The city of Chandigarh was one of the early planned cities in the post-independence

India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design. [7] The master plan of
the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, transformed from earlier plans
created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer. Most
of the government buildings and housing in the city, however, were designed by the
Chandigarh Capital Project Team headed byPierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry. In
2015, an article published by BBC named Chandigarh as one of the perfect cities of the
world in terms of architecture, cultural growth and modernisation. [8][9]

The city experiences extreme climate and uneven distribution of rainfall. The roads in
Chandigarh are surrounded by trees and it has the third highest forest cover in India at
8.51% following Lakshadweep and Goa.

The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories by per capita income in the
country.[12] The city was reported to be the cleanest in India in 2010, based on a national
government study,[13][14] and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories
according to Human Development Index.[15] In 2015, a survey byLG Electronics, ranked
Chandigarh as the happiest city in India over the happiness index. [16][17] The metropolitan of
Chandigarh-Mohali-Panchkula collectively forms aTri-city, with a combined population of over
2 million.[18] This is the first smoke-free city in India.[19]

Chandigarh has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as
a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission.

The Open Hand Monument is a symbolic structure located in the Indian Union
Territory of Chandigarh, India, designed by the architect Le Corbusier. It is the emblem or symbol of the
Government of Chandigarh and symbolizes "the hand to give and the hand to take; peace and prosperity,
and the unity of mankind".[1]

As per census 2011, the population of subparts is:

Rank

UA

Area

Population (2011)[5]

Chandigarh

Chandigarh

1,055,450

Panchkula

Haryana

210,175

Mohali

Punjab

176,152

Zirakpur

Punjab

95,553

Kharar

Punjab

60,000

Population (2001)

Chandigarh derives its name from the temple of "Chandi Mandir" located in the vicinity of the site selected
for the city. The deity 'Chandi', the goddess of power and a fort of 'garh' laying beyond the temple gave the city
its name "Chandigarh-The City Beautiful".

In March, 1948, the Government of Punjab, in consultation with the Government of India, approved the
area of the foothills of the Shivaliks as the site for the new capital. The location of the city site was a part of the
erstwhile Ambala district as per the 1892-93 gazetteer of District Ambala. The foundation stone of the city was
laid in 1952. Subsequently, at the time of reorganization of the state on 01.11.1966 into Punjab, Haryana and
Himachal Pardesh, the city assumed the unique distinction of being the capital city of both, Punjab and Haryana
while it itself was declared as a Union Territory and under the direct control of the Central Government.

India

Country

Region

Northern India

Completed

1960

Formation

1 Nov, 1966

Named for

Hindu goddess Chandi

Government
Type

Central government

Administrator

Kaptan Singh Solanki

Mayor

Arun Sood

Senior Deputy Mayor

Davesh Moudgil

Deputy Mayor

Hardeep Singh

Area
Union Territory

114 km2 (44 sq mi)

Area rank

34th

Elevation

350 m (1,150 ft)

Population (2011)
Union Territory

1,054,686

Rank

29th

Density

9,300/km2(24,000/sq mi)

Metro[1]

960,787
[2]

Demonym(s)

Chandigarhiya

Language
Official[3]

English[a]

Spoken

Hindi, Punjabi

Time zone

IST (UTC+5:30)

PIN

160XXX

Telephone code

+91-172-XXX-XXXX

ISO 3166 code

IN-CH

Vehicle registration

CH-01 to CH-04

HDI
0.792
HDI Category

high

Literacy

81.9

Website

chandigarh.nic.in

The city of Chandigarh comprises all of the union territory's area

Symbols of Chandigarh
Emblem

Open Hand Emblem

Dance

Bhangra, Giddha

Animal

Indian gray mongoose[6]

Bird

Indian grey hornbill

Flower

Dhak

Tree

Mango Tree

Historical Background
'SOMETHING GOOD COMETH OUT OF EVIL'; thus goes the Biblical saying. This legendry proverb
aptly describes the birth of the city of Chandigarh, which was conceived immediately after Indias
Independence in 1947. With the partition in the subcontinent, Lahore, the capital of undivided Punjab
fell within Pakistan, leaving East Punjab without a Capital. It was decided to built a new Capital city
called Chandigarh about 240 kms. north of New Delhi on a gently sloping terrain with foothills of the
Himalayas the Shivalik range of the North and two Seasonal rivulets flowing on its two sides
approximately 7-8 kms apart. The geographical location of the city is 30 degree 50' N latitude and 76
degree 48' longitude and it lies at an altitude varying from 304.8 to 365.76 meters above sea level.

