Introduction

Over the past decades. Malaysia has exploited its ample water resource for water supply for
homes and industries as well as agriculture, where consumer have the access to water when
needed. The very first water supply was piped by British in 1804, when the first aqueduct was
built in bricks to transport water from the hills to the town of Penang. By the end of 19th century
piped water was available for household through water tap and stand pipes through the country.
At that time, it is a common thing that piped water was untreated throughout the world. In 1906,
first slow sand filter plant in Malaysia was built at the Ampang Intake for Kuala Lumpur. In 1934
the first rapid sand filter plant was built in Ayer Hitam in Penang. Both plants are still in service
today.
Below are details collect on 2009 by Malaysian water association:-

Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia is achieve various achievements, as well as faced some
challenges too. Universal access to water supply at reasonable tariffs is a important achievement.
The government plays an important role to make the sector more effective, to produce a
sustainable funding mechanism and to develop the customer orientation of service providers
through sector reforms indorsed in 2006. The reform forms a modern institutional structure for
the water sector, including an independent regulatory agency, an asset holding company and
commercialized state water companies that have to achieve certain key performance indicators
that will be supervised by the regulatory agency. The government has also stated its intention not

to embark on new private sector contracts for water provision, after a bout of such contracts
during the 1990s showed mixed results.
Water resources development has been a catalyst for socioeconomic development of the country.
However, the water situation for some parts of the country has changed from one of relative
abundance to one of scarcity. The growth in population and expansion in urbanization,
industrialization and irrigated agriculture are imposing growing demands and pressure on the
water resources, besides contributing to the rising water pollution. Any new development of
water resource incurs rising cost, besides having to face rigorous scrutinisation from
environments and conservationist. The fact that the volume of water available is finite and the
demand for water is increasing indicates that supply approach in water management is
unsustainable.

Objective
To provide a cost efficient, safe and convenient water supply system that fulfills the demand of
SMK Kuala Krai students and Staff.

Water supply system for in Kuala Krai

Kuala Krai is a 2329 km2 area with population density of 51/km2. Its a territory and a town with
117800 population in the interior state of Kelantan. The local authority that monitored the water
quality for the state of Kelantan is Jabatan Air Negeri Kelantan (JANK). Water supply system of
the state of Kelantan has been privatize by government on 1 October 1995. The water supply
system of Kelantan is handle by Air Kelantan Sdn Bhd. Currently there are 4 water treatment
plants supplying water to the town of Kuala Krai.

No
.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Water Treatment Plant

Design capacity, m3/day

Supply Volume, m3/day

Tualang
Pahi
Manek Urai
Sungai Nal

8000
21000
6750
2000

7821
19788
6181
2032

Therefore, there is plentiful of water supply in the town of Kuala Krai.

Water tower for the school

A water tower is a simple device that is used to store water. It is elevated to support water tank at
a sufficient height to pressurize a water supply system for the distribution of treated water, and
also to provide emergency water supply for fire protection. According an article written by
S.Najman from KelatanTV website, the people of Kuala Krai sometimes experience slow water
flow water in their taps, unstable flow condition and also reduction in water quality. It is also
stated that, the water treatment plant undergoing maintenance and improvement in design
capacity. Therefore a water tower should be install in SMK Kuala Krai together with a pump to
so that the water can be supplied to the tank when the hydrostatic pressure is low.

The water tank capacity and elevation

Elevation
The buildings in SMK Kuala Krai is about two storey high. Two storey building are
approximately 20 to 22 feet high excluding roof height. Therefore, it is sufficient to place the
water tank at the elevation of 25 feet. Tank is position at the highest elevation which is 42.8 in
order to ensure sufficient hydrostatic pressure for water distribution.

Capacity of the water tank

Water tank is normally design to sustain water supply for one who day.
Assume each classroom is SMK Kuala Krai has 40 students. Therefore,
Total Number of student 24 X 40 = 960
Number of staff in a similar school is 112 in the year 2009.
960 + 112 = 1072
2 x 1072 = 2144 people in the school.

According to Malaysia water association and Teknik Air JKR 92/87

Daily water demand in school per person is 15 gallon/day.
2144 X 12 = 25728 gallon/person/day
According to appendix C schools fall under Class D risk.
The fire flow for Class D risk is 1140 litres per minute.
Litre convert to gallon(US)
L*0.264172.21997= 1140*0.264172 =301 gallon per minute
Fire tank should be able to supply water for minimum 30 minutes and maximum 2 hours.
Since this project involve in life of children, adopting 2 hours of fire water flow in required.
Therefore, the fire flow rate is
301*2*60=36120 gallons for 2 hours
Total water demand is 25728 + 36120 =61848 gallons/day
The capacity of the tank should be approximately 60000 gallon.

