SWARNADHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SEETHARAMPURAM, NARASAPUR.

SWARNANDHRA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA, Permanently affiliated to JNTU, KAKINADA)

SEETHARAMPURAM, NARSAPUR-534280. W.G.DT.,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION engineering

BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB OBSERVATION

(Section B: ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING)
FOR
II YEAR B.Tech MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Prepared by:
Mr. V Satya Kishore

Swarnandhra

SWARNADHRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SEETHARAMPURAM, NARASAPUR - 534 280

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (Part -B)

S.NO

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

DATE OF
COMPLETION

FACULTY
SIGNATURE

Study and operations of

Bread Boards
Multimeters
Function Generator
Regulated Power Supplies
Study and Operation of CRO

1.

PN Junction Diode Characteristics

2.

Transistor CE Characteristics
(input and output).

3.

Full Wave Rectifier

with and without filter.

4.

CE Transistor Amplifier.

5.

RC Phase Shift Oscillator.

6.

Class A Power Amplifier.

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BREAD BOARD

Basically breadboards are modules having numerous discrete tiny spring-loaded sockets arranged in definite
rows and columns. These rows and columns are linked group wise internally through copper tracks in smart
patterns which may be diversely suited to vastly different circuit design applications. By just following these
built-in connections carefully, many circuit integrations and combinations may be created by simply inserting
the component leads and jumper wires into the relevant randomly selected sockets.

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STUDY AND OPERATION OF

1. MULTIMETER
2.FUNCTION GENERATOR
3.REGULATED POWER SUPPLY.
4.CRO
1(A).STUDY OF MULTIMETER:

Sepcifications:
Display: 3 digit liquid crystal display (LCD)with a maaximum reading of 1999.
Polarity:Automatic,Positive implied,negative Polarity indication.
Overrange: (1) or (-1) is displayed.
Zero:Automatic.
Battery life: 200 Hours typical with carbon-zinc.
DC Volts:
Ranges: 200mv,2v,20v,200v,600v.
Resolution: 100v.
Accuracy: (0.8% rdg + 1 dgt).
Input Impedance: 10 M
Over Load Protection: 600v DC or AC rms.

DC Currents:
Ranges: 200A,2mA,20mA,200mA,10A.
Accuracy: (1.0% rdg + 1 dgts) on 200A to 200mA ranges
(3.0% rdg +3 dgts) on 10A range.
Input Protection: 0.5A/ 250V Fast blow fuse
10A/600V fast blow ceramic fuse.
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AC Current:
Ranges : :(50Hz-500Hz)
Ranges: 200A,2mA,20mA,200mA,10A.
Accuracy: (2.0% rdg + 4dgts) on 200A to 200mA ranges
(3.5% rdg +4dgts) on 10A range.
Input Protection: 0.5A/ 250V Fast blow fuse
10A/600V fast blow ceramic fuse.

Resistance:
Ranges:200, 2K, 20K, 200K,2000K, 20M, 2000M
Accuracy: (1.0% rdg + 4dgts) on 200 to 2000K ranges
(2.0% rdg + 4dgts) on 20M range
[(5.0% rdg - 10dgts)+ 10dgts] on 2000M range
Open circuit volts: 0.3VDC
(3.0VDC on 200,2000M ranges)
Overload protection:
500VDC or AC rms

Continuity:
Audible indication: less than 100
Overload protection: 500VDC or AC rms

Diode test:
Test current: 0.8mA 0.3mA
Accuracy:(3.0% rdg +1dgt)
Open circuit volts: 3.0V DC typical
Overload protection: 500V DC or AC rms

Capacitance:
Ranges: 2nF,20nF,200nF,2F,20F
Accuracy:(4.0%rdg+10dgts) on all ranges
Test frequency:400Hz

Transistor hFE:
Ranges:0-1000
Base current: 10Adc approx. (Vce=3.0V DC)

Fornt Panel Controls:

Power switch: switch on power supply for bringing into the operating mode
Rotary switch: It is used to select desire measurement in desired range
AC/DC switch:put the switch in AC mode to measure AC current as well as AC voltage.
Put the switch in DC mode to measure DC current as well as DC voltage
ebce:
CX

This is used to put transistor in this holes for measure hfe value
:

It is used to place the capacitor terminals in this holes for measure capacitance value

V,COM,10A: Jacks for connecting multi meter probes

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1(B).OPERATION:
Voltage measurements:
1.

Connect the red test lead to the "V" jack and the black test led to the "COM" jack.

2.

Set the Function/Range switch to the desired voltage range and slide the "AC/DC" selector switch to
the desired voltage type. If magnitude of voltage is not known, set switch to the highest range and
reduce until a satisfactory reading is obtained.

3.

Connect the test leads to the device or circuit being measured.

Current measurements:
1.

Set the Function/Range switch to the desired current range and slide the "AC/DC" selector switch to
the desired current type.

2.

For current measurements less than 200mA,connect the red test lead to the A/mA jack and the black
test lead to the COM jack.

3.

For current measurements of 200mA or greater, connect the red test lead to the 10mA jack and the
black test lead to the COM jack.

4.

Remove power from the circuit under test and open the normal circuit path where the measurement is
to be taken. Connect the meter in series with the circuit.

Resistance and continuity measurements:

1.

Set the Function/Range switch to the desired resistance range or continuity position.

2.

Remove power from the equipment under test.

3.

Connect the red test lead to the "V" jack and the black test led to the "COM" jack.

4.

Touch the probes to the test points. In ohms,the value indicated in the display is the measured value of
resistance. In continuity test, the beeper sounds continuously, if the resistance is less than 100.

Diode tests:
1.

Connect the red test lead to the "V" jack and the black test led to the "COM" jack.

2.

Set the Function/Range switch to the "diode" position.

3.

Turn off power to the circuit under test.

4.

Touch probes to the diode. A forward-voltage drop is about 0.6V(typical for a silicon diode).

5.

Reverse probes. If the diode is good, "1" is displayed. If the diode is shorted. ".000" or another number
is displayed. If the diode is open. "1" is displayed in both directions.

Transistor gain measurements:

1.

Set the Function/Range switch to the desired hfe range (PNP or NPN type transistor).

2.

Never apply an external voltage to the hfe sockets. Damage to the meter may result.

3.

Plug the transistor directly into the hfe sockets. hfe sockets are labeled E,B, and C for emitter, base,
and collector.

4.

