Thomas Bulick

Ling 202
Due 12/4
Ling 202 Final Paper
Sound Correspondences
An

Ju

Ca

Am

Ec

Ay

Cu

Attested in
Examples

Change Contexts

1
2

ProtoQuechuan
Identities
*p
*k

p
k

p
k

p
k

p
k

p
k

p
k

p
k

3
4
5

*m
*t
*w

m
t
w

m
t
w

m
t
w

m
t
w

m
t
w

m
t
w

m
t
w

6
7
8
9
10

*n
*s
*
*j
*a

n
s

j
a

n
s

j
a

n
s

j
a

n
s

j
a

n
s

j
a

n
s

j
a

n
s

j
a

11

*u

12

*i

13

*aj

aj

aj

aj

aj

aj

aj

aj

1,2,4,5,21, 25,51
1,
7,9,10,18,21,23,26
,33,37,38,42
4,9,19,20,36,41,43
5,6,16
6,15,32,43,44,47,5
0,52
8,20,45,46,47
9,11
12,30,34,48
46,48
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,
11,12,13,14,15,16,
17,18,19,20,21,22,
23,24,25,27,27,29,
31,32,34,35,37,38,
39,41,42,43,44,45,
46,47,48,49,50,51,
55
5,7,10,12,19,21,25
,27,34,35,36,40,42
,50
8,9,18,26,33,36,37
,38,41,43,45,49,53
47

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Innovations
*p
*r
*p
*t
*t
*s
*k
*k
*m
*
* ts

p
r
p
t
t
h
k
k
m

ts

p
l
p
t
t
s
k
k
m

p
r
b
t
d
s
k
g
m

p
r
b
t
d
s
x
g
m

r
b
d
s
x
g

p
r
p
t
t
s
k
k
m

r
p
s
t
s
x
k

3
3,27,28,41,43,44
4, 36
7
8
11,14,16,17,27,28
11
12
13
17,55
18,19,20,22,35

/__r
Everywhere
/nasal__
/__k
/nasal__
/#__ or V_V
/__s
/nasal__
/__#
/__[UVUL]
Everywhere

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

* t
* ts
* t
*s
*
*h
*lj
*lj
*p
*nj
*q
*q

t
ts
t
s

h
l
l
b
n
q
q

t
t
t
s

h
lj
lj
p
nj

t
t
t
s

p
nj
q
q

t
t
t

d
d
p
nj
k
k

p
nj
k
k

t
t
t
s
s
h
lj
lj
p
nj

t
s
s
s
s
h
lj
lj
p
nj
q
q

37
38
39
40

*q
*q
*q
*u

g
k
k
u

g
k
x
u

q
q

23,24
21
25,26
30
32,33,53
34,35,36
37,38,40
39
39
49,50
30
13,14,29,51,53,54,
55
17, 55
15,52
16,44
14,16,30,54,55

41

*i

17,51,52,53

42
43

*aj
*i

e:
i

aj
i

aj
e

e:
i

aj
i

aj
i

aj
e

22,33
30

44

*aj
aj
aj
aj
*innovations are highlighted

e:

aj

aj

aj

31,40

Thomas Bulick
Ling 202
Due 12/4
Everywhere
/V_[-cont]
/V_[-cont]
/__[VELAR]
/V_{C,V}
/#_V
Everywhere
Everywhere
/l_V
Everywhere
/[+strident]_V
/#_V
/V_V
/[+voice]_V
/_t
/__[UVUL] or
[UVUl]__
/__[UVUL] or
[UVUL]__
/__ affricates
/__[UVUL] or
[UVUL]__
/__ affricates

Proto-Quechan Sound Inventory

Stops

Fricatives Affric
ates
*s
* ts
*
* t
*h

*p
*k
*t
*q

Nasals

Liquids

Glides

Vowels/Diphthongs

*m
*n
*nj
*

*r
*lj

*w
*j

*a
*u
*i
*aj

Innovations in each Language

Ancash (An)
A
B
C

Innovation
s>h
>
lj > l

Context
/#_ or V_V
/_[UVUL]
Everywhere

Explanation
Lenition to the glottal fricative
Place feature is assimilated by the nasal stop
De-palatalization of the liquid everywhere it
appears in the language. Unsure of why this

nj > n

Everywhere

p>b

/l_

q>

/[+voice]_V

G
H

q>
i > e, u > o

/_t
/_[UVUL] or
[UVUL]_

aj > e:

/_affricates

Innovation
r>l

Context
Everywhere

ts > t

Everywhere

t > t

Everywhere

Thomas Bulick
Ling 202
Due 12/4
occurs other than a simplification of an
unusual sound.
De-palatalization of the nasal everywhere it
appears, similar to that of the l. Im unsure of
why this occurs but it occurs in contrastive
distribution so it must be true, results in a
merger of two phonemes. With innovation C
we could say that this language has a general
rule to de-palatalize sonorants.
Lenition of the bilabial stop following a
liquid
Sometimes Intervocalic voicing, other times
just voicing assimilation between two voiced
sounds
Dissimilation between two adjacent plosives
Uvular sounds create a contrastive
distribution changing the sound from +high
to -high in both these sounds.
Was not sure of the features to describe an
affricate, however the context results in a
fusion of a and j. Also the lengthening of
the e can be viewed as an example of
compensatory lengthening for this fusion.

