(NPI)
comparing the building s energy
consumption with similar type buildings.
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Calculating the NPI
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
05/04/2011
Convert Energy Units to KWh
Find the Energy Used for Space Heating
Account for Weather
Account for Exposure
Add Non-Heating Energy Use
Account for Hours of Use Factor
Find Floor Area (Pool Area) (m2)
Calculate the Normalised Performance
Indicator (NPI).
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Calculating the NPI
! Step 1
Collate all energy use, Convert Energy
Units to KWh
1 therm = 29.31 kWh Natural Gas
1 litre = 10.6 kWh Oil
1 tonne = 7600 kWh Coal
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Calculating the NPI
! Step 2
Find the Energy Used for Space Heating
eg a sport centre with a swimming pool
65% of the energy is used in heating on
average.
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Calculating the NPI
! Step 3
Account for Weather
Weather factor = 2462 / annual degree days
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Calculating the NPI
! Step 4
Account for Exposure
Factor = 1 for urban building
= 1.1 for Sheltered buildings
= 0.9 for Exposed buildings
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Calculating the NPI
! Step 5
Add Non Space heating energy
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Calculating the NPI
! Step 6
Multiply for hours of use
Use factor = standard hours / actual hours
in use
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Calculating the NPI
! Step 7
Calculate Floor area in square meters
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Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Calculating the NPI
! Step 8
Calculate NPI = corrected energy used /
floor area
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Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Calculating the NPI
! Step 9
Compare NPI with tabulated values for
similar buildings and hence
find out in which range of performance
does your building lie ?
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Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Comparisons of
performance indicators
! Good - generally have good controls and energy
management procedures, but further energy savings
are often still possible.
! Fair - reasonable controls and energy management
procedures, but significant energy savings should
achievable.
! Poor - unnecessarily high consumption and urgent
action should be taken to remedy the situation.
Substantial energy savings should result from the
introduction of energy efficiency measures.
05/04/2011
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Performance Yardsticks
For Buildings
Good
Fair
Poor
Pub
<339
339 470
>470
Sports centre with swimming
Pool.
<570
570 840
>840
Theatre
<600
600 - 900
>900
Energy Efficiency Rating
kWh/m2 per year
Type of Facility
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Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Savings
1. By altering the physical
construction of a building to
reduce its heat loss
eg double glazing, cavity
insulation and loft insulation.
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Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Savings
2. Replacing/upgrading the
equipment and controls
to make it more efficient.
Time switches, occupancy
switches, and Thermostat
controls.
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Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Savings
3. Shop around
for the cheapest tariff.
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Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Savings
4. Continuous monitoring
of Energy consumption.
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Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Savings
5. Using combined heat and power
(CHP) plant to provide electricity
and space heating/hot water.
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Tarik Al-Shemmeri
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Case study
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
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Natural Gas
(Therm)
Electricity (kWh)
January
1578
5325
February
1400
5220
March
1309
5400
April
1000
5225
May
750
5300
June
503
5425
July
355
5330
August
350
4990
September
500
5250
October
800
5300
November
1150
5400
December
1460
4880
11,155
63,045
Month
TOTALS
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
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Gas Data
Month
Gas (Therm)
Gas (GJ)
Cost
% Cost
January
1578
166.5
760.44
14.1
February
1400
147.72
675
12.6
March
1309
138.12
631.32
11.7
April
1000
105.52
483
May
750
79.14
363
6.7
June
503
53.07
244.44
4.5
July
355
37.46
173.4
3.2
August
350
36.93
171
3.1
September
500
52.76
243
4.5
October
800
84.41
387
7.2
November
1150
121.34
555
10.3
December
1460
154.05
703.8
13.1
11,155
1177.03
5390.4
100
Totals
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
32
Electricity Data
Month
Elec. (kWh)
Cost
% Cost
January
5325
429.17
8.4
February
5220
420.77
8.3
March
5400
435.77
8.6
April
5225
42.17
8.3
May
5300
427.17
8.4
June
5425
437.17
8.6
July
5330
429.57
8.5
August
4990
402.37
7.9
September
5250
423.17
8.3
October
5300
427.17
8.4
November
5400
435.17
8.6
December
4880
393.57
7.7
Totals
63,045
5081.6
100
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
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Energy
C onsum ption
16%
N atural
G as
Electricity
84%
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
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Energy
C ost
49%
51%
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
N atural
G as
Electricity
35
Energy
C onsum ption
200
150
G as
(G J)
Electricity
(G J)
100
50
0
J an Feb Mar Apr May J un
J ul Aug Sep O ct N ov Dec
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
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Energy
C ost
1000
800
600
G as
()
Electricity
()
400
200
0
J an Feb Mar Apr May J un
J ul Aug Sep O ct N ov Dec
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
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Regression Degree
Day Figure
Energy Consumed
(GJ)
January
376
185.67
February
359
166.51
March
322
157.56
April
243
124.33
May
162
98.22
June
83
72.6
July
44
56.65
August
48
54.89
September
90
71.66
October
178
103.49
November
275
140.78
December
343
171.62
1403.99
1228.83
Month
Regression data
Totals
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
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The equation is given by : E = 0.365(DD) + 38
Energy Consumed
(GJ)
Regression Equation Graph
150
100
50
0
0
100
200
300
400
Regression Degree Day Figure
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
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1.