andit Jawaharlal Nehru, Independent Indias first Prime Minister, laid down the founding principles of the
new city when he said Let this be a new town, symbolic of freedom of India unfettered by the
traditions of the past.. an expressions of the nations faith in the future. The city is a product of
Nehrus vision.
SELECTION OF SITE
To select a suitable site, the Govt. of Punjab appointed a Committee in 1948 under the Chairmanship of
P.L Verma, Chief Engineer to assess and evaluate the existing towns in the State for setting up the
proposed capital of Punjab. However, none was found suitable on the basis of several reasons, such as
military vulnerability, shortage of drinking water, inaccessibility, inability to cope in flux of large number of
refugees etc. The present site was selected in 1948 taking into account various attributes such as its
Central location in the state, proximity to the national capital & availability of sufficient water supply, fertile
of soil, gradient of land for natural drainage, beautiful site with the panorama of blue hills as backdrop &
moderate climate.
PLANNER
An American Firm, M/s. Mayer, Whittlessay and Glass was commissioned in 1950 to prepare the Master
Plan for the new City. Albert Mayer and Mathew Novicki evolved a fan shaped Master Plan and worked
out conceptual sketches of the super block. The super block was designed as a self sufficient
neighborhood units placed along the curvilinear roads and comprised of cluster type housing, markets
and centrally located open spaces. Novicki was tragically killed in an air accident and Mayer decided to
discontinue. Thereafter, the work was assigned to a team of architects led by Charles Eduard Jeanneret
better known as Le Corbusier in 1951.
He was assisted by three senior architects, Maxwell Fry, his wife Jane B Drew and Corbusiers cousin,
Pierre Jeanneret. These senior architects were supported by a team of young Indian architect and
planner consisting of M.N. Sharma, A. R. Prabhawalkar, U.E. Chowdhary, J.S. Dethe, B.P. Mathur, Aditya
Prakash, N.S. Lanbha and others.
The Master Plan was developed by Le Corbusier who also designed the Capital Complex and established
the architectural control & design of the main building of the city. The design of housing for Govt.
employees, schools, shopping centers, hospitals were disturbed among the three senior architects.
Maxwell Fry and Jane B. Drew worked for about three years on the project and then left due to their
engagements elsewhere. Pierre Jeanneret who ultimately became the Chief Architect and Town Planning
Adviser to Govt. of Punjab returned to Switzerland in 1965. M.N. Sharma took over from Pierre Jeanneret
as the first Indian Chief Architect of the Project and after the reorganization of the State of Punjab in 1966
and the establishment of Union Territory, Chandigarh, he was appointed as Administrative Secretary of
the Department of Architecture in the Chandigarh Administration. The major buildings designed by these
architects are the important landmarks in the city.

Le Corbusier's Master Plan

'The Master plan prepared by Le Corbusier was broadly similar to the one prepared by the team of
planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Novicki except that the shape of the city plan was modified
from one with a curving road network to rectangular shape with a grid iron pattern for the fast traffic roads,
besides reducing its area for reason of economy. The city plan was conceived as post war Garden City
wherein vertical and high rise buildings were ruled out, keeping in view the socio economic-conditions and
living habits of the people.

Due to economic constraints, the master plan was to be realized in two phases, catering to a total
population of half a million. Phase-I consisting of 30 low density sector spread over an area of 9000 acres
(Sector 1 to 30) for 1,50,000 people whereas Phase-II consisting of 17 considerably high density Sectors
( Sectors 31 to 47) spread over an area of 6000 acres for a population of 3,50,000.
SECTOR- THE BASIS PLANNING UNIT

The primary module of citys design is a Sector, a neighborhood unit of size 800 meters x 1200 meters. It
is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centers and places of recreations and worship. The
population of a sector varies between 3000 and 20000 depending upon the sizes of plots and the
topography of the area. The shops are located along the V4 street (shopping street), which runs NorthWest to South-East across the sector. Every sector is introvert in character and permits only 4 vehicular
entries into its interior.
The shopping street of each sector is linked to the shopping street of the adjoining sectors thus forming
one long, continuous ribbon like shopping street. The central green of each Sector also stretches to the
green of the next sector