Piping
Piping selection
Water is supplied to the school and during construction of the school by tapping to the main pipe
which runs along the main road. This eases the tapping cost for plumbing. As for the inlet water
pipe diameter, it should be about 2 inches (50.8mm) based on the standard plumbing practice in
Malaysia. The type of the type is High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe because of its
durability to weather, workability and its cheap than the galvanized iron (GI) pipe.

Pipe network

The red color line indicate the inlet pipe that supplies water from main pipe. The blue color line
indicates the outlet pipe from the water tank for domestic use. Since main pipe is tap at the
entrance of the school so that its easy for the meter reader to take reading and post the bill to the
letter box. The inlet pipe fix along the edges of the school so that any leaks of water will not
contribute direct to the soil erosion near the buildings.
No.

Appendix A

Appendix B
Local Authority

Water Demand
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Low Cost Terrace

House /Flat

= 1135 lpd (250

gpd)

Single Storey
Terrace / Low
Medium &
Medium Costs
Flats

= 1360 lpd (300

gpd)

Double Storey
Terrace
House/High Cost
Flats
Semi Detached
House
Bungalow /
Condominiums

Johor
Melaka
Negeri
Sembilan
Selangor

= 1590 lpd (350

gpd)

Perak
Pulau
Pinang
Kedah

= 1820 lpd (400

gpd)

Perlis

= 2270 lpd
(500gpd)
= 2270 lpd (500
gpd)

Shophouse
(Single Storey)/
Gerai

= 2730 lpd (600

gpd)

Shophouse
(Double Storey)

= 4090 lpd (900

gpd)

Pahang
Terenggan
u
Kelantan
Sabah
Sarawak

- Syarikat Air Johor (SAJ) Holdings

Sdn Bhd
- Perbadanan Air Melaka
- Jabatan Bekalan air negeri
sembilan
- Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor
Sdn Bhd
- Lembaga Air Perak
- Perbadanan Air Pulau Pinang
- Jabatan Bekalan Air Negeri
Kedah
- Jabatan Bekalan Air Negeri
Perlis
- Jabatan Bekalan Air Negeri
Pahang
- Syarikat Air Terengganu
- Syarikat Air Kelantan
- Lembaga Air Sabah
- Lembaga Air Sarawak

11.

Shophouse
(Three Storey)

= 1590 lpd (350

gpd)

12.

Light Industrial
Workshop

= 2730 lpd (600

gpd)

13.

14.

Semi Detached /
Bungalow
Workshops
Heavy Industry

Medium Industry
15.
Light Industry

Office / Complex
/ Commercial
(Domestic
Usage)

16.

Hotels (with
dining and
laundry facility
Demestic
Usage)
Hotel (3 star)

Hotel (5 star)
17.

18.

19.

Schools
/Education
Institutions
-Day School /
Institution
- Fully
Residential

20.
Hospitals

= 65,000 l/ha/day
(6,000
gal/acre/day)
= 50,000 l/ha/day
(4,500
gal/acre/day)
= 33,000 l/ha/day
(3,000
gal/acre/day)
= 1,200
lpd/100Sq.M
(250gpd/1,000
sq.ft.)

1,360 lpd/room
(300 gpd /room)
2,000 lpd/room
(440
gpd/room)
55 lpd / student
(12 gpd /
student)
360 lpd / student
(80 gpd /
student)
1,100 lpd / bed
(240 gpd / bed)
135 lpd / person
(12 gpd / person)
55 lpd / person
( 12 gpd / person)
820 lpd / store
(180 gpd / store)
5000 lpd / service
bay (1080gpd /
service bay)

21.

(domestic
usage)
Mosque
(domestic
usage)
Other place of
worship
Wet Market

Petrol Kiosk

No.
22.

Stadium

23.

Golf Course

Note:-

Appendix A
Water Demand
55 lpd / person ( 12
gpd / person )
5500 lpd / hole
(1200 gpd / hole )

gpd
lpd

=
=

Gallon per day

Liter per day

Appendix B
Local Authority

l/ha/day

Liter/hectares/day

Reference
http://www.mwa.org.my/publication-dguideline.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malaysia
https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wups.html
http://airkelantan.com.my/maklumat-pengguna/kapasiti-pengeluaran-air/
http://www.jank.kelantan.gov.my/jank/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=271&lang=ms
http://www.kelantantv.my/v1/blog-ktv/112-sebahagian-besar-penduduk-kuala-krainikmati-bekalan-air-bersih