= I

= You.

()

 ()

()

simple verbs 1

(to go) ; e.g. : (He goes.)

(to study); e.g. (She studies.)
(to fall); e.g. (The fruit falls.)
(to go); e.g. : (The boy
goes.)
(to run); e.g. (The girl
runs.)
(to steal); e.g. : (The thief
steals.)
(to swim); e.g. : (The fish
swims.)
(to cry); e.g. : (The baby
cries.)

. (to drink); e.g. : (The deer

drinks.)
. (to go); e.g. : (The boy
goes.)
. (to play); e.g. : (The
little boy plays.)
. (to eat); e.g. : (The lion
eats.)
. (to see); e.g. : (The
teacher sees.)
. (to roar) e.g. : (The cloud
emits a thundering sound.)
. (to do); e.g. : (The
student does work.)
. (to jump); e.g. : (The
monkey jumps.)
. (to run); e.g. : (The goat
runs.)

Conversation
Here is a simple conversation in Sanskrit.

Hey, welcome to a simple lesson in

Sanskrit. We consider only simple
present tense. Its actually quite simple.
Once you learn a few representative
sentences, it becomes a lot easier.
I read.

You read.

He/she reads.

/ |

What if we now go to eating instead of

reading?
I eat.

You eat.

He/she eats.

/ |

Some other verbs:

play = ; fall = ;

Now regarding sentences which have the

following form: The Actor performed
Action on the Actee.
I read a book.
He/she eats food.

|
/ |

Interesting aside: How to call people by

name?
If you want to call out to , you can
say |
Youll call by .
Youll call as , and as .
(Note that theres no anywhere.)
Also, will be called as .

This will introduce future tense. This is

really simple if one knows the present
tense.
For instance, I read gets translated
as , while I will read gets
translated as .

Similarly, You read = | and

will read = |

You

He/she reads = / |
and
He/she will read = / |
I eat.
= |
= |

and

I will eat

Other examples:
I read a book. = | and
will read a book. = |
He/she eats food. = / |
and He/she will eat food = /
|
So, future tense was actually simple,
wasnt it?

Past tense in Sanksrit is simple. Well

look at it through examples.
Present tense:
I eat. = |
Past tense:
I ate. = |

Present tense:
Mohan plays. = |
Past tense:
Mohan played. = |
Present tense:
You read. = |
Past tense:
You read. = |
Other sentences in past tense:
I played with a ball. = |
He read a book. = |
You went to school. = |
A new verb: Go/ going/ went / will go.
He goes. = |
He went. = |
He will go. = |
I will go. = |

we will introduce plural nouns.

Singular: He goes to school. =

|
Plural: They go to school. =
|
Singular: I will eat. = |
Plural: We will eat. = |
Singular: You play. = |
Plural: You play. = |
Singular in Sanskrit is called ; plural
is divided into these categories: excatly
two (), and more than two ().
Weve seen and .
Other examples:
We read (present tense) = |
We will read = |
We read (past tense). = |
They (masculine) go to the playground.
= |
They (feminine) run. = |

Deer (plural) run. = |

New verb: to run = .
New noun: deer (singular) =

He is a boy. = |
( boy = , is = )
I am a boy. = | ( am =
)
(Note that | and | )
Similarly, we have the sentence: You are
a boy. = |
(Again note that: |)
Now, regarding .
They (two + masculine) read a book. =
|
They (two + feminine) read a book. =
|

Please note: , and (That

is, with (whether masculine or
feminine) we have )
Finally, we come to .
They (masculine) read a book. =
|
They (feminine) read a book. =
|
Again note: | and |
(That is, with (whether masculine
or feminine) we have )
Till now we have seen masculine and
feminine. Now, we shall consider
the neuter gender.
Instead of (as in masculine) and (as
in feminine), the word for that in
neuter gender is .
Example: That is a fruit. = |
(fruit = )
Another example of neutral noun: =
water

Sentence: | (The boy drinks

water.)
We saw a new verb: = to drink.
Sanskrit is very rich in synonyms. Let us
see one here.
= = water.
Some other new nouns:
horse = (masculine)
elephant = (masculine)
tortoise = (masculine)

My name is Mohan. = |
What is your name? = ?
My name is Ram. = |
I go to school everyday. =
|
Do you go to school?= ?
I also go to school for studying. =
|

I will go to the playground in the

evening.= |
I will also come. = |
I will go with Ram. = |
Lets have a look at a few new
words that we learnt here.
= my
= your
= name
= everyday
= Do you?
= for studying
= in the evening
= also
= with Ram
The last phrase above : is actually
interesting and very common. The word
means with. Its usage is as follows.

I go with Mohan. = |
I go with Sita. = |
I go with the boy. = |
I go with the girl. = |
Now, the word for boy in Sanskrit is
, while the word for girl is .
Just like the phrase for with Mohan is
, similarly the phrase for with
the boy is .
Again, the phrases for with Sita =
, and with the girl =
are very similar.
At this stage, we have learnt quite a bit
of conversational Sanskrit ( always nice
to be optimistic :) ).
Let us see some more sentences
using the words we have learnt (and
some new ones).
My name is Sita. = |
My friends name is Mohan.=
|

I drink water.= |
My friend also drinks water.=
|
The monkey falls.= |
She is a girl.= |
She is also clever.= |
He is clever. = |
New words that we saw in the above set
of sentences:
= friend (Note that is neuter
gender in Sanskrit. Doesnt matter
whether the friend is a boy or a girl. )
= monkey (, on the other hand,
is masculine.)
Now this ones interesting:
clever = (for masculine), and
(for feminine). Thats why we have,
and .

Lets take some sample dhAtus for

further illustrations. Here we have taken
3 out of total 2012 dhAtus. Those 3

dhAtus are..
= to do
= to be
= to go
Given below are some derived
words for illustration purposes.
Dont bother yourself about deriving
them. The method of deriving them
requires an advanced study of
Sanskrit grammar.
Nouns derived from these dhAtus
can be used to derive nouns like..
= work
= instrument
= deed
= process
and many more..
can be used to derive nouns like..
= a civil structure
= effect
= prosperity
= past
= source
= future
and many more

 can be used to derive nouns like..

= speed or a way of going
= one who has come
= universe = where everything
moves
= confluence
= progress
= inclusiveness
and many more
Adjectives derived from these
dhAtus
can be used to derive adjectives like..
= one who does not hesitate from
doing hardwork
= active
= blessing
and many more..
can be used to derive adjectives like..
= upcoming
= emotional
= expressive
= geographic
and many more
can be used to derive adjectives like..
= in the course of going

 = gone everywhere
= about to emerge
= easy to attain
and many more
The same dhAtus can also be used to
derive verb forms.
Verbs derived from these dhAtus
can be used to derive verbs like
= he/she/some third person does
= do namaskar (its an order)
= I resist
= we do
and many more
can be used to derive verbs like
= it will be/happen
= I was
= become less (its an order)
= may it be possible (a desire)
and many more
can be used to derive verbs like
= go together (its an order)
= he/she/it emerges
= I will go near (something)

 = dont fear after going there

and many more
From the above, we see that the
seemingly unconnected nouns,
adjectives and verbs in English,
actually have common derivations in
Sanskrit! The common thread
connecting them are the dhAtus.
Hence, the dhAtus are even more
basic units than the parts of speech.
Therefore any study of Sanskrit that
builds upon the parts of speech and
not dhAtus is misleading!