Pump- is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, b

y mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according t
o the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity
pumps.
piston- is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compre
ssors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving
component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings.
In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylind
er to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the func
tion is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for
the purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engine
s, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylin
der wall.
sprocket- is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even sprockets that mesh with
a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The name 'sprocket' ap
plies generally to any wheel upon which are radial projections that engage a cha
in passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never
meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth
and pulleys are smooth.
Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other m
achinery either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are uns
uitable or to impart linear motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most common
form of sprocket may be found in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries
a large sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain, which, in turn, drives a small spr
ocket on the axle of the rear wheel. Early automobiles were also largely driven
by sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice largely copied from bicycles.
bicycle chain- is a roller chain that transfers power from the pedals to the dri
ve-wheel of a bicycle, thus propelling it. Most bicycle chains are made from pla
in carbon or alloy steel, but some are nickel-plated to prevent rust, or simply
for aesthetics.
hose- is a flexible hollow tube designed to carry fluids from one location to an
other. Hoses are also sometimes called pipes (the word pipe usually refers to a
rigid tube, whereas a hose is usually a flexible one), or more generally tubing.
The shape of a hose is usually cylindrical (having a circular cross section).
Hose design is based on a combination of application and performance. Common fac
tors are Size, Pressure Rating, Weight, Length, Straight hose or Coilhose and Ch
emical Compatibility.
Hoses are made from one or a combination of many different materials. Applicatio
ns mostly use nylon, polyurethane, polyethylene, PVC, or synthetic or natural ru
bbers, based on the environment and pressure rating needed. In recent years, hos
es can also be manufactured from special grades of polyethylene (LDPE and especi
ally LLDPE). Other hose materials include PTFE (Teflon), stainless steel and oth
er metals.
Irrigation- is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is us
ed to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, an
d revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate
rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production,
which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grai
n fields and helping in preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture
that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dryland farmin
g. Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression, disposal of sewage, an
d in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the na
tural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area.
The crankshaft, sometimes abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine that tr

anslates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation. To convert the recipr
ocating motion into rotation, the crankshaft has "crank throws" or "crankpins",
additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to whic
h the "big ends" of the connecting rods from each cylinder attach.
It is typically connected to a flywheel to reduce the pulsation characteristic o
f the four-stroke cycle, and sometimes a torsional or vibrational damper at the
opposite end, to reduce the torsional vibrations often caused along the length o
f the crankshaft by the cylinders farthest from the output end acting on the tor
sional elasticity of the metal.
A cylinder is the central working part of a reciprocating engine or pump, the sp
ace in which a piston travels. Multiple cylinders are commonly arranged side by
side in a bank, or engine block, which is typically cast from aluminum or cast i
ron before receiving precision machine work. Cylinders may be sleeved (lined wit
h a harder metal) or sleeveless (with a wear-resistant coating such as Nikasil).
A cylinder's displacement, or swept volume, can be calculated by multiplying its
cross-sectional area (the square of half the bore by pi ) and again by the dist
ance the piston travels within the cylinder (the stroke). The engine displacemen
t can be calculated by multiplying the swept volume of one cylinder by the numbe
r of cylinders.
bicycle pedal- is the part of a bicycle that the rider pushes with their foot to
propel the bicycle. It provides the connection between the cyclist's foot or sh
oe and the crank allowing the leg to turn the bottom bracket spindle and propel
the bicycle's wheels. Pedals usually consist of a spindle that threads into the
end of the crank and a body, on which the foot rests or is attached, that is fre
e to rotate on bearings with respect to the spindle.
Pedals were initially attached to cranks connecting directly to the driven (usua
lly front) wheel. The safety bicycle, as it is known today, came into being when
the pedals were attached to a crank driving a sprocket that transmitted power t
o the driven wheel by means of a roller chain
Roller chain- is the type of chain drive most commonly used for transmission of
mechanical power on many kinds of domestic, industrial and agricultural machiner
y, including conveyors, wire- and tube-drawing machines, printing presses, cars,
motorcycles, and bicycles. It consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers
held together by side links. It is driven by a toothed wheel called a sprocket.
It is a simple, reliable, and efficient means of power transmission.
Though Hans Renold is credited with inventing the roller chain in 1880, sketches
by Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century show a chain with a roller bearing.
lubricant- is a substance introduced to reduce friction between moving surfaces.
It may also have the function of transporting foreign particles. The property o
f reducing friction is known as lubricity. (Slipperiness)