Biology 003

Lecture'4:

Cell Division 2 - Meiosis!

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Review
Cell Cycle & Mitosis
!
Stages!of!Cell!Cycle:!
'

1) Interphase
' '!'G1','growth''
' '!'S','chromosomes'copied''
'''!'G2','nal'growth'/'prepara=on'for'division'
' Mitotic phase
2)

! Mitosis - distribution of chromosomes

(4 steps: Prophase,, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)

! Cytokinesis separation of the 2 daughter cells,

each is an exact'copy'of parent cell

PROPHASE (early)

PROPHASE (late)
10 m

G2 OF INTERPHASE

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Asexual Reproduction
Organisms'reproduce'ospring'that'are'
exact!copies'of'themselves.'
In'asexual!reproduc5on,'a'single'
individual'is'the'sole'parent'to'donate'all'
of'its'genes'to'its'ospring.'

Sexual Reproduction
two'parents'produce'ospring'that'
have'unique'combina=ons'of'genes'
inherited'from'the'two'parents.'
Unlike'a'clone,'ospring'produced'
by'sexual'reproduc=on'vary!
gene5cally'from'their'siblings'and'
their'parents.'

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

Asexual:'ospring'iden=cal'to'
parents.'

Sexual:'ospring'not'iden=cal'to'
parents.'

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Involves'meiosis'to'produce'
gametes'that'dier!gene5cally'
from'parents,'and'also'from'each'
other.'

!!Low!Gene5c!Varia5on!

!!Increase!Gene5c!Varia5on!

Usually'involves'mitosis.'

Review The Cell Cycles

The'human'life'cycle'requires'two'types'of'cell'division'
Mitosis!!
Results'in'iden5cal!body!cells!
Occurs'during'growth'and'repair''
Meiosis!!
Gives'rise'to'gametes'that'have!half!the!number!of!
chromosomes'as'the'original'cell''
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Sexual Reproduction
Humans'reproduce'by'sexual'reproduc=on''
In'humans,'each'somatic cell (all'cells'other'than'sperm'or'
egg)'has'46'chromosomes'
Our'sex'cells'(sperm'&'eggs)'have'23'chromosomes'
MITOSIS: Ensures that
each daughter cell
gets an exact'copy'of
the genetic information
present in the parent
cell during cell division
Daughter cells clones
of original parental cell

Somatic cells:
46

46

Gametes:
46

46

23 each

Terminology:

Diploid'vs'Haploid'Cells!

Cells!with:!
2 sets of chromosomes ='DIPLOID'or'2N'(i.e.'2'of'each'
kind'of'chromosomes)'
1 set of chromosomes ='HAPLOID'or'N'''(i.e.'1'of'each'
kind'of'chromosome)'
'
Diploid (2N)
Haploid (N)
All other
chromosomes
are called
autosomes

Sex chromosomes

or!

Recall At Conception
Human'gametes,'sperm'cell'and'egg'
cell,'join'to'create'one'cell'
Nuclei'fuse'together'forming'1'nucleus'in'
the'fer=lized'cell'which'is'referred'to'as'a'
zygote'

'
Where!did!the!sperm!and!egg!come!
from?'

Meiosis:'sex,cell'forma=on'
Specialized cells that are capable of passing
genetic information to the next generation (germ
cells) undergo a different cell division cycle
Occurs in gamete cells: sperm in males,
eggs in females
Meiosis produces cells that:
1. have half of the number of chromosomes found
in the original parent cell
2. are genetically different from one another

Why halve chromosome #?

Sexual'Reproduc=on'
Human cells contain 46 chromosomes
If human conception: egg with 46 chromosomes + sperm with 46
chromosomes = child with 92 chromosomes/cell

!Number!of!
chromosomes!/!cell!
would!double!each!
genera5on!'

Chromosome'Replica=on'
(Just'like'in'Mitosis)'

46 single chromosomes

46 double chromosomes

Terminology:

Homologous'chromosomes'
Homologous'pairs'of'chromosomes'are'not identical...
just similar
Homologous chromosomes
code for the same genes but
may have different alleles for
that gene (different versions
of that gene)

eye

- ex; two chromosomes may

have genes coding for eye
color, but one may code for
brown eyes, the other for blue.

height

Tongue
roll

Meiosis:'Summary'
Meiosis I
1 Diploid cell (46) => 2 Haploid cells (23)
Meiosis II
2 Haploid cells (23) => 4 Haploid cells (23)
By comparison
Mitosis
1 Diploid cell (46) => 2 Diploid cells (46)

Stages of Meiosis
Metaphase I

Prophase I

Centrosome
(with centriole pair)
Sister
chromatids

Chiasmata
Spindle

Centromere
(with kinetochore)

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II and
Cytokinesis

Sister chromatids
remain attached

Metaphase
plate

Homologous
chromosomes
separate

Homologous
chromosomes
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope

Telophase I and
Cytokinesis

Anaphase I

Cleavage
furrow

Microtubule
attached to
kinetochore

Similar stages to mitosis but with

two rounds of division

Sister chromatids
separate

Haploid daughter cells

forming

Meiosis I
Meiosis'is'preceded'by'interphase
Interphase':''
" duplication of chromosomes '
" 2'chroma=ds'held'together'by'centromeres'
" Spindle'proteins'replicate'
'

Same as in MITOSIS

Replicated
chromosome

2N'

2N

interphase

Meiosis'I:'
'Prophase'I'
Prophase I:
Nuclear'membrane'disappears'
Homologous!pairs'line up forming'TETRADS!
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tetrads
(4 chromatids)

Meiosis I
Prophase I
- Tetrads (homologous chromosomes pair up) = synapsis
! Maternal chromosome
! Paternal chromosome
# tetrads = haploid number
!!synapsis:'homologous'
chromosomes'held'together'by'
proteins'&'crossing!over!occurs'
!'nonsister!chroma5ds'exchange'
gene=c'material'with'equivalent'
part'of'a'chroma=d'from'the'other'
homologous'chromosome''

Result?