Circulation
Le Corbusier's traffic system followed Mayer's lines but was more elaborate; he called it Les Sept Voies de Circulation,
or Seven Vs. The rationale of his planning was the motor car. "From his early studies in urbanism, Le Corbusier had
identified the motor car as the central factor of modern town planning. His initial, primarily aesthetic, quasi-Futurist
response to the motor car and to rapid movement in the cities had, by 1950, metamorphosed into a theoretical solution
to the problems of modern traffic -- a graded system of circulation, from crossing continents to walking to the front door.
[As Le Corbusier put it] 'The 7 Vs act in the town plan as the bloodstream, the lymph system and the respiratory system
act in biology. These systems are quite rational, they are different from each other, there is no confusion between them,
yet they are in harmony ... It is for us to learn from them when we are organising the ground that lies beneath our feet.
The 7Vs are no longer the sinister instruments of death, but become an
organised hierarchy of roads which can bring modern traffic circulation
under control'." [ Prasad Sunand, 1987].
The 7Vs establishes a hierarchy of traffic circulation ranging from :
arterial roads (V1), major boulevards (V2) sector definers (V3),
shopping streets (V4), neighbourhood streets (V5), access lanes (V6)
and pedestrian paths and cycle tracks (V7s and V8s). The essence of
his plan for Chandigarh rests on preserving intact the true functions of
these seven types of roads.[For details see Le Corbusier's Statue of
Land]
The entrance of cars into the sectors, which are exclusively reserved to
family life, can take place on four points only; in the middle of the 1,200 meters; in the middle of the 800 meters. All
stoppage of circulation shall be prohibited at the four circuses, at the angles of the sectors. The bus stops are provided
each time at 200 meters from the circus so as to served the four pedestrian entrances into a sector. Thus the transit
traffic takes place out of the sectors; the sectors being surrounded by four wallbound car roads without openings (the V3s).
The road system was so designed that "never a door will open on the surrounding
V3s: precisely the four surrounding V3s must be separated from the sector by a blind
wall all along." Buses can ply on the V4s, the horizontal connection between
contiguous sectors, but not within the sector interiors. [Evenson, Norma, 1966]

Working
Chandigarh has four main work centers :

The Capitol Complex in the north-east

The Educational institutes in the north-west

The City Centre in the heart

The industrial area in the south-east

CAPITOL COMPLEX
The Capitol Complex is the focal point if the city, both visually and symbolically whose architectural whose
architecture is considering to be the most representative of Le Corbusiers work. This complex of Govt.
buildings representing all three essential components of a complete democracy the Legislature, the
executive and the judiciary stands against the blue silhouette of lower Shivalik ranges, on the foothills of
Himalayas. The Capitol Complex is the embodiment of the spirit of exaltation, power & permanence
experienced by Indians on acquiring self government after long, bitter struggle for freedom.
The Capitol area was designed as a great pedestrian plaza with motorized traffic confined to sunken
trenches. The complex is planned on a cross axis wherein rigid symmetry has been avoided in placement
of various buildings.
The three major components of the Capitol are the Assembly (Legislation), the Secretariat
(Administration) and the High Court (Judiciary). While the linear faade of the Secretariat marks the
edges of the Complex on the left side, the Assembly and the High Court are placed on the opposite ends
of the Cross axis, facing each other across a 450 mtrs. Esplanade where a number of monuments
symbolizing Le Corbusiers theories of City planning have been placed. These include the Open Hand
monument, often called the B Monument of Chandigarh conveying open to give, open to receive. These
symbolic forms were designed by Corbusier as a means to punctuate the axis of the Complex. Other
monuments included the Martyrs Memorial- a tribute to the martyrs of the Punjab partition and the Tower
of Shadows a demonstration of Corbusierss theories of sun control.
Another important component of the Capitol, which is yet to be built, is the Museum of Knowledge.
The High Court
The High Court building is L-shaped in plan with the long faade facing the capitol plaza. The building has
a rectilinear frame with eight nos. courtrooms located on the main faade, separated from the larger
Chief Justice Court by a monumental, pillared entrance, extending to the full height of the entrance. This
massive entrance bears a close resemblance to the Buland Darwaza of Fatehpur Sikri.