Convert your energy use into kWh units
Add your quarterly or monthly use over one year for each fuel and enter below
Natural gas
Electricity
Total energy use for the year
{ Therms x 29.31
kWh x 1
= 11155 x 29.31
=326953
= 63045
=389998
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
C
D
E
2.Find your space heating energy use
If you can identify any of the fuels above used only for space heating, enter the total energy use in kWh
Add these to give total
If you cannot identify these then choose one of the following factors applied to the total energy used.
For light industrial factory building
Annual space heating energy
Annual non-space heating energy
Space heating factor = 0.80
A x 0.80 = 389998x0.80 = 311998
B or C =
311998
A-D = 389998- 311998= 77999
3. Adjust the space heating energy to account for weather
Find the Degree Days for the energy data year = 2523
The weather correction factor = 2462/2523 = 0.976
Adjust the space heating energy to standard conditions
kWh
F
G
H
= D x G =311998x0.976=304455
4. Adjust the space heating energy to account for exposure
Obtain the exposure factor from this chapter to suit the location of the building = 1
Adjusted space heating energy = H x J =
304455 x 1
304455
5. Find normalised annual energy use = E + K = 77999 + 304455 = 382454
J
kWh
kWh
6. Correct for hours of use of building
Obtain standard hours of use = 2000
Calculate the annual hours of use for your building -= 9x5x48
Hours of use factor
Annual energy use for standard hours
M / N =2000/2160
=
=
2160
0.926
P x L = 0.926x 382454 = 354152
7. Find floor area = 25 x 25 = 625 m2
8. Find the Normalised Performance Indicator (NPI) = Q / R = 354152/ 625 = 566
9. Compare with yardstick - [ 180 to 240 kWh/m2 ] Excessive Energy consumption
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
N
P
kWh
m2
kWh/m2
POOR
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Calculation of Heat Losses
width
height
depth
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
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Element
U-value
W/m2K
Area
m2
Temp.
Difference (oC)
Heat loss
W
Door
18
12.5
450
Windows
5.3
42
12.5
2782
Walls
2.3
360
12.5
10350
Roof
2.6
900
12.5
29250
Floor
0.26
900
12.5
2925
Fabric heat loss = TOTAL ( Doors, Windows, Walls, Roof & Floor) 45757
Ventilation Heat Loss
= 0.335 N V T 15600
N=1.2
0
Heat gains from occupants
Heat gains from lights 0
Heat gains from machines 0
Net heat transfer for the building 61357
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
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Energy Efficiency
Measures
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
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Reduction of Fabric Losses
Wall Insulation
Area
cost of liner board
Cost
= 2952
= 360 m2
= 8.20/m
= 360 * 8.2
Roriginal = 1/Uoriginal
= 1/2.3 = 0.4348
Rinsulation = x /k = 0.025/0.04
= 0.625
Rnew = Roriginal + Rinsulation
Unew
AUwall original = 828 W/K
AUwall new
= 0.9436 * 360
AUwall
= AU * 12.5
Saving
= 6.104 * 65.32
= 0.4348 + 0.625 = 1.0598
= 1/1.0598
= 0.9436
Pay back period = C/F
= 2950/398.71
= 339.7 W/K
= 6.104 kW
= 3908.71/annum
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
= 7.4 years
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Roof Insulation
Area
Cost of Rockwool
= 900 m2
= 6.40 / m2
Rnew
= Rold + Ri = (1/2.6) + ( 0.1/0.04) = 2.5 + 0.3486 = 2.8846
Unew
= 1 / 2.8846 = 0.3467
AUroof original
AUroof new
AU
Qf
Saving
= 900 x 2.6
= 900 x 0.3467
= 2340 - 312
= AU * 12.5
= 25.35 * 65.32
Pay back period = C/F
= 2340 W/K
= 312 W/K
= 2028 W/K
= 25.35 kW
= 1655.84/annum
= 5760/1655.84
Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011
= 3.48 years
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