Junin (Ju)
Explanation
r and l usually alternate back and forth
frequently cross-linguistically, as it does in
this example
Im not entirely sure why the fricative half of
the affricate has changed its place of
articulation. My closest theory is that it has
to do with a sort of partial palatalization from
adjacent sounds that draw it slightly closer in
place of articulation, or that it is for
dissimilation between t and s in place of
articulation, however, regardless there is an
observed chain shift with innovation L
Im not entirely sure why the fricative half of
the affricate has changed its place of
articulation. My closest theory is that it has
to do with a sort of partial palatalization from
adjacent sounds that draw it slightly closer in
place of articulation, and unlike K this one is

q>

Everywhere

q>

/#_

Thomas Bulick
Ling 202
Due 12/4
not a place of articulation that would be to be
dissimilated. However, regardless there is an
observed chain shift with innovation K and
in this case the change could actually be just
as a result of K in order to preserve the
phonemic distinction in the language
The uvular stops in this language have
undergone a large amount of lenition and
become glottal stops
In this case, the sound would have become a
glottal stop, however, because it is in word
initial position it has been deleted completely

Cajamarca (Ca)
O

Innovation
p > b, t > d, k > g,

Context
/Nasal_V

B
K

>
ts > t

/_[UVUL]
Everywhere

t > t

Everywhere

AA

h>

/#_

BB

lj >

/#_V, V_V

lj >

/_p

Explanation
Voicing assimilation to the adjacent voiced
sounds
Place feature is assimilated by the nasal stop
Im not entirely sure why the fricative half of
the affricate has changed its place of
articulation. My closest theory is that it has
to do with a sort of partial palatalization from
adjacent sounds that draw it slightly closer in
place of articulation, however, regardless
there is an observed chain shift with
innovation L
Im not entirely sure why the fricative half of
the affricate has changed its place of
articulation. My closest theory is that it has
to do with a sort of partial palatalization from
adjacent sounds that draw it slightly closer in
place of articulation, however, regardless
there is an observed chain shift with
innovation K
Word initial glottal fricative deletion (similar
to glottal stop deletion in N)
In general, the palatalized liquid has changed
to a postalveolar fricative. My best guess is
that this is just a language simplifying a
weird phoneme and the post alveolar place of
articulation was closest to that of the palatal.
Essentially this is case N, but the fricative
has then assimilated in voicing to the
following consonant

q>

/[+voice, -cons]_V

q>k

/a_a

G
H

q>
i > e, u > o

/_t
/_[UVUL] or
[UVUL]_

Thomas Bulick
Ling 202
Due 12/4
Between a voiced consonant and a vowel q
assimilated the voicing of those sounds.
Could probably be combined with O to form
a general voicing assimilation rule in this
language.
Between two vowels q becomes voiced but
also changes place of articulation, possibly
as a patial palatalization from the adjacent
front vowels, moving closer to the palatal
place of articulation
Dissimilation between two adjacent plosives
Uvular sounds create a contrastive
distribution changing the sound from +high
to -high in both these sounds.

Amazonas (Am)
O

Innovation
p > b, t > d, k > g

Context
/Nasal_V

CC

k>x

/_s

ts > t

Everywhere

t > t

Everywhere

Explanation
Voicing assimilation to the adjacent voiced
sounds.
Im not sure if this is possible and I dont
think weve discussed it but it seems like the
case has assimilated to the s in its continuant
feature, changing from a plosive to a
fricative
Im not entirely sure why the fricative half of
the affricate has changed its place of
articulation. My closest theory is that it has
to do with a sort of partial palatalization from
adjacent sounds that draw it slightly closer in
place of articulation, or that it is for
dissimilation between t and s in place of
articulation, however, regardless there is an
observed chain shift with innovation L
Im not entirely sure why the fricative half of
the affricate has changed its place of
articulation. My closest theory is that it has
to do with a sort of partial palatalization from
adjacent sounds that draw it slightly closer in
place of articulation, and unlike K this one is
not a place of articulation that would be to be
dissimilated. However, regardless there is an
observed chain shift with innovation K and
in this case the change could actually be just

s>

/_k

h>

/#_

lj > d

Everywhere

q>k

Everywhere

aj > e:

/_affricates

Thomas Bulick
Ling 202
Due 12/4
as a result of K in order to preserve the
phonemic distinction in the language
Before a velar sound s becomes postalveolar,
which I think is a result of a partial place of
articulation assimilation between the two
sounds.
Word initial glottal fricative deletion (similar
to glottal stop deletion in N)
The language again appears to be simplifying
an uncommon sound in the palatalized
liquid. However, Im really not sure why it
changed to the affricate beyond it being
similar in place of articulation and voicing
I think what is happening is the language is
simplifying a linguistically rare uvular sound
to a linguistically common velar sound. Also
this innovation interacts with O indicating
that it would have had to occur first
Was not sure of the features to describe an
affricate, however the context results in a
fusion of a and j. Also the lengthening of
the e can be viewed as an example of
compensatory lengthening for this fusion.