The small Courts are 8x8x12 meters. The dimensions of

the over all design were governed by the Modular
combined with triangular regulating lines.
The design of the High Court is an embodiment of the
climate responsive architecture as conceived by
Corbusier for the new city. It was planned that the design
should permit the government to function through out the
year, furnishing protection from the sun and monsoon
rains. Accordingly, double roof was provided, the upper roof placed over the lower roof was provided in
the manner of a parasol, shading the lower roof. The space between the two roofs is left open to enable
air currents to move. The parasol roof slopes towards the centre in the form of a row of arches.
The High Court building, when completed in 1956 proved to be insufficient in space. Therefore, an
extension (annex) was proposed and completed in 1962 in which additional courtroom spaces were
provided, this is a brick structure consisting of a group of blocks receding to the rear of the High Court
block, neither asserting visually, nor disrupting the existing Layout plan.
THE SECRETARIAT
The Secretariat building is a long, horizontal concrete slab form, 254 meters long and 42 meters high,
which marks the edge of the Capitol Complex on the left side. The building is composed of six eight
storeyed blocks separated by expansion
joints and bears close resemblance to the
Marseilles apartment block, one of
Corbusier's earlier projects.
The facade of the building gives a sculptural
appearance with exposed concrete ramps,
perforated with small square windows
dominating the front and rear views. The
building faade is provided with projects for
sun control.
The Secretariat building helps in defining space of the Capitol Complex. It emphasize a sense of
hierarchy of facades and by its sheer cliff like size and volume, completes the vista through distant
mountains, where eye is led onwards to the smalle3r, more significant buildings and space beyond.
THE ASSEMBLY
The Assembly building, completed in 1962, was conceived as a horizontal rectilinear structure square in
plan with a monumental portico facing the main plaza. The two legislative chambers were conceived as
free standing, curvilinear forms enclosed within a rectilinear shell, carrying on one side the entrance
portico and on the opposite side of band of offices. Sun protection louvers 'brise soleil' have been
provid4ed on lateral walls for protecting glazings against sun. The two legislative chambers are
surrounded by a space 'forum' which serves for circulation as well as informal meetings.

The most impressive part of the Assembly is the Assembly

Chamber (Punjab Assembly), which is crowned by a massive
hyperbolic tower, extending above the roofline and providing a
sculptural & dramatic look against the backdrop of distant hills 128
ft. in diameter at the base the Assembly chamber rises to 124ft. at
its highest point. This building expresses the versatility and
plasticity of concrete as a building material. Similarly, the smaller
Council Chamber (Haryana Assembly) conceived in a rectilinear
frame is crowned by a pyramidal roof, provided with a North light.
Overall, the Assembly building with nits dramatic skyline is one of the most visually appealing aspects of
the Capitol Complex and is an attempt to give an architectural setting of monumental dignity to the
functions of the Government.
The University and the Educational Zone
The Panjab University with its various departments and the adjoining various government technical and
non-technical colleges, together form the educational zone of the city. Initially, the plan of the University
and temporary Administrative Block was designed by J.K.Chowdhury. The Master Plan was later
reorganized by Pierre Jeanneret alongwith designing of all major buildings including Gandhi Bhawan and
the Administrative Block, Arts and science teaching blocks. In this task he was assisted by B.P.Mathur.
The most distinctive and well-known landmark of the Panjab University is the 'Gandhi Bhawan' building
which is lotus shaped, appearing as if floating in a pool of water. Gandhi Bhawan forms the focal point on
the main North-East to South-West axis and is of major architectural importance. Adjacent to the
university in sector-11 are the two undergraduate colleges; one for
men and the other for women, which were planned by Maxwell
Fry.
To the north of the university is located at the Postgraduate
Institute of Medical Education and Research. It is a multi-facility,
super speciality referral institute with a 1300 bedded hospital
attached to it. This institute put Chandigarh on the medical map of
India and patients come here from all over the country. The first
phase of the including the Hospital and Research Blocks were
designed by Pierre Jeanneret, in which he was assisted be Jeet Malhotra and H.S.Chopra. After
Jeanneret left, the remaining works were done by M.N.Sharma who was the Chief Architect and was
assisted by O.P.Mehta.
The City Center
The City Centre representing the heart of the city lies
at the intersection of two main axial Roads, Madhya
Marg and Jan Marg. Designed on a monumental
scale of uniform four-storied concrete buildings, it is
laid out along four pedestrian promenades
intersecting at a nodal point, where all civic buildings
are located. There is a central chowk or a piazza
marking the crossing of two-wi9de pedestrian ways
running north-east to south-west and north-west to
south-east. Around this chowk are created the most important civic and commercial buildings, the town