Meiosis I
Metaphase I
Spindles'move'TETRADS'to'cell'midline'
Line up differently than in Mitosis
TETRADS'line'up'as'homologous'pairs

'
'

interphase

Prophase 1

Metaphase 1
TETRADS!!!

Mitosis'vs.'Meiosis:'Metaphase'

Metaphase: MITOSIS

Metaphase 1 : MEIOSIS

Line up in a single file

chromosome line up as
homologous pairs
(TETRADS)

Chromosomes are attached

to opposite poles

Meiosis I
Anaphase I
!
Homologous!pairs!segregate!
Chromatids remain
attached!
Both copies of'a'homologous'
pair'go'to'one'end'of'cell'
Both'copies'of'the'other'go'to'the'
opposite'end''

Anaphase I

Sister chromatids
remain attached

Homologous
chromosomes
separate

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

TETRADS!!!

Meiosis I
Telophase I
chromosomes'drawn'to'opposite'ends'of'cell'
chroma=ds'still attached by'centromeres'
nuclear'membrane'surrounds'chromosomes'
Cytokinesis
Each'daughter'cell'has'both'copies'of'one'of'each'kind'of'
chromosome'
!'Reduced!from!2N!to!N!at!this!point!
!!!(daughter!cells!are!haploid!&!gene5cally!dierent)!
!
!

Stages'of'Meiosis'I''

Meiosis II

PROPHASE II
Chromosomes condense
again, DNA does not
replicate again.
METAPHASE II
Chromosomes line up.
(Sister chromatids are not
identical - crossing over)
ANAPHASE II
Sister chromatids separate,
and chromosomes move to
opposite poles.
TELOPHASE II
Nuclear membrane &
nucleoli form.
Followed by: Cytokinesis
! 4 haploid Cells

Stages'of'Meiosis'II''

Meiosis'
Metaphase I

Prophase I

Centrosome
(with centriole pair)
Sister
chromatids

Chiasmata
Spindle

Centromere
(with kinetochore)

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II and
Cytokinesis

Sister chromatids
remain attached

Metaphase
plate

Homologous
chromosomes
separate

Homologous
chromosomes
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope

Telophase I and
Cytokinesis

Anaphase I

Microtubule
attached to
kinetochore

Cleavage
furrow

Sister chromatids
separate

Haploid daughter cells

forming

Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium''''''''''
(2n'='46'chromosomes)'
mitosis!
Primary'spermatocyte'
(2n'='46'chromosomes)'
meiosis!I!
Secondary'spermatocyte'
(1n'='23'chromosomes)'
meiosis!II!
Sperm'cells''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
(1n'='23'chromosomes)!
*Dont!memorize!names!

Gene=cally'iden=cal'to'
parent'cell'

gene5cally!
dierent!

Meiosis increases Genetic

variation
'The'behavior'of'chromosomes'during'
meiosis'and'fer=liza=on'is'responsible'for'
most!of!the!varia5on!that'arises'in'each'
genera=on'
'Three'mechanisms'contribute'to'gene=c'
varia=on:'
1. Crossing!over!
2. Independent!assortment!of!
chromosomes!
3. Random!fer5liza5on!

1) Crossing Over
During prophase 1.
'Crossing'over'produces'

recombinant!chromosomes,'which'
combine'genes'inherited'from'each'
parent'
''The'end'result'is'that'the'
chromosomes'will'have'the'same'
number'of'genes'but'the'sister'
chroma=ds'are'no'longer'
iden=cal!'

2) Independent Assortment
'Homologous'pairs'of'chromosomes'orient randomly at

metaphase I of meiosis
'each'pair'of'chromosomes'sorts'maternal'and'paternal'homologues'into'
daughter'cells'independently'of'the'other'pairs'

For'humans,'there'are'
more'than'8.4'million'
possible'combina=ons'of'
chromosomes'

3) Random Fertilization
'Random'fer=liza=on'adds'to'gene=c'varia=on'because'any
sperm can'fuse'with'any ovum (unfer=lized'egg)'

'The'fusion'of'two'gametes'

produces'a'zygote'with'any'of'
about'70'trillion'diploid'
combina=ons'
You really are unique

Mitosis vs Meiosis
Event

Mitosis

Meiosis

DNA replication

Occurs during interphase before

nuclear division occurs

Occurs once, during interphase

before meiosis I begins (does not
occur again before meiosis 2)

Number of divisions

One, which includes prophase,

metaphase, anaphase and
telophase

Two, each including prophase,

metaphase, anaphase and
telophase

Pairing of
homologous
chromosomes

Does not occur

Occurs during prophase I:

homologous chromosomes join,
forming tetrads groups of 4
chromatids. During this period
crossing over occurs

Number of resulting
daughter cells

Two

Four

Genetic
composition of
daughter cells

Each daughter cell is diploid (2n)

and genetically identical to parent
cell

Each sperm or egg cell is haploid

(n) and genetically non-identical
to parent cell and to each other

Role in animal body

Enables multicellular organism to

arise from zygote
Growth and repair

Produces gametes
Introduces genetic variability
among gametes

Two Types of Cell Division

Divide'by'mitosis'

Haploid'gametes'
n=23'

Diploid'cells'''2n=46'

Meiosis

Lecture 4: Summary

- Know the stages of Meiosis and what the cell is

doing during each stage (Meiosis I and II)
- Know the differences between meiosis and mitosis
- Understand how meiosis contributes to genetic
variability (3 methods)

Next Lecture:
Mendelian Genetics