Read the transistor hfe directly from the display.

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Capacitance measurements:
1.

Set the Function/Range switch to the desired Cx(capacitance) range.

2.

Never apply an external voltage to the Cx sockets. Damage to the meter may result.

3.

Insert the capacitor leads directly into the Cx sockets.

4.

Read the capacitance directly from the display

Precautions:
1.

Use caution when working above 60V DC or 150V AC rms. Such voltages Cause a shock hazard.

2.

When using the probes, keep your fingers behind the finger guards on the probes.

3.

Measuring voltage which exceeds the limits of the multi meter may damage the meter and
expose the operator to a shock hazard. Always recognise the meter voltage limits as stated on the front
of the meter

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2(A).STUDY OF FUNCTION GENERATOR:

Specifications:
Operating modes

: Sine,square,triangle,pulse

Frequency range

: 2Hz to 2MHz in six decade steps, variable control between steps

Accuracy

: 1% of the selected range counts

Sine wave distortion

: 1% typical

Square/pulse rise and fall time

: less than 100ns at full rated output

Pulse duty cycle variation

: 15% to 85%

Triangle linearity error

: 0.5%

Display

: 5 digits

Frequency range

: 2Hz to 2 M Hz

Input impedance

: 500kohms/22pf

Accuracy

: count 0.1Hz

Outputs:
Signal output

: (SHORT CIRCUIT PROOF)

Impedance

: 500 ohms/600 ohms switchable

Output

: Max 25v p-p into 50ohms

Attenuation

: 4 steps :20db,40db,60db

Level flatness

: +-2% from 1Hz to 100k Hz

DC offset

: Continuously variable

Offset range

: Continuously adjustable attenuated by step attenuator

Front Panel Controls

Frequency counter jack: Frequency counter for the external signal. there is a switch side by this connector
enabling user to select the external signal.
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F.var(adjusting knob) : Continuous and linear frequency adjustment from 2Hz to 2 M Hz in steps selected with
frequency range
Offset (on/off): Adjusting of the positive/negative offset voltage. controls the output 15 signal dc level with
respect to ground.
Amplitude control: It adjust the amplitude of the output signal from less than 10% to 100%(20Hz to 20MHz)
Range selector: (6 positions push button switches) used in conjunction with F VAR to select the desired output
frequency . the switch has six distinct positions starting at 20Hz to 2MHz. this corresponds to upper frequency
limit in any range shows below.
Duty cycle: this controls varies the duty cycle of the selected pulse from 15% to 85%(20Hz to 2MHz)
Function selector: (4 positions push button switch) selects either sine ,square, triangle or pulse as the output waveforms
Attenuator: (-20 db to -40db push button). The switch adjusts the amplitude of output signal in precise steps
of 20db .maximum attenuation obtained is 60 db.

2(B).OPERATION:
1.Release the all push buttons before using the instrument
2.Switch on the instrument
3.Keep the offset switch in off position
4.Select the frequency ranges as you required
20HZ : 2 to 20HZ
200HZ :20hz to 200HZ
2KHZ: 200hz to 2KHZ
20KHZ: 2KHZ to 20KHZ
200KHZ : 20KHZ to 200KHZ
2MHZ: 200KHZ to 2MHZ
5.Select the waveform
6.Connect the BNC to crocodile connector as the function o/p terminal
7.Observe the different waveforms at different frequency
8.Release the all push buttons before switch off the instrument
9.Do not apply any dc voltage to the o/p terminal of the instrument.
Precautions:
1. When the instrument is used to make measurements of high voltage there is always
certain amount of danger from electrical shock
2. Do not operate the instrument with the covered removed unless you are a qualified service technician.

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3(A).STUDY OF TRANSISTORISED POWER SUPPLY:

Specifications:
Input Voltage: 230V +\-10% 50HZ, Single Phase AC.
Output Voltage:
(1) Volts (Settable by the FINE & COARSE Controls on the front panel)
(2) Output through Terminals.
3. Load Current:

0-1 Amp, Maximum (Continuously Variable by front panel current control).

4. Regulations :- (LINE) CV Mode:

0.01% (for +\-10% change in mains supply) Better than +\- 0.05 %
of the highest specified output voltage from no load to full load.
5. Ripple & Noise:

ImVr.m.s

6. Protections: Constant Current limiting type of output characteristics protects the unit from over load,
short circuit conditions.
7. Metering:

Digital Voltmeter and Ammeter provide, to read output Voltage and Current.

Operating temparature:

0-55 C Ambient

Front Pannal Controls:

Volt Switch:

Display Channal 1, or Channal 2 Output voltge on DVM.

Current Switch : Display Channal 1, or Channal 2 Current on DAM

Core: Produces wide variations of output voltge in steeps of .5 Volts.
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Fine:

Produces light variation of output voltage in steeps of .1 Volts.

Current limite:Adjust maximum current rating of source

3.(B) OPERATION:
Before switching the unit ON first observe the following :
1.

The input ON/OFF switch OFF position.

2.

Plug the input mains cord in an appropriate socket and switch ON the ON/OFF switch. The Neon/
LED will glow indicating the availability of the input supply.

3.

Power Supply output settings

a) Voltage Setting: The Power Supply Unit has automatic cross over type of output characteristics The
cross over point is decided by the set output voltage level and set current limit. The output voltage can be
set to the desired level by adjusting control on the front panel without connecting load.
b) Current Setting : The Output current can be set by decreasing the current potentiometer to minimum
position (anti clock wise); short the + VE & -VE terminals and adjust required current. Remove the short
circuit and load the unit. The power supply will work within the set current limit and output voltage.

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4(A) STUDY OF CRO:

Specifications:
Max AC frequency

5 MHz.

Max AC Voltage
:
Max DC Voltage
:
Min AC, DC Voltage :
X-Y mode of operation
Dual Trace.

50V.
50V
1 uV

Front Pannal Controls:

Power
(PB Switch + LED)

:
:

Pushbutton switch to turn scope ON and OFF. LED indicates

'POWER ON' condition.

Intensity
(Knob)

Intensity control to adjust Brightness of CRT display.

Focus
(Knob)

Focus control to adjust Sharpness of CRT display.

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X-Y
(PB Switch)

:
:

Switch when pressed, cuts off Internal Time base and selects X-Y
operation. (X signal via CH.II)

X-Pos
(Knob)

Controls Horizontal Positioning of trace.

