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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Section One
Question 5

Adapted images: Orr, R.T. (1971). [Figure 5.20]. Vertebrate biology


(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders, p. 150.

Questions 12 & 13 Data source: Froese, R., Zeller, D., Kleisner, K., and Pauly, D. (2012,
February 23). What catch data can tell us about the status of global
fisheries. Marine Biology, 159(6), pp. 12831292.
Question 28

Data source: Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water,


Population and Communities. (2012). Kangaroo population surveys.
Retrieved March, 2013, from
www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-trade/wildharvest/pubs/kangaroo-statistics.pdf

Section Two
Question 34(a)

Data source: Krupp, L.S., Corts, J., and Wolff, M. (2009). Growth
dynamics and state of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum in the
Gandoca-Manzanillo National Wildlife Refuge, Caribbean, Costa Rica,
Revista de Biologia Tropical, November, pp. 187201.

Question 35(a)

Image: Chippolito. (2012). Diagram of a cell. Retrieved April, 2013,


from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_Cell.jpg. Used
under the Creative Commons Attribution-share alike 3.0 unported
licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Question 36

Image: Pavie, B. (2009, October 4). Microscope [Drawing] (public


domain). Retrieved April, 2013, from
http://openclipart.org/detail/27679/microscope-by-ben-27679

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