Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bridge Replacement Project - Structural Design Criteria Exhibit 2-13-A Design Criteria
Bridge Replacement Project - Structural Design Criteria Exhibit 2-13-A Design Criteria
Page i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... ii
REVISION RECORD ........................................................................................................................................ iii
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Page ii
Page iii
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1 Objectives & Scope
The purpose of these criteria is to document the specifications used for the final analysis and design of the
Project. The Design-Builder shall meet the requirements of these criteria in the completion of the Project.
1.2 Limits of Applicability
These criteria apply to elements of the Main Span Bridge and Approach Bridges between SR 47and SR 710.
1.3 Governing Specifications
Standards are listed in the beginning of the structures section.
1.4 Units
1.
2.
Page 1
2. DESIGN LOADING
2.1 Structural Dead Loads
Structural dead loads shall be based on unit weights of materials and the computed volumes of the structural
elements. The following unit weights shall be used unless the Design-Builder demonstrates different loadings
are appropriate:
Concrete, Reinforced or Prestressed (Including Reinforcing)
Normal Weight Concrete, fc 5000 psi
Normal Weight Concrete, fc > 5000 psi
Lightweight Concrete
150 pcf
160 pcf
120 pcf
Steel
Fabricated Plate Steel
Rolled Shapes
Cable Stays
490 pcf
490 pcf
490 pcf
490 pcf
150 pcf
150 pcf
150 pcf
6.25 psf
Actual Weight
Loading for future Utilities is in addition to the calculated weight for specific Utilities accounted for in the
design of the bridges, and includes allowance for Utilities, Utility supports, service platforms, service platform
supports and associated miscellaneous metal.
2.3 Live Loads
Live loads on the Main Span Bridge and the Approach Bridges shall be as defined by AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with California Amendments, Section 3.6.1.1.1 for traffic lane width of 12
feet. Multiple presence factors shall be used in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with California Amendments, Section 3.6.1.1.2. Pedestrian loads shall be in accordance
with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with California Amendments, Section 2.3.4.
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Support movements during construction, as the loads from the structure applied to the foundations shall be
considered in design.
2.
Support movements during the service life of the bridge, due to the time dependent strains in the subsurface materials, shall be considered in design.
3.
Permanent deformation of the structure due to earthquake shall be acceptable within the strain limits defined in Section 5 of this Design Criteria.
of 1.0.
The load modifier for "importance" should be taken as 1.0 for "Typical Bridges".
Page 5
3. CONCRETE DESIGN
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Concrete
Superstructure deck, precast deck panels and edge girders, f'c = 4000 psi minimum, 8000 psi maximum, where
fc = 28-day compressive strength. Concrete strengths greater than 8000 psi require Port Approval.
Towers and bent columns and bent caps, f'c = 4000 psi minimum, 8000 psi maximum.
Footings and pile caps, fc = 4000 psi minimum, 5000 psi maximum.
Cast In Steel Shell (CISS) piles, Cast In Drilled Hole (CIDH) piles, fc = 5000 psi minimum.
Barriers and retaining walls: f'c = 3600 psi minimum.
Prestressed Concrete:
f'c = 8000 psi maximum, 4000 psi minimum.
Prestressed concrete shall meet the requirements of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with California Amendments and be limited to the following allowable stresses:
Temporary stresses during construction and before losses:
f'ci = 3500 psi minimum at time of prestressing operations
fci = 0.60 f'ci compression for pretensioned and post-tensioned members
Tensile stress limits shall be in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th
Edition, with California Amendments, Table 5.9.4.1.2-1
Stresses at service load after losses:
Compressive stress limits shall be in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,
4th Edition, with California Amendments Table 5.9.4.2.1-1.
Tensile stress limits shall be in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th
Edition, with California Amendments Table 5.9.4.2.2-1.
Transversely Prestressed Bridge Deck Design - Tensile stress limits shall be
A. Top of deck- No tension
B. Bottom of deck-
3 f c' psi
Member section force effects that include seismic loading shall use the expected concrete compressive
strength as defined in Section 5.4.2 of this Design Criteria.