Ecuador (Ec)
O

Innovation
p > b, t > d, k > g

Context
/Nasal_V

k>x

/_s

m>

/_#

BB

lj >

/#_V, V_V

ts > t

Everywhere

Explanation
Voicing assimilation to the adjacent voiced
sounds
Im not sure if this is possible and I dont
think weve discussed it but it seems like the
case has assimilated to the s in its continuant
feature, changing from a plosive to a
fricative
The nasal has changed its place feature to
become velar
In general, the palatalized liquid has changed
to a postalveolar fricative. My best guess is
that this is just a language simplifying a
weird phoneme and the post alveolar place of
articulation was closest to that of the palatal.
Im not entirely sure why the fricative half of
the affricate has changed its place of
articulation. My closest theory is that it has
to do with a sort of partial palatalization from

t > t

Everywhere

ts > s, t > s

/_[-cont]

s>

/_k

q>k

Everywhere

Thomas Bulick
Ling 202
Due 12/4
adjacent sounds that draw it slightly closer in
place of articulation, or that it is for
dissimilation between t and s in place of
articulation, however, regardless there is an
observed chain shift with innovation L
Im not entirely sure why the fricative half of
the affricate has changed its place of
articulation. My closest theory is that it has
to do with a sort of partial palatalization from
adjacent sounds that draw it slightly closer in
place of articulation, and unlike K this one is
not a place of articulation that would be to be
dissimilated. However, regardless there is an
observed chain shift with innovation K and
in this case the change could actually be just
as a result of K in order to preserve the
phonemic distinction in the language
In front of stops, affricates become just the
fricative version of itself. I think this is a
matter of dissimilation between two adjacent
sounds which would both have the quality of
being (at least partially) a stop when almost
all languages refuse to have that pattern.
Before a velar sound s becomes postalveolar,
which I think is a result of a partial place of
articulation assimilation between the two
sounds.
I think what is happening is the language is
simplifying a linguistically rare uvular sound
to a linguistically common velar sound. Also
this innovation interacts with O indicating
that it would have had to occur first

Ayacucho (Ay)
B
K

Innovation
>
ts > t

Context
/_[UVUL]
Everywhere

Explanation
Place feature is assimilated by the nasal stop
Im not entirely sure why the fricative half of
the affricate has changed its place of
articulation. My closest theory is that it has
to do with a sort of partial palatalization from
adjacent sounds that draw it slightly closer in
place of articulation, or that it is for
dissimilation between t and s in place of
articulation. However, unlike in the other

>s

Everywhere

q>

i > e, u > o

Everywhere,
specifically
/_[+const]
/_[UVUL] or
[UVUL]_

Thomas Bulick
Ling 202
Due 12/4
languages, there is no chain shift associate
here, and instead we see a merger of two
phonemes
This language appears to be simplifying and
changing all postalveolar fricatives to s,
resulting in a merger between the two
phonemes
In this language it seems that lenition has
brought q to its fricative counterpart
Uvular sounds create a contrastive
distribution changing the sound from +high
to -high in both these sounds.

Cuzco (Cu)

Innovation
p > , t > s

Context
/_[+cons]

k>x

/_s

m>

/_#

B
K

>
ts > t

/_[UVUL]
Everywhere

>s

Everywhere

i > e, u > o

/_[UVUL] or
[UVUL]_

Explanation
Any time a stop is followed by another
consonant it becomes [-cont]
Im not sure if this is possible and I dont
think weve discussed it but it seems like the
case has assimilated to the s in its continuant
feature, changing from a plosive to a
fricative
The nasal has changed its place feature to
become velar only at the end of words
Place feature is assimilated by the nasal stop
Im not entirely sure why the fricative half of
the affricate has changed its place of
articulation. My closest theory is that it has
to do with a sort of partial palatalization from
adjacent sounds that draw it slightly closer in
place of articulation, or that it is for
dissimilation between t and s in place of
articulation. However, unlike in the other
languages, there is no chain shift associate
here, and instead we see a merger of two
phonemes
This language appears to be simplifying and
changing all postalveolar fricatives to s,
resulting in a merger between the two
phonemes
Uvular sounds create a contrastive
distribution changing the sound from +high
to -high in both these sounds.

Thomas Bulick
Ling 202
Due 12/4
Shared Innovations
O, CC, V, B, K, L, W, X, M, BB, U, Q, H, I
Family Tree
As can be seen in the wave diagram, many of the subgroupings from shared innovations
disagree, therefore I based this tree only on first, languages which share 2 innovations, and then
on other singe innovations, and then also based on which innovations I thought were less likely
to just happen twice by chance. For space purposes I did not include individual innovations on
the family tree, but obviously if they were here they would be at the bottom under each branch

X
CC

Ju

An

W,V

Ca

Am

Ec

Cu

Ay

Unfortunately, this diagram also directly contradicts innovations K, U, L, H, BB, M, O, and I,

actually contradicting more than it agrees with. Im pretty sure I messed up my analysis
somewhere, but this is what I is the strongest tree diagram with the results I found.