hall, the central library and the General Post and Telegraph office, large cinemas, commercial houses and
banks.
Besides the monuments that mark the large piazza, there are a number of attractive structures in the
piazza. The City Centre contains large shopping stores, office buildings, banks and cinemas and other
public buildings. The three water fountains amidst the central piazza or the chowk are the focal point of
the sector, which were designed by M. N. Sharma. The city centre is landscaped with trees, which
presents a subtle contrast of form and colour against the concrete facades. This sector also houses the
district courts, the central police station and the inter-state bus terminus.
Industrial Area
Located in, the south-east side of the city close to the railway station and wholesale markets of the city,
the Industrial Area provides easy access to the goods, transport centre and wholesale market. Its location
while planning was decided after taking into account factors such as the proximity on the access road for
the entry of raw materials and exit of finished goods without having to go through the populated streets
disturbing the peace of the town, thus keeping the pollution zone away from the city. Further, a buffer
zone has been provided between the industrial area and the residential and administrative spaces.

Care of Body & Spirit

Garden City
Soon after the decision to build a new capital city was taken, an apex body called "The Secretariat Committee of the
Capital Project" was formed to steer the course of development of the city. In the draft instructions formulated by it on
the nature of physical development of Chandigarh, the idea of having a Garden City was mooted. The quest for 'Garden
City' by the developers was because of the colonies developed by the British had the look of broad shady tree lined
avenues, bungalows with sprawling open spaces, which had a strong impact on
the minds of Chandigarh's founding fathers.
The Rose Garden
Serenity and city - are two opposite things. However this phenomenon is belied
in the City Beautiful. The numerous picturesque greens in the city enable the
citizens to get away from the daily grind and merge with the nature. Whether it is
a morning walk or evening walk through the Rose Garden in the leisure valley, all
provide an invigorating experience. The rose garden designed by M.N.Sharma
was built as a part of the green belt and has a large variety of roses and a large fountain to relax the soul. Every walk
through the garden is a lively freshening
experience. The large stretch of greens
dotted with bountiful flowers of varying
hues lends a great place, which attracts
many people.
Sukhna Lake
Sukhna Lake is a large man made water
body conceived by Le Corbusier on the

North East face of the City. It is fed by water from the Catchment area of the seasonal rivulets on the foothills of the
Shivaliks. It is a major recreation zone of the city and offers best in water sports, pedestrian and various other sports
activities.
The Rock Garden
Spread over the several acres, this fantasyland designed by Padam Shri Nek Chand is a vast open-air museum that
showcases a vast array of natural rock forms and stones. The Rock Garden was not a part of the original Master Plan as
conceived by Le Corbusier. The layout of the garden is based on the fantasy of the lost kingdom. The moment one
enters the garden; the small entrance doors that make the heads bow create an ambience of royal grandeur and
humbleness. One has to pass through a variety of doorways, archways, vestibules, streets and lanes of different scale
dimensions, each one opening into a new array of displays or courtyards and chambers lending an air of suspense. The
garden consisting of fourteen chambers houses natural rock forms, a pond, and a hut in the main court. Another phase
of the garden comprises the grand palace complex, minars; waterfalls, open air theatre, village mountains, over bridges,
pavilions and areas for royal pleasures. The trees and route sculptures offer a
powerful counterpoint to the exiting vegetation.
The figures & sculptures made from broken bangles, glass, glazed tiles and
electrical fittings are a visual treat and bring out the sheer joy of human creativity.
Landscaping
Le Corbusier conceived the tree plantation
and landscaping for the City in harmony
with the beautiful natural settings of
Shivalik Hills. He studied the various species of trees, their shapes, foliage and
colour of flowers etc. before planning landscape scheme for three great urban
elements roads, urban spaces and free spaces such as the leisure valley and the
parks. Dr. M. S. Randhawa as Chairman of Chandigarh Landscape committee
was mainly responsible for implementation of landscaping of the city as
conceived by Le Corbusier.
Leisure Valley
The leisure valley is a green sprawling space extending North-East to South-West along a seasonal choe and was
conceived by Le Corbusier as the lungs of the city. The fitness trails and the other gardens along the green belt, which
passes through the city, offer quiet a retreat at all hours of the day, orchestrating life's subtler impulses and heightening
the spiritual experience.