Hold Off
approx. (Knob)

:
:

Controls Hold Off time between Sweeps in the ratio 1: 1 0

(Normal (Cal) position = full counterclockwise.)

Trig
(Led)

LED glows, if Sweep is triggered.

TV Sep
(Lever switch)

TV sync separator.
OFF = Normal operation.
TV: H = Line or Horizontal Frequency.
TV: V = Frame or Vertical Frequency.

+/(PB Switch)

Selects the Slope of Trigger Signal.

+ = rising edge.
- = falling edge.

Time/Div
(Rotary)' switch)

Selects Time base speeds from O.5~S/div. to O.2mS/div.

Variable
(Center knob)
(Led)

Timebase variable control.

Increases Timebase speed in the ratio 1: 2.5 approx.
Cal. Position = full counterclockwise, LED OFF.
Uncal Position = LED ON,

Ext
(PB Switch)

Switch when pressed selects External Triggering.

(Trigger signal via TRIG.INP. 15)
Switch when in out position, selects Internal' Triggering.

Trig. Inp
(BNC connector)

Input for External Trigger Signal.

Level
(Knob)

Adjusts trigger point of the Signal from +ve peak to -ve peak,
if AT/NORM PB switch (16) is pressed.

X-Mag x10
(PB Switch)

Switch when pressed, magnifies Trace or Signal 10 times in

X-direction. On 0.5J1S/div. range, this improves timebase speed
to 50nS/div.

Cal 0.2V I2V

(2mm socket)

Calibrator output sockets provided for probes compensation.

Signal available at the sockets is flat top square wave,
of amplitude 0.2Vpp and 2Vpp, frequency = 1kHz approx.
0.2Vpp used for 10: 1 probes compensation.
2Vpp used for 100: 1 probes compensation.
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CT
(PB Switch &
4mm socket).

Switch when pressed converts the instrument from oscilloscope

to Component Tester Mode
One test lead is connected to CT socket and the second test lead is
connected to ground (24. or 36.) socket.

Y-Pos
(Knob)

Controls Vertical positioning of CH.I trace.

Invert (Ch 1)'

(PB Switch)

Switch when pressed, inverts the polarity of CH.I signal.

In combination with ADD switch, used for algebraic addition or
difference of two channels,

Ch.I
(BNC connector)

Signal input for CH.I, Input Impedance IM? ? 25pF.

Ground
(4mm socket)

Separate Ground socket.

AC/DC/GD
(PB Switches)

Input coupling switches for CH.I

AC: Both switches in out position.
Signal is capacitively coupled, DC is blocked.
DC: AC/DC switch pressed, GD switch in out position.
All components (AC & DC) of the signal are passed.
GD: GD switch pressed. AC/DC switch may be at any position.
Signal is disconnected, UP of vertical amplifier is
grounded.

Volts/Div
(Rotary switch)

CH.I Input Attenuator. Selects input sensitivity in mV/div.

or V/div. in 1-2-5 sequence

Var-Gain
(Center knob)
(LED)

Continuously variable gain between the calibrated positions of

the VOLTSIDIV. switch for CH.I.
Increases sensitivity by a ratio 1: 2.5
Cal. Position = fully counterclockwise, LED OFF.
Uncal. Position = LED ON.
On Smv range, when knob turned fully clockwise, sensitivity
becomes 2m V.
.

Dual
(PB Switch)

Switch in out position = Single Channel separately.

Only DUAL Switch pressed = CH.I & CH.n in alternate mode.
DUAL+ADD switches pressed = CH.I & CH.n in CHOP mode.

Add
(PB Switch)

Only ADD switch pressed = Algebraic addition or difference of

CH.I & CH.n, in combination with INVERT switches.

Volts/Div
(Rotary switch)

CH.n Input Attenuator. Selects input sensitivity in mV/div. or

V/div. in 1-2-5 sequence
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1. AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENT :
VOLTAGE VALUES OF A SINE CURVE

PRODEDURE:
1.

Take the signal generator and switch on the power supply

2.

Push the sine function switch and observe whether the dc off-set switch is in ON position. If it is
in ON position, move it to OFF position.

3.

Push any one of the maximum range switch

4.

Set the frequency range potentiometer at middle position (Now the signal generator generates a
sine signal of approximately 500Hz).

5.

Set the amplitude control at middle position.

6.

Observe whether any attenuation button (dB buttons) is pressed or not. If these buttons are
pressed, release them.

7.

Take the C.R.O and switch on the power supply.

8.

Press channel 1 (CH-I) buttton. Check for the appearance of any horizontal line.

9.

If the line doesn't appear, slightly vary the vertical and horizontal position controls of CH-I, until
the line appears focused at the centre of the screen.

10. If horizontal line appears in a thick or thin fashion, vary the focus control until the generated line
appears clearly.
11. Push the C.R.O. ac/dc button in a.c position. Observe whether the ground button is pushed or
not.If it is pushed then release it.(If the ground button is pushed, the C.R.O. does not take any
input signal)
12. Take the C.R.O. probe, connect output of the signal generator to the input to CH-1 of the C.R.O
13. Observe the waveform on the screen of the C.R.O. If the signal appears with less amplitude
decrease the amp/div rotary switch until the waveform amplitude increases on the screen. If the
signal that appears on the screen is out of range of the screen, increase the amp/div rotary switch
until the wave form appears on the screen inbetween the graticules.
14. Observe the waveform on the C.R.O. screen. If the waveform appears compressed, decrease time
/div and if it appears expanded increase time/div rotary switch, until a perfect waveform appears
on the screen.
15. After getting clear waveform on the screen, note the number of divisions between the peak to
peak amplitude of the signal in Y axis.
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16. Note the values in tabular form and calculate the peak amplitude and r.m.s voltage of the input
signal using the formula.
17. Change the amplitude of signal generator and repeat steps 15 and 16.

S.NO:

No.of div between Amp/

Peak to Peak in Div(V)
y axis (N)

V P-P = N x V

VP=V P-P/2

Vrms=VP/ 2

1
2
3
4

2. FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT
Using CRO we cannot directly measur Frequency. We calcute the Frequency by measuring Time Period of
signal.
PRODEDURE:
1.

Take the signal generator and switch on the power supply

2.

Push the sine function switch and observe whether the dc off-set switch is in ON position. If it is
in ON position, move it to OFF position.

3.

Push any one of the maximum range switch

4.

Set the frequency range potentiometer at middle position (Now the signal generator generates a
sine signal of approximately 500Hz).

