IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 2 | Issue 07 | January 2016

ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Review of E-Waste Material used in Making of

Concrete
Mukesh U. Donadkar
M. Tech. Scholar
Department of Civil Engineering
GHRCE, Nagpur

Prof. S. S. Solanke
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
GHRCE, Nagpur

Abstract
Concrete is a mixture of cement, water and aggregates. It is widely recognized that proportioning and mixing of the constituents
of concrete such as cement, sand and coarse aggregates and water are important steps in concrete making process. Quality
control measures are expected to keep a check on the quality of concrete being produced. These include tests on wet concrete and
hardened concrete. But due to large use of concrete as the construction material availability of raw material is being questioned.
Therefore other replacing materials are need to be find out. E-waste like Printed Circuit Board is generating in very large
quantity. So it is essential to dispose. The e-waste like non-metals part of PCBs can be recovered and can be use as a ingredient
in concrete. So we can partial replace the material to achieve desire concrete in terms of their properties. This paper presents an
overview on possible use of E-waste in concrete by the different researchers. There research shows strongly possibility of Ewaste being used as substitute of fine aggregate. More use of this tends to decreases the use natural aggregates in concrete and it
is of prime importance that substitute of fine aggregates can be explored.
Keywords: Concrete, E-Waste, Workability, Partial Replacement, Properties
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most commonly used construction material and nearly every type of infrastructure as well as houses and
buildings. Concrete is well known heterogeneous mix of cement, water and aggregates. The admixtures are added in concrete to
achieve the desired properties.
Fine aggregates are important constitutes of concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and give economy. It
is affected on workability of concrete. The stress at which the cracks develop in concrete depends largely on the properties of
aggregate. Advantage of natural sand is the particle are cubical or rounded with smooth surface texture. Being cubical, rounded
and textured it gives good workability. Use of concrete is large so availability of natural sand are less and there is a no material
which plays the role of this ideal material (concrete). Hence it forms the ideal replacement of fine aggregate in concrete, which
also may result in reducing the dead weight of the structure. use of E-waste particles as fine aggregates in concrete with a
replacement ranging from 0 % to 20% on the strength criteria of M 30 Concrete.

Fig. 1: Whole process of integrated recycling for waste PCBs

E-wastes like PCBs contain approximately 30% metals and 70% nonmetals .The printed circuit boards (PCBs) is said to have
very large quantity of silica in its refined form. Hence it forms the ideal replacement of fine aggregate in concrete, which also
may result in reducing the dead weight of the structure.

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Review of E-Waste Material used in Making of Concrete

(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 07 / 015)

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Paper: Utilization of E-Waste printed circuit board by Partial Replacement of sand in Concrete.
Authors: Shini Shanmughan and Ramesh Kannan
Wastes pcbs are approximately 30% metals and 70% nonmetals The printed circuit boards (pcbs) is said to have large amount of
silica in its refined form. Hence it forms the ideal replacement material of fine aggregate in concrete, it can be result in reducing
the dead weight of the structure. The pcbs are inert in nature which makes it as an necessary component in all the electronic
devices. And it give desire to its inert nature, it can not participate in any further reaction with the concrete matrix and it results
in less deviation of strength parameters.
Paper: New solutions for reusing nonmetals reclaimed from waste printed circuit boards
Authors: Mou P, Xiang d, Pan x, Wa l
It has done the work to describe several methods for convert recovered nonmetals from waste PCBs. The PCB nonmetallic
material can be utilized in construction materials, to make models, in composite boards, and in practical products, such as sewer
grates and small boats. Mechanical processes, such as crushing, milling, and separation, were used to waste PCBs. The PCB
nonmetal products have better mechanical characteristics and durability than conventional materials.
The flexural strength of the PCB nonmetallic material composite boards is 30% greater than that of standard products. The
study shows that PCB nonmetals can be utilised in profitable and environmentally friendly ways.
Paper: Inuence of non-metals recycled from waste printed circuit boards on exural properties and fracture behaviour
of polypropylene composites
Authors: Yanhong Zheng, Zhigang Shen
It has been done the work to describes Flexural strength and exural modulus of the composites can be successfully improved by
lling nonmetals recycled from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) into polypropylene (PP). By using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), the inuence of nonmetals on fracture behavior of PP composites is evaluated by in situ exural test.
Paper: Utilization of Waste glass powder by Partial Replacement of sand in Concrete
Authors: M. Iqbal Malik et al.
Utilization of E-Waste glass by Partial Replacement of sand in Concrete. They have studied on the issues of environmental and
economic concern. Fine aggregates are replaced by waste glass powder as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight for M 25 mix. The
concrete specimens are tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28
days of age and the results obtained had compared with those of normal concrete. And it can be resulted by using waste glass
powder as partial replacement of fine aggregates up to 30% by weight for particle size of range 0-1.18mm.
Paper: Use of waste furnace slag and welding slag as replacement for sand in concrete
Authors: Sreekrishna perumal Thanga Ramesh
They have study is to use these wastes in low-cost construction with adequate compressive strength. They have different fine
aggregate replacements have been studied by substituting 5%, 10%, and 15% of slag. The waste material was substituted for
replacement of fine aggregates and for the preparation of concrete blocks. we fallowed Indian standard method and arrived for
mix design for M25 grade of concrete.. The preliminary studies were conducted by mixing the slag with the cement concrete
cubes of standard .Experimental studies were conducted only on plain cement so it can be concluded that the welding and
furnace slags are increase the strength of the concrete.
Paper: Utilize of E-glass waste in concrete as fine aggregate replacement.
Authors: Chen et al
Utilize of E-glass waste in concrete as fine aggregate replacement.the result are The increase in E-glass content significantly
decreases weight and strength loss, mostly for the specimens with lower water/cement ratio. The surface defects of tested
specimens are also show a qualitative evidence of sulfate attack. The positive effect of E-glass on sulfate resistance of concrete is
very prominent.
Paper: A Review on Potential Reuse of Recovered Nonmetallic Printed Circuit Board Waste
Author: Johan Sohaili
It has done the work in the direction of reuse of non metallic printed circuit boards from generated E-waste. He presented a
review on the reclamation and reuse of nonmetallic materials recovered from waste PCBs. The recovered nonmetals are
used as construction materials. Although these applications are considered as better than landfills and incineration, but many
improvements are still needed to further study the potential reuse of this nonmetallic PCB waste into more profitable
and practical use.
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Review of E-Waste Material used in Making of Concrete