Modulus of Elasticity Ec for concrete elements shall be determined in accordance with AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with California Amendments, Section 5.4.2.4, unless more precise
data is available. When performing analysis that includes seismic loading, the modulus of elasticity shall be
based on the expected concrete strength as defined in Section 5.4.2 of this Design Criteria.
See also section 5.4.2 of this Design Criteria for concrete material properties for ductile reinforced concrete
plastic hinge elements.
3.1.2 Mild Steel Reinforcement
All mild steel reinforcement shall be ASTM A706 (Grade 60). The following properties shall be used in the
design:
Specified minimum yield stress:
Specified maximum yield stress:
Gerald Desmond Bridge Replacement
Exhibit 2-13-A - Design Criteria
Fy = 60 ksi
Fy max = 78 ksi
Page 6
Stress limits for concrete in prestressed and post-tensioned concrete members shall be in accordance with
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with California Amendments, Section 5.9.4
Stress limitations for prestressing tendons shall be in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with California Amendments, Table 5.9.3-1.
Principle tensile stress for web shear in girders during service conditions shall not exceed the following
limits:
Normal weight concrete:
0.0948*fc (ksi)
Lightweight concrete:
0.0800*fc (ksi)
Page 7
3.2.2
Design of cast-in-place concrete shall conform to AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th
Edition, with California Amendments, and these Design Criteria.
For shear design of concrete members that may experience plastic hinging, see Section 5.4.11 of this
Design Criteria.
3.2.3 Corrosion Protection
Steel Casing Thickness Reduction for CISS Piles: 0.001 in/face/year plus 1/16 in.
Thickness reduced at outer face of the CISS piles only.
Concrete Cover for Reinforcement:
Concrete Cover: Minimum cover per AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with
California Amendments, Table 5.12.3-1 for marine environment.
Concrete cover for the top mat of deck reinforcement in the Main Span bridge and Approach Bridges shall
be 2.5 inches measured from the bottom of the polyester concrete wearing surface or top of structural
deck. Of the 2.5 inches, the top 0.5 inches is sacrificial and shall not be relied upon for structural capacity.
Concrete Cover within CISS Casings: Minimum cover shall be 2 in.
Concrete Cover within CIDH Concrete Piles: Minimum cover shall be 6 in.
Cathodic Protection: Not allowed.
3.2.4
Stirrups in girder webs shall be designed for the longitudinal shear and torsion (Av) and the out of plane
bending from the transverse box girder analysis (Af). The minimum area of steel should not be less than the
larger of the following combinations of the two effects:
a)
or b)
Av + 0.5Af
0.5Av + Af
or c)
0.7(Av + Af)
(Construction and Design of Prestressed Concrete Segmental Bridges, Podolny & Muller, page 203)
Page 8
4. STEEL DESIGN
4.1 Materials
4.1.1 Structural Steel
ASTM A709, Grade 36, HPS50W, or HPS70W as applicable. The equivalent specification, ASTM A36, shall
be used with the ANSI/AWS Bridge Welding Code.
ASTM A36-08/ASTM A790 Grade 36-08 (for Energy Dissipating Shear Links only if Energy Dissipating
Shear Links are used)
Yield Strength, minimum = 38 ksi
Yield Strength, maximum = 42 ksi
All steel shall be painted. Interior of closed steel box sections shall be painted with two coats of primer.
Orthotropic Deck:
The orthotropic deck design details shall be in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with California Amendments, (Sections 2, 4.6.2.2.4-1, 6 and 9) except that the loading
shall be 3xHS 15.
Deck plate thickness shall be a minimum of 5/8 inch
Rib plate thickness shall be not less than 5/16 inch
The weld between the deck plate and ribs shall be 80% penetration into the rib wall thickness and shall be
made using SAW process.
The weld between the ribs and floor beam web at the cutout shall be a full penetration groove weld, with
runoff tab, for a minimum of 4 inch from the cutout. The run-off tab shall be ground flush to a radius. An
internal rib bulkhead plate is to be provided at floorbeam locations.
Overlay shall be a two-layer system with liquid water proofing membrane overlaid by a total thickness of
1 inch asphalt comprised of inch high density asphalt and 1 inch latex modified asphalt.