5.

Set the amplitude control at middle position.

6.

Observe whether any attenuation button (dB buttons) is pressed or not. If these buttons are
pressed, release them.

7.

Take the C.R.O and switch on the power supply.

8.

Press channel 1 (CH-I) buttton. Check for the appearance of any horizontal line.

9.

If the line doesn't appear, slightly vary the vertical and horizontal position controls of CH-I, until
the line appears focused at the centre of the screen.

10. If horizontal line appears in a thick or thin fashion, vary the focus control until the generated line
appears clearly.
11. Push the C.R.O. ac/dc button in a.c position. Observe whether the ground button is pushed or
not.If it is pushed then release it.(If the ground button is pushed, the C.R.O. does not take any
input signal)
12. Take the C.R.O. probe, connect output of the signal generator to the input to CH-1 of the C.R.O

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13. Observe the waveform on the screen of the C.R.O. If the signal appears with less amplitude
decrease the amp/div rotary switch until the waveform amplitude increases on the screen. If the
signal that appears on the screen is out of range of the screen, increase the amp/div rotary switch
until the wave form appears on the screen inbetween the graticules.
14. Observe the waveform on the C.R.O. screen. If the waveform appears compressed, decrease time
/div and if it appears expanded increase time/div rotary switch, until a perfect waveform appears
on the screen.
15. After getting clear waveform on the screen, note the number of divisions between the peak to
peak amplitude of the signal in X axis.
16. Note the values in tabular form and calculate the peak amplitude and r.m.s voltage of the input
signal using the formula.
17. Change the Frequency of signal generator and repeat steps 15 and 16.
S.NO:

No.of div between

Peak to Peak in
X axis (N)

Time/Div (t)

Signal Time Period

T=NX t

Frequency
F=1/ T (Hz)

1
2
3
4
5

3. PHASE DIFFERENCE MEASUREMENT

1k
signal generator i/p

1F

out put

Circuit Diagram
PROCEDURE:
1.

Apply 2KHz sine signal from the signal generator with an amplitude of approximately 5V.

2.

Set the C.R.O in dual mode by pressing the dual button on the front panel of the C.R.O

3.

Connect input signal of the circuit to CH-I input and output of the circuit to CH-II input of
C.R.O.

4.

Vary amp/div control, time/div control until two perfect waveforms on the C.R.O screen
appear.
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Exp. No.

1. P-N JUNCTION DIODE

Date:

AIM: 1) To plot the V-I characteristics of a diode under forward and reverse bias conditions.
2) To find the Static (dc) resistance (rd) and Dynamic (ac) resistance (rac).
3) To find Cut in voltage (Threshold voltage (Vth))
EQUIPMENT &COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO.

EQUIPMENT/COMPONENTS
REQUIRED

(TPS) TRANSISTORISED
POWER SUPPLY

DIODE

RESISTOR

DIGITAL AMMETERS (DC)

BREAD BOARD

DIGITALVOLT METERS (DC)

SPECIFICATION

QUANTITY

0-30V

1N4007

470

0-100 mA,
0-500 A

1
1

WB-102

0-1V,
0-30V

THEORY:
The basic property of the diode is its unidirectional current flow. The diode has two terminals called the
anode and cathode. If the positive terminal of the power supply is connected to the anode and negative terminal
of the supply is connected to the cathode, then the diode is said to be forward biased. When Forward Voltage >
internal barrier Voltage the potential barrier at the junction completely disappears, resulting in relatively large
current flows in the external circuit. There must be at least 0.7V forward bias voltage for silicon diodes before
it can conduct appreciably. This voltage is known as cut-in voltage or threshold voltage (Vth).
If the positive terminal of the power supply is connected to the cathode and negative terminal of the
supply is connected to the anode, the diode is said to be reverse biased. Due to the minority carriers, there is a
small current flow. It will usually be a few microamperes. The reverse biased current of a diode is very small
compared to the forward biased current. The reverse biased current is also known as leakage bias current. The
reverse voltage at which the junction breakdown occurs is known as breakdown voltage, VBD. The reverse
biased current is a function of temperature.
The volt -ampere characteristics is shown in the figure1.3. An Ideal diode acts like a switch, either open
or closed, depending upon the polarity of the voltage placed across it. The ideal diode has zero resistance under
forward bias and infinite resistance under reverse bias.
CUT-IN VOLTAGE:
The term cut-in voltage, indicated by Vth , is the voltage below which the current is very small. As the
voltage exceeds cut-in voltage, the current increases very rapidly. The cut-in voltage is some times called offset
voltage, break point voltage or threshold voltage.
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Cut-in voltage for Germanium diode is 0.2 V and about 0.6V for Silicon diode.
DYNAMIC (ac) RESISTANCE:
The a.c. resistance of a diode, at a particular D.C. voltage, is equal to the reciprocal of the slope of the
characteristic at that point, i.e. the a.c. resistance, rac = V/I. The resistance offered by the diode to an a.c.
signal is called its dynamic or a.c. resistance. The resistance calculated using the relation V/I is called the ac
or dynamic resistance(rdc).
Hence we will refer to the ac resistance of the diode as rD where the lower case letter r is in keeping with
the convention of using lower case letters for ac quantities. Thus rac= V/I . The value of a.c. resistance of
a diode is in range of 1 to 25 usually it is smaller than the D.C. resistance of a diode.
STATIC (dc) RESISTANCE:
When dc voltage is applied across the diode certain dc current will flow through it. The dc resistance of
a diode is found by dividing the dc voltage across it by the dc current through it. Thus the dc resistance also
called the static resistance is found by direct application of Ohms law. This is denoted by rdc. rdc = V/I . The
static resistance of diode is quite low (in ohms)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
a) FORWARD BIAS (FB) :

470

(0-100) mA
+
AA

+
T.P.S (0-30) V

1N4007

V (0-1) V

fig.1.1
b) REVERSE BIAS (RB) :

470

(0-500)A
+

+
T.P.S (0-30) V

K
1N4007

(0-30)v
A

fig.1.2

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PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the circuit as per the diagram (Forward bias).fig.1.1
2. Vary the T.P.S in sequence of steps and take the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings. and
Note in Table 1.1
3.Similarly connect the circuit as per the diagram (Reverse bias).fig.1.2
4. Vary the T.P.S.in sequence of steps and take the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readingsand
Note in Table .1.2
5. Plot the graph between V-I characteristics in Forward bias and Reverse bias for different values. Take
V (Voltage) on X Axis and I (Current) on Y-axis.
6. Calculate

(a) static resistance (rdc) = V/I .