(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 07 / 015)

Paper: Products Made from Nonmetallic Materials Reclaimed from Waste Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: XIANG Dong
This paper describes several methods for reusing recovered nonmetals from waste PCBs. The PCB nonmetallic material can be
reused in construction materials, to make models, in composite boards, and in practical products, such as sewer grates and small
boats. Mechanical processes, such as crushing, milling, and separation, were used to process waste PCBs. The PCB nonmetal
products have better mechanical characteristics and durability than traditional materials and fillers.
The flexural strength of the PCB nonmetallic material composite boards is 30% greater than that of standard products. This
study shows that PCB nonmetals can be reused as profitable and environmentally friendly ways.
Paper: lling nonmetals recycled from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) into polypropylene (PP).
Authors: Zhigang Shen
This paper described are done the work on exural modulus and Flexural strength of the composites can be successfully
improved by lling nonmetals recycled from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) into polypropylene (PP). with the help of
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the inuence of nonmetals on fracture behavior of PP composites are investigated by in
situ exural test. Observation results show that the particles can effectively lead to mass micro cracks instead of the breaking
crack. The process of the crack initiation, propagation and ber breakage dissipate a great amount of energy. The result, the
exural properties of the composites can be reinforced significantly. Results of the in situ SEM observation and analysis to the
dynamic exural process supply effective test evidence for the reinforcing mechanism of the nonmetals/PP composites on the
basis of the energy dissipation theory.

III. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

PCBs are platforms on which integrated circuits and other electronic devices and connections are installed. In general, waste
PCBs contains about 30% metals and 70% nonmetals. The material presents in PCB are classified into three groups 1 st one
organic, 2nd metals, and last ceramics. Organic materials in PCB are mainly collected of plastics with contents of flameretardants and paper. Metals in PCBs consist of a large quantity of base metals such as copper, iron, aluminum and tin,
rare and precious metals like tantalum, gallium, platinum, gold, silver, and palladium. Precious metals are metals that have
high economic value due to their rarity. Hazardous metals such as chromium, lead, beryllium, mercury and cadmium are also
present. These hazardous metals are metals with properties that make them potentially harmful and toxic to health and
environment. Ceramics present in the PCB are primarily silica and alumina. Other ceramic materials include alkaline earth
oxides, mica and barium titan ate. Metals are sent to recovery operations. However, significant quantities of nonmetals in PCBs
present an especially difficult challenge for recycling because it mainly consist of resins and glass fibers which cannot be
reconstruct or reformed because of their network structure. PCBs are also large quantity of solder, Cu and Ni along with Fe
and precious metals. about 90% of the most valuable materials in most scrap boards of PCB are in the gold and palladium
content.

Fig. 2: Waste printed cuircuit boards material

IV. CONCLUSIONS

The enhanced strength can be safely attributed to pozzolanic action of the pulverized PCB waste. Reduction in flexural
strength needs further investigations.
The workability of the concrete with pulverized PCB did not show appreciable changes as compared to the control mix.
The PCB waste can be utilized in concrete making and hence solve a potential disposal problem.

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Review of E-Waste Material used in Making of Concrete

(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 07 / 015)

The review of different literature results that E-waste has potential to be utilised as lower aggregate replacement in
concrete. The strength development pattern of E-waste concrete is similar to that of conventional concrete but there is
decrease in strength at all the curing ages. to increase compressive strength. So it is concluded that:1) E-waste are the potential viable material can be used as fine aggregate to produce durable concrete.
2) The use of fine aggregate in concrete will help in alleviating the potential problem of dwindling natural resources.
3) The use of e-waste will also help in protecting the environment surroundings.

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