Live Load Deflection limitations:
Deflection of deck plate = span length/300
Deflection of ribs = span length/1000
Relative live load deflection between adjacent ribs = 0.1 inch
4.1.2 Miscellaneous Steel
Steel Casing for CISS piles
High Strength Bolts
Anchor bolts
Page 9
4.2 Design
4.2.1 Stay Cables
Stay cables shall be designed in accordance with PTI Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing and
Installation.
The LRFD Group combinations as specified in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition,
with California Amendments, Section 3.4.1 for the Strength, Service, Extreme Event, and Fatigue limit
states, and these Design Criteria, shall be used to supplement the PTI Recommendations for Stay Cable
Design, Testing and Installation.
A minimum tension force of 10% of the dead load a stay cable experiences shall be provided in the staycables during all extreme events.
Provision shall be made for the replacement of any individual cable as required by the PTI
Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing and Installation.
Details shall be provided for the replacement of any individual stay cable by detensioning at the live end
anchors.
After final adjustment, the polyethylene pipe sheathing shall not be filled with grout.
Provision shall be made for the adjustment of any individual cable during and after completion of
construction.
4.2.2 Miscellaneous
Expansion joints and bearings shall be designed to provide the movement range required to allow free movement under the temperature changes given in Section 2.7 of this document, as well as for seismic movements
under the Functional Evaluation Earthquake (Section 5.1). Expansion joints and bearings shall also be designed to prevent collapse of the joint or bearing when subjected to the maximum anticipated movement under
the Safety Evaluation Earthquake (see Section 5.1)
Maintenance facilities or accesses, including hatches, stairways, walkways, platforms and ladders shall be designed in accordance with CALOSHA standards.
Page 10
5. SEISMIC DESIGN
Seismic design of the Project shall be performed in accordance with Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria and Caltrans Guide Specifications for Seismic Design of Steel Bridges, augmented with pertinent provisions of ATC32, NCHRP 12-49, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with California Amendments,
AASHTO Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design, PTI Recommendations for Cable Stay Design,
Testing, and Installation, and Project specific criteria as detailed in this document.
5.1 General Performance Requirements
Seismic design of the Project shall consider both the Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) and the lower level
Functional Evaluation Earthquake (FEE).
Seismic performance levels, expressed in terms of damage levels, are defined as follows:
No Damage: Defined for structural members as the nominal capacity as described in AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with California Amendments. Nominal, not expected material
properties shall be used and increased member strength due to the effects of confinement steel shall be ignored. No damage is defined as full serviceability without repair or replacement.
Minimal damage: Although minor inelastic response may occur, post-earthquake damage is limited to
narrow cracking in concrete, and inconsequential yielding of secondary steel members. Damage to nonstructural components of the cable system would be allowed.
Moderate damage: Inelastic response may occur, resulting in concrete cracking, reinforcement yield,
minor spalling of cover concrete and minor yielding of structural steel. The extent of damage shall be sufficiently limited such that the structure can be restored essentially to its pre-earthquake condition without
replacement of reinforcement or replacement of structural members.
Significant damage: Damage consisting of concrete cracking, reinforcement yielding, major spalling of
concrete and deformations in minor bridge components which may require closure of the bridge to repair.
Partial or complete replacement of secondary elements may be required in some cases. Secondary elements are those that are not a part of the gravity load resisting system.
Meeting the stress and strain limits specified in these criteria form the basis for satisfying the seismic performance level goals of the Project.
5.1.1 Safety Evaluation Structural Components
The SEE for structural evaluation corresponds to a mean return period of 1,000 years, representing approximately a 10% probability of occurrence in 100 years. In this earthquake, the bridge can be subject to primarily
minimal damage with some moderate damage and some significant damage in secondary components as
described in this section.
The Design-Builder shall design the bridge components to the following behavior levels under the SEE:
Piles/Drilled Shafts: Minimal damage.
Pile Caps: Minimal damage
Approach Bridge columns and abutments (above pile caps): Moderate damage.
Main Span Bridge Towers and End Bents (above pile caps): Minimal damage.
Energy Dissipating Shear Links, if used (at Main Span Bridge Towers and End Bents): Significant damage.