(b) Dynamic resistance (rac)= V/I .
(c) Cut in voltage (Threshold voltage (Vth))

OBESERVATION TABLE:
FORWARD BIAS:
S.No

Forward voltage
(VF) volts

Forward current
(IF) mA

Table1.1

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REVERSE BIAS:
S.No

Reverse voltage
(VR) volts

Reverse current
(IR) A

Table1.2
MODEL GRAPH:
IF (mA)
I2

? I
I1
-VR(volts) VBD

V1

VF(volts)
V2

? V

-(IIRR)(mA)
A

Fig 1.3

V =(V2-V1) Small Change in forward voltage.

I = (I2-I1) Small Change in reverse current.

21

Swarnandhra

RESULT:

VIVA - QUESTIONS:
1. How do you define barrier potential?
2. What is the difference between static and dynamic resistance in case of diode?
3. How capacitance is formed in a diode?
4. Explain why the PIV of semiconductor diode is an important parameter?
5. Write the diode current equation.
6. Is reverse saturation current independent of forward and reverse bias?
7. What are the applications of a diode?
8. What are the specifications of a diode?
9. What is the cut in voltage?
REMARKS:

Signature of Faculty

22

Swarnandhra

Exp. No.

2. COMMON-EMITTER CONFIGURATION

Date:

AIM: To draw the input and output characteristics of a transistor in Common - Emitter configuration.
EQUIPMENT & COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO.

EQUIPMENT/COMPONENTS
REQUIRED

TRANSISTOR

AMMETER

VOLTMETER

SPECIFICATION

QUANTITY

BC 107

(0-100m A)

(0-1V)

(0-30V)

WB-102

(0-30V)/1A

BREAD BOARD

T.P.S

CONNECTING WIRES

AMMETER

(0-500A)

RESISTORS

10 K

100

10

THEORY:
The common emitter configuration is derived from the fact that the emitter is common to both the
input and output side of the configuration. The input is applied between base and emitter and output is taken
from collector and emitter. Here emitter is common to both the input and output terminals. Two sets of
characteristics are necessary to describe the behavior of the CE configuration. One for the input or baseemitter circuit and the other for the output or collector -emitter circuit.

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
The input characteristics are plotted between the input current IB and the input voltage VBE for different
values of output voltage VCE.
1.

The base current( IB) (A) increases with the increase in base to emitter voltage (VBE ) for
constant VCE . This implies that input resistance (ri) of common emitter configuration is very
high as compared to CB configuration.

As the collector - emitter voltage (VCE ) is increased above 1v, the curves shift downward. This
occurs because of the fact that as VCE is increased, the depletion width in the base- region
increases. This reduces the effective base width, which in turn reduces the base current.

Input resistance or dynamic (ac) input resistance of the transistor is the ratio of change in BaseEmitter voltage (VBE) to change in base current (IB) at constant Collector-Emitter Voltage (VCE).
i.e;

ri = VBE / IB at constant VCE.

Typical value of ri is few Hundred Ohms to 4K ohms.

23

Swarnandhra

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
These characteristics may be obtained by using the circuit shown in fig.no 2.1.
1.

The output characteristics may be divided into three important regions namely saturation region,
active region and cut-off region.

2.

As the collector - emitter voltage (VCE) increases above zero, the collector current (IC) increases
rapidly to a saturation value, depending upon the value of base current (IB). It may be noted that
collector current (IC) reaches to a saturation value when VCE is about 1V.

3.

When VCE is increased further, IC slightly increases. This increase in Ic is due to the fact that the
increased value of collector - emitter voltage (VCE) reduces the base current and hence the
collector current increases. This phenomenon is called as an early effect.

4.

When IB is zero, a small IC current exists. This is called leakage current. However for all practical
purposes, the collector current (Ic) is zero, when I is zero. Under this condition the transistor is
B

said to be cut-off.
5

Output resistance (or) dynamic (ac) output resistance is the ratio of change in collector voltage
(VCE) to the change in collector current (Ic) at constant IB i.e; Ro = VCE/ Ic at constant IB.
The common - emitter output resistance of a transistor ranges from 10K to50K

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

fig 2.1
PROCEDURE (INPUT CHARACTERISTICS) :
1.

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2.

Keep the VCE voltage constant at 2v by changing TPS-2.

3.

Now vary TPS-1 voltage from to 0 2V in steps of 0.1V and note down the VBE voltage and IB base
current .

24

Swarnandhra

4.

Repeat the steps 2 and 3 for VCE = 4V and VCE = 6V. and note the observation in table 2.1

5.

Draw the graph between VBE and IB and for different VCE voltages.

OBSERVATION TABLE (INPUT CHARACTERISTICS):

VCE1

(V)

VCE2

(V)

VBE(V)

IB(A)

VBE(V)

IB(A)

S.No

Table 2.1
MODEL GRAPH:(INPUT CHARACTERISTICS):

fig 2.2

PROCEDURE (OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS) :

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.fig 2.1
2. Keep the base current IB constant at 400A by changing TPS-1.
3. Now vary TPS 2 voltage from 0 12V in steps of 1V and note down the voltage across
collector and emitter VCE and collector current IC.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 at IB = 450A and IB = 500A.and note the observation in table 2.2
5. Draw the graph between VCE and IC for different base currents IB.

25

Swarnandhra

OBSERVATION TABLE (OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS):

IB1

(A)

IB2

(A)

VCE(V)

IC(mA)

VCE (V)

IC(mA))

S.No

Table 2.2
MODEL GRAPH:

Collector current IC (mA)

Saturation
Region

Active
IB = 4 (A) region
IB = 3 (A)
IB = 2 (A)
IB = 1(A)
IB = 0

Cutt- off
Region

Collector emitter voltage (VCE)

26

Swarnandhra

RESULT: -

VIVA - QUESTIONS :
1) What is meant by transistor? (BJT)
2) What are the terminals in a transistor?
3) What is current amplification factor?
4) What is ment by gain factor (or) transport factor means?
5) What are the applications of transistor?
6) What is the relation between amplification factor and gain factor?
7) What is early effect?
8) Define drift current?
9) Write down the current equation for transistor.
10) Mention CE applications.
REMARKS:

Signature of Faculty

27

Swarnandhra

Exp. No.

3. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Date:

AIM: a) To observe the function of full wave rectifier with and without filter.
b) To calculate the Ripple factor, % of regulation and efficiency ().

EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No.

EQUIPMENT/COMPONENTS REQUIRED

TRANSFORMER

DIODE

DECADE RESISTANCE BOX (DRB)

SPECIFICATION

QUANTITY

(9-0-9) V

1N4007

(0-1) M

DIGITAL MULTIMETERS

(0-20V)

BREAD BOARD

WB-102

CAPACITOR

1000F / 25V

CONNECTING WIRES

10

THEORY:
A full-wave rectifier is a circuit. which allows a unidirectional current to flow through the load
during the entire input cycle.
The result of full wave rectification is a d.c output voltage that pulsates for every half-cycle of
the input. There are two types of full-wave rectifiers namely center-tapped and bridge rectifier.

D1

+
VS

_
+

V1

+
V0

VS

Fig (2)

D2

D1

+
VS
_

_
+

V1

_
i

i
+
V0

VS i

Fig (3)
D2

fig 3.1
28

Swarnandhra

WORKING:
The center-tapped full wave rectifier circuit uses two diodes, which are connected to the center-tapped
secondary winding of the transformer. The input is applied to the primary winding of the transformer. The
center-tap on the secondary winding of a transformer is usually taken as the ground or zero voltage reference
point. It may be noted that the voltage between the center-tap and either end of the secondary winding is half of
the secondary voltage,i.e.,VS=V2/2
The operation of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier:
During the positive half-cycle of the input the polarities of the secondary voltage are as shown in
figure this forward biases diode D1 and reverse-biases diode D2. As a result of this, diode D1 conducts some
current where as diode D2 is off. The current through load RL is as indicated in the above figure. It may be noted
that current through the load flows in the same direction, during both the positive and negative portions of the
input cycle. Therefore the output voltage is the voltage developed across the load RL.
Average values of output voltage and load current in a full-wave rectifier:
Consider a center-tapped full-wave rectifier with a sinusoidal a.c. input voltage.
Let Vm= Maximum value of the voltage across each half of the secondary winding.
We know that r.m.s value of secondary voltage is Vrms=Vm/2.
Vs = the r.m.s.value of the voltage across each half of the secondary winding.
Im = Maximum value of the load current.
Vdc=Average or dc value of the output voltage across the load resistor.
Idc= Average or dc value of the current through the load resistor.
Vs = Vm Sin t
Where Vs= instantaneous value of the voltage across each half of the secondary winding
Vdc=2 Vm/ =0.636 Vm
The average (or) dc value of the load current is given by the relation:
Idc=Vdc/RL =2Vm/(xRL)=2Im/ = 0.636 Im (since Im= Vm/RL)
=2Im/ = 0.636Im
Peak inverse voltage:
We know that each diode in a full wave rectifier is alternately forward biased and reverse biased. The
maximum value of reverse voltage which the diode must withstand is twice the maximum secondary voltage
(i.e; 2Vm) Consider the circuit of a center tapped full wave rectifier. Peak inverse voltage is the maximum
possible voltage across a diode when it is reverse biased. Consider that D1 is in forward biased i.e, it is conducting
and diode D2 is reverse biased i e; non conducting. In this case a voltage Vm is developed across the load
resistor RL. Now the voltage across diode D2 is the sum of the voltage across load resistor RL and voltage across
the lower half of transformer secondary Vm. Hence PIV of diode D2 = Vm+Vm = 2Vm. Similarly PIV of diode D1
is 2Vm . PIV of each diode in a center tapped full wave rectifier is PIV=2Vm

29

Swarnandhra

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: (Without Filter)

9V

D1

Ph
VS = V2/2

AC
230V/50Hz V1

1N4007

V2
VS = V2/2

9V

A D2 K
RL

VOCRO(Vo)
V Vdc
or ac or

1N4007

fig.3.2
PROCEDURE:(Without Filter)
1)

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.fig 3.2

2)

First take the no load voltage without connecting the DRB

3)

Connect the multimeter across the output terminals

4)

Now connect the DRB, set the DRB at 500 and take the readings of Vac and Vdc by using
the multimeter.

5)

Repeat the above step by decreasing DRB in the order of 500 to 100 and note the readings of Vac and Vdc with the multimeter.

6)

Calculate the Vac and Vdc ripple factor () = Vac / Vdc.

7)

Calculate the % regulation () =[ (V noload V full load) / V full load]x 100

TABLE: (Without Filter)

Vno load (v)=
RL ()

Vdc(V)

Vac(V)

Ripple Factor ()

%Regulation ()

Table 3.2
30

Swarnandhra

Input voltage(vin)

WAVEFORMS:(Without Filter)
Vm

Output voltage (vout)

T im e

Vm

Time

PROCEDURE: (With Filter)

1)

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.3.3

2)

First take the no load voltages (Vac and Vdc) without connecting the DRB.

3)

Now connect the DRB, set the DRB at 500 and take the readings of Vac and Vdc by using
the multimeter.

4)

Repeat the above step by decreasing DRB in the order of 500 to 100 note the readings of
Vac and Vdc with the multimeter.

5)

Calculate the Vac and Vdc ripple factor () = Vac / Vdc.

6)

Calculate the % regulation () =[ (V noload V full load) / V full load]x 100

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: (With Filter)

9V

1N4007
A D1 K

+
9V

VO or Vac or Vdc

1N4007
fig.3.3

31

Swarnandhra

TABLE:(With Filter)
Vno load (v)=
RL ()

Vdc(V)

Vac(V)

%Regulation ()

Ripple Factor ()

Table 3.3

Input voltage(vin)

WAVEFORMS:(With Filter)

Vm

Output voltage (vout)

T im e

Vm

Time

fig 3.4

RESULT:

32

Swarnandhra

VIVA - QUESTIONS :
1)

What is a full wave rectifier?

2)

What are the types of full wave rectifiers?

3)

What is the theoretical efficiency for full wave rectifier?

4)

What is meant by ripple and ripple factor of full wave rectifier?

5)

Explain the operation of full wave rectifier.

6)

What are the applications of full wave rectifier?

REMARKS:

Signature of Faculty
Y

33

Swarnandhra

Part -B
Exp. No.

4. CE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER

Date:

AIM: To find the frequency response of a common emitter amplifier and to find the bandwidth, voltage
gain, and output impedance.