Architecture Control
A suitable conglomeration of natural and built environment is essential for every sustainable habitation. Chandigarh's
sustainability stems from its modern urbanism planned in harmony with the elements. Unlike old towns and cities of
India, it was planned as a new city unfettered by the traditions of the past, a symbol of India's new found freedom and a
step into the future. A number of factors have contributed to it's sustainability:
A City with a goal

The city was planned as an administrative center assuring all amenities to all classes of people to lead a dignifies life.
The city achieved this agenda with aplomb precision. However, the quest doesn't end here. The city continues to grow in
response to its people's needs and happily, this growth is regulated through an edict to prolong its sustainability.
Suitable Site with climate responsive Architecture
The location of the site of the city has contributed immensely to its sustainability. It had a number of natural advantages
such as stability (bearing capacity of soil), favourable water supply conditions, natural ground slope, inexhaustible
supply of building materials in the vicinity etc. The city has an extreme climate-cold winters warm dry summers and the
humid monsoon season. Accordingly, the architectural vocabulary for the city's physical environment includes vernacular
shading devices and features such as sunshades (chajjas), fenestrations, parasols, louvers, verandahs, brick jails &
courtyards all aimed at natural climate control at micro level.
The city is mostly built in brick, stone and shutter finish concrete, which is not only available in abundance locally but
also translates into provocative aesthetic forms. Besides, the less maintenance cost of material furthers the cause of
sustainability.
Labour intensive Development with Eco Friendly Techniques
The skyline of the city is predominantly four storeyed achieved through cheap & plentiful manpower. This was also in
consonance with the low economy and stringent budget for the new capital. Infact, the low cost materials and techniques
employed in building construction served as a model in other parts of the nation also. Standardisation of building
components such as the roof spans, lintel size, door and
window opening size and shape ensured quality and cost
control.

After Le Corbusier
The reorganization of the State pf Punjab in 1966 resulted in
Chandigarh being declared a Union Territory besides serving as
Capital of Punjab and the newly created State of Haryana. In
the process, Chandigarh became the seat of three governments
& gained in size and stature since it already had a central location in the region and a sublime environment
complementing its growth. Dr. M. S. Randhawa took over as the first Chief Commissioner of the new Union Territory and
was chiefly instrumental in realization of the IInd phase in 1968 when M. N. Sharma was the chief architect. This phase
of development comprised of 17 Nos. sectors extending from 31 to 47. The feedback which was gained from the
development of Phase-I was wisely invested into the planning of this phase and certain fundamental improvements were
envisaged in the Sector layout, housing and commercial environment. This phase was planned for a population of 3.5
lacs with an average density of 60 persons per acre as compared to 17 persons per acres in Phase-I and comprised of
an area of 27 sq. km. The first phase was developed in 43 sq. km. of area.
The development and the character of the IInd phase of Chandigarh that emerged gradually in the three decades of its
materialization was largely influenced by the following attributes:
Enormous Population And Development Pressure
The city recorded the highest growth rate (140%) during the decade 1961-71. The ensuring increase in the
administrative workforce that brought more families created a market for supporting jobs initiating a population boom. In
order to tae advantage of the development potential, the State of Punjab and Haryana set up new capital city. Migration