Approach Bridge abutment backwalls: Significant damage.
Superstructure: Minimal damage.
Page 11
Page 12
Page 13
and other inelastic elements (e.g. dampers). Any reinforced concrete members with a force Demand/Capacity (D/C) ratio larger than 0.5 shall be modeled with adjusted material and section properties to
represent the cracked section. Structural steel members with a force D/C ratio less than 1.5 shall be modeled with elastic elements. Any members with a force D/C ratio larger than 1.5 shall be modeled with nonlinear elements.
Rayleigh damping is to be used for non-linear dynamic time-history analysis. Modal damping may be used for
other analytical tools. The range of Rayleigh damping values represents the target maximum and minimum
damping values that apply over the dominant periods of the various element groups.
The maximum upper range of Rayleigh damping for non-linear dynamic time-history analysis shall not exceed the following:
Reinforced Concrete Columns: 4% - 6%
Reinforced Concrete Towers: 4% - 6%
Steel Towers: 2% - 5%
Steel Superstructure: 2% - 5%
Concrete Superstructure: 3% - 5%
Foundations: 8%
Rayleigh damping shall be incorporated into the model with values for each element group representing the
expected extent of inelastic energy dissipation in that group. The range of dominant periods for the various
bridge components used to select Rayleigh damping shall capture at least 90% of the mass of the bridge components under consideration. If higher Rayleigh damping is used at a foundation, the higher damping shall be
limited to piling and pile caps that are entirely below grade and shall be established from bridge foundation
only component models. Anchor points used for establishing Rayleigh damping at foundations shall be selected for the range of dominate periods of the foundation elements that capture at a minimum 90% of the
mass of the foundation elements. When the pile cap dominates the foundations response, it is acceptable to
exclude the mass of piles from the bridge foundation only component model. When soil springs or other
foundation elements are represented by hysteretic elements in global models, total foundation damping shall
not exceed an equivalent viscous damping of 8% with respect to the foundation stiffness and mass in defining
the Rayleigh damping parameters.
Modal Damping for Other Analytical Tools:
Reinforced Concrete Columns: 5%
Reinforced Concrete Towers: 5%
Steel Towers: 3%
Steel Superstructure: 3%
Concrete Superstructure: 5%
Main Span Bridge tower shafts and end bent column shaft seismic energy dissipation elements, if used, shall
be explicitly modeled to represent the energy dissipation characteristics of each seismic energy dissipation
element.
The global seismic analysis model for the Main Span Bridge shall use explicit foundation modeling for the
Main Span Bridge and at least one Approach Bridge frame, but not less than 700 feet of Approach Bridge,
adjacent to each end of the Main Span Bridge. Explicit foundation modeling in the global model shall use the
same spectrum-compatible motions applied uniformly at all depth at the ground nodes along the full length of
the pile. The explicit foundation modeling shall include a representation of each individual pile, with distributed soil supports over the entire length of the pile. The uniform ground motions documented in Book 2, Section 8, Exhibit 2-8-F shall be used to excite the soil-pile structure system.
For all other structures, foundation substructure models may be used to capture significant soil-pile interaction
effects. The foundation substructure should consist of a linear stiffness and mass matrices representing the
entire soil-pile system. The linearized foundation stiffness and mass matrices must be approximated with the
anticipated strain levels during the design earthquake. The project ground motions developed in each soil zone
shall be used to excite the foundation substructure. The same input earthquake ground motions shall be used
for all supports within the same soil zone.
Gerald Desmond Bridge Replacement
Exhibit 2-13-A - Design Criteria
Page 14
When modeling of foundations for seismic demand evaluations, softening effects of local soils shall be considered including seismic induced large deformations and liquefaction. The ground motions documented in
Book 2, Section 8, Exhibit 2-8-F shall be used for all cases of foundation modeling, with and without softening effects.
When checking AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, with California Amendments,
Extreme Event I, a permanent load factor , p, of 1.0 shall be used for Load Type DC.
Damping curves shall be submitted with the seismic analysis and design.