S.NO.

EQUIPMENT/COMPONENTS
REQUIRED

SPECIFICATION

QUANTITY

TRANSISTOR

BC 107

BREAD BOARD

WB 102

T.P.S

(0-30V)/1A

CONNECTING WIRES

RESISTORS

10

CAPACITORS

SIGNAL GENERATOR

CRO

1K,

2.2K,

10K,

470

10F,

47F

(0-1MHz)

20MHz

THEORY :
The circuit shows a common-emitter amplifier using NPN transistor. It may be noted from this circuit that
the input a.c. signal is applied across the base-emitter terminals and the output signal is taken across the collector
and emitter terminals. The emitter-base junction of a transistor is forward-biased by the VBB supply. The collectorbase junction is reverse-biased by the Vcc supply. The Vcc supply along with the resistances RB and RC determines
the Q- point. The capacitors C1 and C2 are called blocking capacitors (or) coupling capacitors. Each capacitor
acts like a switch, which is open to a direct current but shorted to an alternating current. Because of this,
blocking capacitor blocks the direct current, but passes the alternating current. This action isolates d.c. bias
from an a.c. signal in the circuit. The function of capacitor C1 is to connect the a.c. signal source to the input
circuit (or base- emitter circuit) of the amplifier. The function of capacitor C2 is to connect the amplifier to its
load resistance or to the next stage of the amplifier. All the voltages and currents of the transistor are indicated
by the instantaneous total values (i.e., d.c. + a.c). Thus the relation gives the instantaneous value of the total
base current iB =IB +ib
The instantaneous value of the total collector currents is given by iC = IC +iC
Similarly, the instantaneous value of the total base to emitter voltage is given by
VBE = VBE +Vbe
and the instantaneous value of the total collector -to- emitter voltage is given by VCE = VCE + Vce
34

Swarnandhra

Here the upper case letters I and V indicate the d.c. (or quiescent-operating) current and voltage values
respectively. The lower case letter i and v represent the a.c. current and voltage values respectively. It may be
noted that the emitter terminal of a transistor is shown grounded, therefore common emitter amplifier is also
known as grounded emitter amplifier.
Common emitter amplifier parameters :
This circuit is used to determine amplifier parameters such as input resistance (Ri), output resistance
(RO), current gain (Ai), voltage gain (AV) and power gain (AP). Here it may be noted from the figure that rbe1
represents the ac resistance of the emitter-base junction as seen by the input signal. It is known as input resistance,
looking directly into the base and is designated by Ri (or) Rin (base). Here b is common emitter d.c current gain
(or hfe) of a transistor. The input resistance, (Ri) does not include the effect of external biasing resistors connected
to the base.
Another important point is that since r'e is much smaller than resistance RB, a major part of source
current passes through .r1e and a negligible part through the resistance RB.
The following are the parameters of CE amplifier :1. Input resistance: It is the resistance looking directly into the base and is given by the ratio of base voltage to base
current. Thus input resistance is
Ri =Vb/ib = Vin/ib

since Vin = .r'e.ib

Ri = (.r'e.ib)/ib = .r'e
And the input resistance of the amplifier stage
Ris = RB /(.r'e)
Therefore RB >>r'e
Therefore Ris =.r'e=Ri
2. Output resistance: It is the resistance looking into collector, and is approximately equal to the collector resistance (RC).
Mathematically the output resistance is
RO =RC
3. Current gain: Ai = ic / ib =
4. Voltage gain: - It is the ratio of output voltage (VO) to the input voltage (Vin ) Since the output voltage is the
same as collector voltage and input voltage is the same as base voltage, it is also known as voltage gain from
base to collector.
Av = VO/Vin
We also know that Vin = ib. .r1e and Vo = ie RC = .ib.RC
Therefore Voltage gain Av =(.ib.RC) / (ib. . r1e )= RC/ r1e
35

Swarnandhra

5. Power gain: It is the product of current gain (Ai) and voltage gain (Av).
AP = Ai.Av = (RC/ r1e)
Characteristics and uses of common emitter amplifier: 1. Its input resistance is in the range of 1k to 2 k, which is considered to be moderately low.
2. Its output resistance is about 50k, and is very large.
3. Its current gain is very high and is in the range of 50 to 300.
4. Its voltage gain is of the order of 1500
5. Its power gain is very large i.e, in the order of 10,000 (equal to 40dB).
6. It produces phase reversal of the input signal i.e; output is 180o out of phase with respect to the input signal.
DESIGN: Choose

VCC = 9V

VRe = VCC/10

VBE = 0.7V

VRe = Ie Re

IC = 2mA

Ie = VRe/Re

RC = 2.2K

( I e Ic )

Re = 470
hfe =
Therefore = 1+ hfe
IB = Ic/ =
RB = .Re/10 (or) RB = 0.1. .Re
VBB = IB.RB +VBE + IeRe

Therefore VBB = (VCC.R2) /(R1+R2)

RB = (R1.R2)/(R1+R2)
R1 = (VCC.RB)/VBB
R2 =(R1RB)/(R1- RB)
For CE choose such that its reactance <<Re at 100Hz
XCE 0.1 Re
XCE =1/2f CE
CE = 1/2fx CE
Use CE = 47F
CC = 1/2XCE X RB
Use CC = 10F CC1 = CC2 = CC = 10F
36

Swarnandhra

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RC =2.2k

Vcc = 12V

R1
Ri = 1k

C
C0 = 10F

Ci = 10F

20mV(P-P)

RL =10k

R2

CE = 47F

RE =470

Vout

fig 4.1

TABLE:
Input AC Voltage (Vi) =
S.No Input frequency (f)

Vout (Volts)

GAIN(AV) = Vout/Vi

dB=20log 10 AV

Table 4.1
PROCEDURE:
1.

The circuit is connected as shown in the figure.4.1

2.

Set Vs at 20mV (p-p), using the signal generator.

3.

Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0-1MHz in regular steps and note down the
corresponding output voltage.

4.

Plot the graph between gain (dB) and frequency (Hz).

5.

Find the output impedance

Output impedance: (a) Ri is removed from the circuit and then 20mV/1KHz signal is applied at the input Note down the
amplitude of the output signal.
37

Swarnandhra

(b) Now a DRB is connected across the output terminal and DRB is adjusted such that the output voltage
is reduced to half of its maximum value.
6.

Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

MODEL GRAPH: -

Frequency

RESULT: -

VIVA QUESTIONS : 1.

