1.

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2. NEVER DO CHEATING! YOU NEED TO HAVE INTEGRITY AND HONESTY SINCE YOUNG!

Part 0: Big Picture
1. Two big things we would like to know: (a) How much hydrocarbon does the reservoir contain
(HCIIP: Hydrocarbons Initially In Place) and (b) How much can be recovered (the UR: Ultimate
Recovery)
2. Formula:
a. OIIP: Area x thickness x NTG x Porosity x oil saturation
b. GIIP: Area x thickness x NTG x Porosity x gas saturation
c. Ultimate Recovery: HCIIP x Recovery Factor
3. Basic physical parameters for describing reservoir: net reservoir thickness (thickness x NTG),
porosity, hydrocarbon saturation, and permeability.
Part 1: Data Gathering and Interpretation
Data gathering and interpretation basically is an effort to discover the secrets of the earth. Method of
acquisition can be divided into:
a. Direct method: mudlogging, conventional coring, sidewall
sampling/coring, formation tester, and fluid sampling.
b. Indirect method: wireline logging, logging while drilling,
seismic
1. Mudlogging: taking cuttings from shale shaker " uses:
lithology description, gas detection

CUTTINGS AT SHALE SHAKER

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2. Conventional coring: taking core with special core bit " uses: for compatibility of injection
fluids, borehole stability, formation failure/ sand production, measure physical properties,
depositional environment description, sedimentary features. It is expensive because need
slower time than drilling bit. Also, it needs gentle core handling to do core evaluation.

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3. Side wall sampling: taking core sample using explosive that is conveyed by wireline.

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4. Side wall coring: taking core using special tool that is conveyed by wireline.

5. Wireline logging: taking basic reservoir rock properties. Basic product: open hole log data. It
usually represent 5-15% of total well cost.

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Basic Open Hole data and Tools

Natural Gamma ray tools: detecting radiation

Electrical logging/ resistivity tools: to measure conductivity
Gamma ray generation/ density-neutron tools: total porosity

More details on Triple Combo Logs (Gamma Ray Resistivity Porosity)
a. Natural Gamma Ray Tools (units: GAPI, scale:0-150 GAPI/ 1-200 GAPI)
Formation naturally emits natural radioactive such as Kalium, Uranium, Thorium. Quartz/
Carbonates: have little/ no radioactivity. Shale: have naturally occurring radioactive component.
Almost 90% of GR that coming to the tool is came from 6 from the formation.
Key: Low GR " clean sand, High GR " Shale
b. Resistivity
Resistivity = 1/ Conductivity
Key: Oil and gas are more resistive than the salty formation water



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c. Density
Concept:
1. Source generate radioactive
2. The particles interact with the surrounding formation creates gamma radiation, and
detectors on the sonde pick up the resulting signals.
3. Gamma radiation is absorbed proportionally to the density of the formation.
Denser the rocks, less GR come back to detector, low porosity

d. Neutron
Concept:
1. Source generate high energy neutron
2. Because hydrogen has about the same mass as a neutron, hydrogen is the most efficient
element to slow down the neutron.
3. Amount of neutron that is received in detector is inversed proportionally to the porosity.
The more the collisions in formation, fewer neutron reach detector, more hydrogen (higher
hydrogen index), and more fluid filled, more porosity







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6. Formation Tester: Pressure and Mobility

7. Fluid Sampling: Collect samples from a formation, bring them to surface, and analyze them
insitu or in a laboratory.

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Part 2: Reservoir Management
Objective: To maximize hydrocarbon recovery in safely, economically, and timely manner. We can
manage different aspects as the picture below. In this lecture, it is limited only from subsurface reservoir
management point of view.

Managing the subsurface: gathering data, monitoring, gathering other data sets, and updating the
strategy.

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Typical change of estimate of Ultimate Recovery

Maximize Hydrocarbon Recovery: EOR and IOR

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Primary and secondary recovery (conventional recovery) targets the mobile oil in the reservoir and
tertiary recovery, or EOR, targets the immobile oil (that cannot be produced due to capillary and/or
viscous forces). Primary and secondary recovery (conventional recovery) targets the mobile oil in the
reservoir and tertiary recovery, or EOR, targets the immobile oil (that cannot be produced due to
capillary and/or viscous forces).

Water-wet system and Oil-wet system

Part 3: Reservoir Simulation
Simulation is one of the most powerful tools for guiding reservoir management decisions. Keyword:
What if ??

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Simulation Model Generation" Input: reservoir geometry, rock properties, fluid and well properties

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Production Simulation

History Matching and Performance Prediction
History matching is the act of adjusting a reservoir model until its simulated production response
closely reproduces past behaviour. Once a reservoir model has been history matched, it can be used
to simulate future reservoir behaviour.

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