5.3.3 Nonlinear Local Analysis for Evaluating Seismic Demands
At a minimum, nonlinear local analyses shall be performed on the following bridge elements or conditions to
supplement the global three dimensional nonlinear multi-support dynamic time- history analysis:
Regions of significant Stress Concentrations (such as seismic energy dissipation elements, tower diaphragms, tower tension ties, mid-span pipe hinges, etc)
Locations of discontinuous load path
Fracture critical elements
Energy dissipating regions and devices
These analyses shall provide independent assessment of controlling seismic demands based on the assumption
of maximum plastic moments and forces developed by potential plastic hinges or other inelastic behavior.
These analyses shall be used to confirm adequate structural performance in the event that the SEE demands
obtained from the global time-history analysis are exceeded.
5.4 Analyses for Determination of Capacities
Capacities of structural components of a bridge shall be determined by analysis of local elastic and inelastic
computer models of the components. Capacities shall be evaluated as load-type quantities (forces and moments) or as displacement-type quantities (displacements, relative displacements, rotations, and curvatures) as
required by the evaluation rules for various components.
5.4.1 Structural Steel Component Capacities
Cable Stays: The load capacity of cable stays shall in accordance with PTI Recommendations for Cable Stay
Design, Testing, and Installation.
Page 15
Main Span Bridge steel tower allowable strain limit value at the SEE Event shall meet the following requirements:
Tower without seismic energy dissipation elements: 4*
where
Tower with seismic energy dissipation elements: The tower shall be designed to remain essentially elastic.
Main Span Bridge steel tower allowable strain limit value at the FEE Event shall not exceed
y.
Page 16
Damage
Minimal
Minimal
Minimal
Moderate
Minimal
Moderate
Damage
Strain
FEE
0.004
0.4 cu
0.004
0.4 cu
0.004
0.4 cu
0.015
0.75 cu
0.01
0.5 cu
0.015
0.75 cu
Strain
No
0.003
No
0.003
No
0.003
Minimal
0.004
Minimal
0.004
Minimal
0.004
FEE
DamStrain
age
No
Damage
Strain
Minimal
0.015
Minimal
0.015
No
Main Span Bridge Tower + End Bents Lateral Reinforcement (Bars #8 and Smaller)
Minimal
0.05
No
Minimal
0.015
No
Moderate
Moderate
Minimal
Moderate
0.05
0.06
0.02
0.06
Minimal
Minimal
Minimal
Minimal
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
u,
R
su, sh fu, fue, y, ye, definitions
Page 17
5.4.7 Main Span Bridge Tower and End Bent Shaft Energy Dissipating Shear Link (If Energy
Dissipating Shear Link Are Used)
Except for base fixity resistance from the dual columns, frame lateral resistance shall only be from the interaction of the twin columns and Energy Dissipating Shear Links or Seismic Energy Fuses. All loading combinations not including seismic loads shall not exceed the nominal yield strength of the Energy Dissipating Shear
Links or Seismic Energy Fuses.
All components of Energy Dissipating Shear Link or Seismic Energy Fuse connections to Main Span Bridge
tower shafts and end bent column shafts shall be designed as capacity-protected elements and shall be detailed
to permit their removal and replacement after a seismic event.
The rotation demand on Energy Dissipating Shear Links or Seismic Energy Fuses shall be limited to a maximum value of 0.01 radians at the SEE level and 0.003 radians at the FEE level.
5.4.8 Energy Dissipating Shear Link Testing (If Energy Dissipating Shear Links Are Used)
Full scale proto-type laboratory cyclic load testing of the Energy Dissipating Shear Links shall be performed
to verify the required ductility and strength of the link is achieved; to confirm the adequacy of the connection
to towers; and to demonstrate that the Energy Dissipating Shear Links can be readily removed and replaced
after it has reached the required maximum ductility demand as shown by analysis. The over-strength factor to
be used when designing Energy Dissipating Shear Link capacity protected components shall be established by
the full-scale testing.
The quasi-static loading protocol for testing the Energy Dissipating Shear Links shall consist of three distinctive phases as summarized in Tables 1 to 3 and illustrated in Figure 1.