What is the main advantage of CE configuration over CB configuration as far as biasing is concerned?

2.

What happens to the input impedance of the CE amplifier if CE is removed?

3.

What is the phase-relationship between the input and output voltages of (1) CE amplifier (2) CC amplifier.

4.

Compare all the parameters between CE and CC amplifier.

REMARKS:

Signature of Faculty

Y
38

Swarnandhra

Exp. No.
Date:

5. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM:

To design, construct and test a RC phase shift oscillator circuit and to measure its designed

frequency (fo).

EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.N0

EQUIPMENT/COMPONENT

SPECIFICATION

QUANTITY

REQUIRED
1.

TRANSISTOR

2.

T.P.S UNIT

3.

CRO

4.

CAPACITORS (CC,C,C,C,CE)

5.

RESISTORS (R1, R2, R)

BC107

0- 30V

20 MHz

10f

0.1f

47f

1k

470

THEORY:
RC phase shift oscillator is an audio frequency or low frequency oscillator. It uses a CE amplifier
whose output is given to three RC networks. The phase shift produced by the CE amplifier is 1800. Since an
oscillator requires a phase shift of 00 or 3600,the additional 1800 phase shift is obtained using three RC networks
with an individual shift of 600 each.
CIRCUIT OPERATION:
The circuit starts oscillating if there is any inherent noise in the transistor or any variations in the power
source. With this input at the base, the amplifier produces a collector current. The voltage at the collector is
amplified and shifted by 180o and this is fed to the RC Network which shifts the phase by180o and Feeds the
signal is in phase with the base current this increase the base current and so the collector current IC also
increases. This is again fed to base through the RC Network is inphase and so base current IB further increases.
this process is contionuously to vary Ic between its saturation and cutoff values resulting in oscillations.
Theoretical frequency Calculations
f=1/2RC 6+4k K=RC/ R

39

Swarnandhra

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VCC = 12V

RC
1k

R1

CC
10uF
C

CL
100
BC107

C.R.O
0.1f

R2

RE
470

CE

0.1f

47uF

0.1f

fig 5.1
TABLE:

THEORETICAL
PRACTICAL
FREQUENCY (KHz) FREQUENCY (KHz)

R
()

C
(F)

Table 5.1
PROCEDURE:
1.

The connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2.

Switch on the power supply.

3.

Connect the C.R.O at the output of the circuit.

4.

Adjust the potentiometer for distortion free waveforms.

5.

Measure the output frequency and amplitude in CRO

6.

Compare the theoretical and practical values of frequency.

7.

Repeat the procedure for different resistance values.

8.

Plot the graph for amplitude versus frequency.

40

Swarnandhra

MODEL GRAPH:
VT

Time (t)

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.
What is the purpose of RC Phase shift network?
2.
List the applications of RC phase shift network.
3.
What is the range of frequencies generated by RC phase shift network?
4.
What is the phase shift offered by each RC Section of the network?
REMARKS:

Signature of Faculty

41

Swarnandhra

Exp. No.

6. CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER

Date:

AIM:
To obtain the frequency response of Class A power amplifiers.
APPARATUS:
1. Class 'A' power amplifier trainer kit.
2. Function generator (1 to10MHz)
3. C.R.O (0 to 30MHz)
4. Connecting wires
5. Multimeter.
CIRCIIT DIAGRAM:
VCC 12V
T1
. .

C1

20mV

R1
18kOhm_5%
R3

Q1
BC107BP 22uF

V1
22uF

1000Hz

R5
1.0kOhm_5%
C2 1.0kOhm_5%

R2
4.7kOhm_5%

R8
1.0kOhm_5%C.R.O.

Q2
BC107BP

R7 C4
330Ohm_5%
R6
100uF
100uF
5.1kOhm_5%
R4
470Ohm_5%
C3

THEORY:
There are various classes of power amplifiers, including classes A,
AB, B and C. We shall be concerned here with the class A linear power
amplifier. A class A power amplifier is one whose emitter to base
remains forward biased during the entire input signal. If, in addition, the
output signal is an exact reproduction of the input, the amplifier is said to
be linear. A linear classA power amplifier therefore does not distort or
change the shape of the signal waveform and delivers audio power to a
load.
The circuit diagram of a power amplifier Q that receives its input
signal from a preamplifier or driver. R1 and R2 provide voltage divider
forward bias to Q. R3 is required for bias stabilization. And C1 is a
bypass capacitor for R3, to prevent degeneration of the audio signal.
Proper operation of this stage as a class A amplifier requires the bias to be
properly set so that an undistorted input signal delivered by the driver will
be amplified without distortion by Q.
42

Swarnandhra

Test points include the bases, emitters, and collectors of Q1 and

Q2 and the secondary of output transformer T.Assume that the audio
amplifier is operating normally and a sine-wave test signal is coupled to
the input. The DC voltage measured at the bases Q1 and Q2 and emitters
should show that for these NPN transistors, each base is positive relative
to its emitter (for forward bias of the base to emitter circuit). The DC
voltage at the collector of Q2 is approximately equal to Vcc, because of
the low primary resistance of T.
TABULAR FORM:

FREQUENCY INPUT VOLTAGE

(In Hz)
(In Volts)

OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(In Volts)

GAIN= 20 LOG
V0/VI (in dB)

GAIN (dB)

MODEL GRAPH:

BAND
WIDTH

FREQUENCY (Hz)
43

Swarnandhra

CALCULATIONS:
Input power Pi = Vcc.Ic
Vcc = 12V
Ic

= Collector current

Output power P0 = VI
Where V & I r.m.s. Values of output voltage and current.
V = V0/2 2
I = IL (Multimeter indicates current in r.m.s.)
Efficiency = (PO/Pi ) *100
PROCEDURE:
1.Switch ON the power supply.
2.Connect the signal generator to the input of the amplifier.
3.Select sine wave test signal of 1KHz and amplitude 20mV P-P and
observe the output waveforms at V1 and V2 using C.R.O.
4.calculate gain and plot the graph between gain and frequency.
RESULT:

Thus obtained the frequency response of a Class A Power amplifiers

and Plot the graph.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.

What is the operation of Class A, AB operations?

What is the efficiency of a Class A and AB amplifiers?
What is the difference between the Class A, Class AB amplifiers?
What are the disadvantages of Class A,AB amplifiers?

REMARKS:

Signature of Faculty

44

Swarnandhra