D.

Unmixed Cross Flow Heat exchanger for the heating effect

Determine the heat convection coefficient in the heater tube and at the outer flow of the
tube.

25 mm
15 mm

T2, 2

0.5 m
Heater Tube
0.5 m
Air Conditioning Conduit
Heater Tubes
Exhaust
Combustor
T3, 3
Example of Heater Tubes Layout

c ,=12
T
T c, out =20
h ,=25
T
T h, out =2000
m
cold=19.56 kg /s
m
hot =0.159 kg /s

Assuming n = 8
C pc =1.005 kJ /kg

C p =2.226 kJ /kg
c ,
T c ,out T
=m
Q
C
c

pc

c =( 19.56 ) ( 1.005 ) (2012 )=157.262 kw

Q

Properties of air at 12 C (1 atm):

=1.2376 kg/m2
k =0.02454 W /m . k

=1.97 105 kg/m. s

=1.4436 105 m2 / s
Pr 0.73488

V 1=

19.56
=
A ( 1.2376 ) ( 0.5 0.5 )

V 1=63.22 m/s

VD (63.22)(0.025)
=

1.4436 105

=109301.52<5 10

Nu=

hD
=0.664 2 Pr 3
k

(Laminar flow)

[ [ ]]]
[
[ [ ]] ]
1
2

Nu cylinder =0.3+

0.62 Pr

1+

0.4
Pr

( )

1
3

2 1
3 4

[ (

1+
282000

1
3 2

Nucylinder =0.3+

)]

0.62(110.08 10 ) (0.7348)
1+

0.4
0.7348

2 1
3 4

5 4
8 5

1
3

110.08 10
1+
282000

4
3 5
8 5

)]

Nu=290.17
290.17=

h 0( 0.025)
0.02454

h0=284.83W /m. k

Properties of CH4 at 25C

90+100 0.07970.0967
=
25+ 100
k 0.0967
k =0.1158 W /m. k
249.0=

h0 ( 0.0250.015 )
0.1158

h1=2883.42 W /m. k

Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient, U (neglect the conduction effect in the
heater tube)
U=

1 1
+
h 1 h0

1
1
U=
+
2883.42 284.83

U=316.05 W /m. k

Analyze the required number of heater tubes for heat exchanging process using LMTD or
-NTU method.
C h =m
h c ph
Ch =( 0.159 ) ( 2.226 )=0.354 KW /k
C ch=m
c c pc
C c =( 19.56 )( 1.005 ) =19.66 KW / k
C c >C h hence C h=min

NTU =

A s U 8 ( DL)(U )
=
C min
C min

T
Q=
Rtotal
Rtotal=

122725
=0.0076
157.262 103

ln

Rtotal=

r2
r1

()

1
1
+
+
h0 A 0 2 kL h1 A 1
ln

0.01=

( 0.025
0.015 )

1
1
+
+
( 242.92 )( 8 0.025 ) L 2 (0.1158)L (2883.42)(8 ( 0.0250.015 )) L

Hence the obtained

NTU =

L=69.8 m

8 ( 0.025 69.8)(316.05)
0.354 103

NTU =39.16

Effectiveness,
Cross flow for both fluid unmixed
C=

Cmin
Cmax

C=

0.354
=0.018
19.66

=1exp

NTU
C

=1exp

39.16
0.018

0.22

0.22

[ exp (C NTU 0.78 )1 ]

[ exp (0.018(39.16) ) 1 ]
0.78

=0.4

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND SOCIETAL IMPACT

Mostly refrigerant has a dangerous particle that can affect environmental aspect. Refrigerant
systems are producing HCFC gases that are dangerous to ozone layer and may have other
negative factors. Basically the HCFC gases can reduce the thickness of ozone layer. Thus, the
depletion problem may introduce to other problem such as the radiation light from the sun
that may harmful.
Nowdays, for safety purposes and the awareness of environmental issues, government and
private sector have taken a serious matter. The uses of HCFC gases are recommended replace
by natural refrigerant. These natural refrigerants may help to reduce the affect of ozone layer
thickness. The uses of CO2 or R-744 have become an alternative way to replace the HCFC
gases. These gases may able to avoid the negative affect during production. Moreover,
blended HFC also has been introduced. These gases are not natural gases, but it also has quite
same purpose for reducing environmental issues. These are some example of blended HFC:

CFC 502 is usually used in low temperature commercial and small industrial cooling
installations (e.g. supermarket frozen food systems, small cold stores and small blast
freezers). In the UK CFC 502 became scarce quite quickly after the 1995 phase out of
CFC production, so it is believed that there are relatively few CFC 502 systems still in
use.

HCFC 22 is a very commonly used refrigerant. It is widely used in commercial,

industrial and air-conditioning systems. It is currently used in many applications that
cannot be manufactured using HCFCs after 1st January 2001. It is also the most likely
refrigerant to be used in the air-conditioning and heat pump applications

CFC 12 is used for a wide variety of refrigeration and air-conditioning applications.

All domestic refrigerators and freezers built before 1994 used CFC 12. Many are still
in use. Similarly CFC 12 is used for many other small hermetic systems such as retail
display cases, icemakers and etc. CFC 12 is used in many medium and large sized
systems in commercial and industrial refrigeration.

On-road and laboratory experiments with a 2009 Ford Explorer and a 2009
Toyota Corolla were conducted to assess the fuel consumption penalty
associated with air conditioner (A/C) use at idle and highway cruise
conditions. Vehicle data were acquired on-road and on a chassis
dynamometer. Data were gathered for various A/C settings and with the
A/C off and the windows open. At steady speeds between 64.4 and 113
kph (40 and 70 mph), both vehicles consumed more fuel with the A/C on
at maximum cooling load (compressor at 100% duty cycle) than when
driving with the windows down. The Explorer maintained this trend
beyond 113 kph (70 mph), while the Corolla fuel consumption with the
windows down matched that of running the A/C at 121 kph (75 mph), and
exceeded it at 129 kph (80 mph). The incremental fuel consumption rate
penalty due to air conditioner use was nearly constant with a slight trend
of increasing consumption with increasing vehicle (and compressor)
speed. A lower fuel penalty due to A/C operation is observed at idle for
both vehicles, likely due to the low compressor speed at this operating
point, although the percentage increase due to A/C use is highest at idle.

5.0

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we have achieved the objective of this assignment that is to conduct

preliminary design of an air conditioning. Through the calculations, we also has indicates the
possible value for the correct air conditioning system. The calculations of problem solving
also have teach and improved our fundamental of calculus and thermal principles. Other than
that, we have identified the basic principle and the relationship between theoretical and
practical value of thermal engineering especially in air conditioning.
Based on the result and calculations, it is proved that high CCOP value can reduce the work
in needed for the system. In air conditioning application the electrical source can be reduced
by manipulated the COP value. The selection of air conditioning product also must take in
care because there is quite different between the energy consumption needed. Always prefer
to select the product that least energy consumption. For the old refrigerant and air
conditioning system, we need to regularly maintenance for better performance by cleaning
and service the coil of cooling and heating. Thus, Thermal Engineering has been proven to
teach us on how to apply the knowledge on our daily life. It also can be reference and
guidance for us to reduce the uses and sources of natural environment.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES

MEC551, Thermal Engineering, 2013, First edition, Mc Graw Hill Education

Walter T. Grondzik, Air-conditioning system Design Manual, 2007, Elsevier
http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101297
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/hvac.html
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ansi-steel-pipes-d_305.html
http://www.vesma.com/tutorial/hr_principles.htm
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/green-

guide/buyingguide/ air-conditioner/environmental-impact/
8 http://www.alternet.org/story/37882/air-conditioning
%3A_our_cross_to_bear
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/flow-velocity-water-pipes-d_385.html