The first and the second phase of the loading history reflect the actual cumulative link rotation demands under
design earthquake loadings. Each of them representing a complete deformation history resulted from design
SEE event in terms of the maximum link rotation and the total number of inelastic cycles. In Phase I the deformation sequence closely follows the response time history which contains large velocity pulses; whereas in
Phase II the deformation sequence is arranged in the order of increasing rotation amplitude.
Table 1: Energy Dissipating Shear Link Test Loading Sequence Phase I
Load Step
Link Rotation Amplitude (Radians)
Number of Cycles
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.00375
0.03000
0.01000
0.00750
0.00500
0.00375
0.01500
0.01000
0.00500
0.00375
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
11
12
13
14
15
16
Gerald Desmond Bridge Replacement
Exhibit 2-13-A - Design Criteria
0.00375
0.00500
0.00750
0.01000
0.01500
0.02000
4
3
3
4
3
1
Page 18
17
0.03000
18
19
20
21
22
0.04000
0.06000
0.08000
0.10000
0.12000
1
1
1
1
1
tance criteria.
The minimum requirements for structural laboratory are, at a minimum:
-
The structural laboratory shall be capable of conducting the required full scale Energy Dissipating
Shear Link test including: provision of loading mechanism, specimen setup, instrumentation installation, testing of the instrumentation, acquisition and interpretation of the data;
Principal-in-charge and staff members shall have applicable experiences on similar tests;
The structural laboratory shall be able to finish the test within the time frame required.
The Design-Builder shall submit a Energy Dissipating Shear Link Test Report showing the specimen(s) have
met the test acceptance criterion provided in the Approved Energy Dissipating Shear Link Testing Protocol.
Data shall be provided and certified by the testers and testing agency.
5.4.9 Concrete Pile Caps
All concrete pile caps shall be designed as capacity protected members for over-strength forces generated from
bent columns, towers, and piles.
5.4.10 Allowable CISS Pile Shell Strain Values
Permanent steel shells for CISS concrete piles (hereinafter called casings) shall supplement the pile strength
and ductility provided that the effective casing thickness after full allowance for corrosion is at least 1/16 inch.
For all non-seismic loading conditions, the effective casing shall consider full allowance for corrosion as defined in Section 3.2.3. For all seismic evaluations, the effective casing shall consider one-half the allowance
for corrosion as defined in Section 3.2.3.
Steel pile casings may be assumed to act compositely with the interior reinforced concrete section provided
that an adequate shear transfer mechanism is included at the casing/concrete interface. Shear transfer may be
augmented by the addition of welded shear rings or other mechanical devices at the casing/concrete interface.
Shear transfer shall be assessed as described in American Petroleum Institute (API) RP-2A/LRFD - Section
H.4, Grouted Pile to Structure Connection.
At the pile casing tip and casing cut-off elevations, the casing shall be assumed to contribute only lateral confinement for a distance of 2 times the pile diameter. With the allowance for corrosion considered, the casing in
these regions may be assumed to contribute 100 percent of its net area for confinement. In any case, piles shall
have minimum spiral or hoop confinement reinforcing equal to #6 @ 6 inch spacing.
With the allowance for corrosion considered, the casing may be assumed to contribute up to 80 percent of its
net area to flexural capacity of a section and up to 20 percent of its net area to confinement of the pile interior.
In any case, piles shall have minimum spiral or hoop confinement reinforcing equal to #6 @ 6 inch spacing.
Also, the pile longitudinal reinforcing bars within the casing should contribute to at least 50 percent of the pile
flexural capacity.
The casing contribution to foundation stiffness shall be based on the net casing thickness after allowance for
corrosion. A sensitivity study shall be performed to assess the structural seismic response with no allowance
for corrosion in pile casings.
The maximum allowable casing strains are as follows:
Longitudinal Tension (along pile axis)
Longitudinal Compression (along pile axis)
0.02
0.01
Where steel casing acts compositely with the concrete pile interior:
Hoop Tension (on net casing with
corrosion allowance)
0.040
Where details are provided such that the steel casing does not act compositely with the concrete pile interior
and longitudinal compression strains in the casing are negligible:
Gerald Desmond Bridge Replacement
Exhibit 2-13-A - Design Criteria
Page 20
0.060
Page 21
Page 22