trends also showed a preference for settlement in the peripheries of Chandigarh, Panchkula and Mohali, who in turn
depended on Chandigarh for infrastructural facilities.
Need For Small Houses
The first phase of the city was sparsely populated with residential plots ranging from 5 marla to 6 kanals. With the
immense increase in the population, this trend was reversed and smaller plots, catering to more number of people were
planned. The highest category of plot in this phase in 2 kanals. The frame controls that governed the Marla type houses
in Phase-I had second floor as Barsati, which was meant for outdoor sleeping and other activities only. In the new
phase, this frame control was redesigned and provided changed use of space. Open to sky sleeping terraces, so much
part of the Indian life, were provided in the control design.
Realizing its social obligation to provide economical housing to all strata of the society, the administration decided to
provide multistoreyed housing/flats in the city. During this phase, housing clusters were created depending on the
income levels of its citizens, viz. Lower Income Group (LIG), Middle Income Group (MIG), and so on. This move enabled
the Planners to attain desired results; namely, denser development of strong community based living.
Separate Land-use Pattern
The layout & the Architectural character of commercial spaces in the new sectors was very different from that of the
initial phase shopping centers. The 'Market Square' concept was introduced for the first time and the facades had more
glass in place of vernacular elements such as louvers & brick jails.
Mixed land-use pattern has always been adopted through ages in most of the ancient cities & towns in the country. This
is indicative of the inherent Indian Psyche of closer proximity of living & working space to save on space, time & ensure
security with economic austerity. Accordingly, the first phase sectors had adopted shop-cum-flat (S.C.F.) pattern of
shopping concept. These were small brick structures with shop on ground floor, residential facility portion on the 1st
floor, and a low height barsati on 2nd floor. No basements were, proposed, keeping in view limited business
environment. However, this concept under estimated the mindset of the affluent inhabitants who were used to living in
constrained environment and more importantly, it didn't gauge the tremendous business potential of the city in the days
to come.
Thus, the concept of Shop-cum-Office (S.C.O.) was born in the new phase and provided relief to corporate magnates
who favoured to locate their regional head offices in this city due to a high degree of livability and high quality of urban
infrastructure.
Social and Economic Changes
If the 1st phase can be called a period of controlled growth and economic austerity due to its emphasis on creating Govt.
infrastructure and housing, the new phase could easily be termed as a period of affluence, consolidation and
prosperity.The size of the dwelling unit may have come
down due to scarcity of land, the area under commercial
usage grew leaps & bounds, with special emphasis on
service industries such as hotels, banks, private nursing
homes & shopping centres in the new sectors.
To provide world class shopping environment for the
Southern Sectors, a Sub City Centre in Sector 34 was

planned with high rise commercial establishments. This upmarket area provides the best of commercial facilities to
Phase-II Sectors and compensates for their distance from the main City Centre.
Unforeseen Growth - IIIrd Phase is Born
The key to a City's success lies in its ability to adapt according to changing conditions. It must continue to grow and
change in response to its people's needs. The influx of people due to accelerated economic activities has led to scarcity
of housing resources in the city. Keeping this in view, III rd phase of the city comprising sectors south of 'Vikas Marg' has
come into existence. Sectors 48 & 49 are primarily meant for multistoreyed Cooperative Group Housing Schemes,
whereas large rehabilitation schemes have been implemented in Sectors 55 & 56 (Palsora), Kajheri for settlement of
migratory population mainly service people, which provide important support in maintaining the City. In all, nine new
Sectors have been planned in this phase bordering the boundary with Punjab.

Chandigarh Capital Region or Greater Chandigarh is an area in northern India, comprising

territories of the Union Territory of Chandigarh, Indian state of Punjab(Mohali District) and state

of Haryana(Panchkula district). The region consists of the cities

of Chandigarh, Panchkula, Mohali, Zirakpur and Kharar.
Chandigarh Administration, Greater Mohali Area Development Authority ( GMADA ) and HUDA
Panchkula are different authorities responsible for development of this region.
The econonomy of the region is interdependent as the area is continuously inhibited, though falling
under different states. There is lot of movement of people and goods on daily basis among sub
parts. Like most of the pople working in Chandigarh are living in suburb like Zirakpur. The local
industry is on the outskirts like Derabassi, Lalru and Baddi.
Contents
[hide]

1Status

2Master Plan

3Subparts

4Population

5Industry

6Educational Institutes of National Importance

7Educational Institutes Others

8References

Status[edit]
The Government of India have given nod to the status of Chandigarh Capital Region (CCR) and
formation of its Regional Planning Board (RPB) in January 2012.[1] The idea behind the move was to
provide better and similar facilities to the residents of the region and better coordination between the
working of all administrations of the towns in the region. [2]

Master Plan[edit]
In January 2013, the 'Master Plan 2031' was submitted to the UT administrator and finalised in
2015[3]

Greater Mohali Authority ( GMADA ) has planned master plans for Mohali, New Chandigarh,Zirakpur,
Derabassi,Kharar, Banur, Ropar, Rajpura and Fathegarh Sahib
HUDA Panchkula has planned master plans for Panchkula, Pinjore-Kalka Urban Complex,
Panchkula Extn-2.
Chandigarh Metro project is underway to connect all parts. Chandigarh International Airport, Mohali
will start in 2015.

Subparts[edit]
The cities, towns and areas that are part of Chandigarh Capital region in decreasing order of their
population are:

Chandigarh

Panchkula (Haryana) [4]

Mohali (Punjab)

New Chandigarh (Punjab)

Zirakpur (Mohali District)

Kharar (Mohali District)