Distribution System:

1234-

Generating voltage: 6.6, 11, 13.2, 33 kv

high voltage transmission : 220kv, 132kv, 66kv
High voltage and primary distribution: 3.3,6.6,11 kv
Low voltage or secondary distribution: ac 400/230,3 phase 4-wire system

Losses:

The commercial losses are mainly due to low metering efficiency, theft & pilferages.
This may be eliminated by improving metering efficiency, proper energy accounting
& auditing and improved billing & collection efficiency. Fixing of accountability of the
personnel / feeder managers may help considerably in reduction of AT&C loss.

Phase conversion:
The principle advantage to balanced 3-phase power generation, transmission, and
distribution is the ability to reduce the number of current-carrying conductors.
3 is the lowest number of phases that can be produced without requiring a fully
rated return conductor. Single and two-phase are essentially the same in this
respect.
(Practical applications of 3-phase systems often include a neutral conductor, but it is
not an absolute necessity.)
The logical follow-on question is, "Why don't we use higher phase order power
systems, such as 4, 5, or 6-phase?".
3-phase was chosen because it is less complex, and hence less costly, than the
higher phase order systems.
There are several advantages to three-phase power:
* Constant power delivery. Single-phase delivers zero power each time the voltage
crosses zero (120 times per second in the US), while with three-phase each time a
phase crosses zero there is still power being delivered. This leads to three-phase
motors in machinery running more smoothly.
* Easier motor wiring. Three-phase induction motors don't require brushes, start

capacitors, or any of the complexities of single-phase motors, and are easy to

reverse as needed.
* Smaller wires required for connecting three-phase equipment. Because the current
is divided among the three phases instead of between just two, the wires can be
smaller and therefore are often easier to handle.

the advantages of a three-phase power system over a single-phase system of equivalent load
voltage and power capacity. A single-phase system with three loads connected directly in parallel
would have a very high total current (83.33 times 3, or 250 amps. (Figure below)

For comparison, three 10 Kw loads on a 120 Vac system draw 250 A.

This would necessitate 3/0 gage copper wire (very large!), at about 510 pounds per thousand feet,
and with a considerable price tag attached. If the distance from source to load was 1000 feet, we
would need over a half-ton of copper wire to do the job. On the other hand, we could build a
split-phase system with two 15 kW, 120 volt loads. (Figure below)

Split phase system draws half the current of 125 A at 240 Vac compared to 120 Vac system.
Our current is half of what it was with the simple parallel circuit, which is a great improvement.
We could get away with using number 2 gage copper wire at a total mass of about 600 pounds,
figuring about 200 pounds per thousand feet with three runs of 1000 feet each between source

and loads. However, we also have to consider the increased safety hazard of having 240 volts
present in the system, even though each load only receives 120 volts. Overall, there is greater
potential for dangerous electric shock to occur.
When we contrast these two examples against our three-phase system (Figure above), the
advantages are quite clear. First, the conductor currents are quite a bit less (83.33 amps versus
125 or 250 amps), permitting the use of much thinner and lighter wire. We can use number 4
gage wire at about 125 pounds per thousand feet, which will total 500 pounds (four runs of 1000
feet each) for our example circuit. This represents a significant cost savings over the split-phase
system, with the additional benefit that the maximum voltage in the system is lower (208 versus
240).
One question remains to be answered: how in the world do we get three AC voltage sources
whose phase angles are exactly 120o apart? Obviously we can't center-tap a transformer or
alternator winding like we did in the split-phase system, since that can only give us voltage
waveforms that are either in phase or 180o out of phase. Perhaps we could figure out some way
to use capacitors and inductors to create phase shifts of 120o, but then those phase shifts would
depend on the phase angles of our load impedances as well (substituting a capacitive or inductive
load for a resistive load would change everything!).

Sr. No.

1-

Size of
Transfor
mer
25 KVA

2-

50 KVA

3-

100 KVA

4-

200 KVA

Sr. No.

Size

Gnat

7/.087

Ant

7/.122

Wasp

7/.173

L.T.
Curren
t
34.8
Amp
70
Amp
140
Amp
280
Amp

Curren
t
Capaci
ty
(amp)
80180
135200
230315

LT system upgradation:
1- By increasing the size of conductor i.e. Ant to Wasp
2- By adding more phases or conversion from single phase LT system to 3 phase
LT system
3- By adding new transformer or by increasing the capacity of transformer
4- By reducing the length of LT line
5- By adjustment of transformer at load center
6- By balancing of load at different transformer and at different phases

Cost Benefit Analysis:

Cost is the major factor which influence the up gradation of any distribution system.

Cost Benefit Analysis=

Present value of Benefits

Present Value of Cost

If cost benefit analysis is greater than the proposal of up gradation of our

distribution system is accepted.

Sr. No.
1234567-

Description
of Material
HT PCC Pole
36
LT PCC Pole
31
Transformer
200 KVA
ACSR Rabbit
ACSR Ant
ACSR Wasp
Accessories

Unit

Qty

Rate

Amount

Nos

01

1,1300

1,1300

Nos

02

8200

1,6400

Nos

01

40,7700

40,7700

Mtr
Mtr
Mtr

30
1498
973

48
37
75

1440
55,426
72,975
58,840

Total

624,081

8% Labour
Charges

49,926

12%
Overhead
Charges
Grand Total

74,890

748,897